美国电影历史英文.ppt

TheHistoryoftheMoviesinAmerica PartOneTheSilentEra FromtheTop 1830 s PersistenceofVision InventionofPhotography Daguerre ElectricPowerCreationofCelluloid 1stcommercialplastic InventionoftheIncandescentLightBulbTheDesirefor EadweardMuybridge1830 1904 Oneofthefirsttoshow movingpictures WageredthatahorseleavesallfourofitsfeetCreatedtheZoopraxiscopetoproveit GallopingHorse EdisonandtheKinetoscope EdisonandtheKinetoscope EdisonrealizedmotionpicturescouldattractapayingaudienceCoinoperatedboxthatwouldshowamusingfilms1stcopyrightedfilmApril14 1894 TheSneeze Opposedtoshowingmoviesonascreen feltthatyouwouldlosemoney TheSneeze TheLumiereBrothers LouisandAugusteLumiere FrenchInventorsCreatedtheCinematographe 1895 ShowedmovieonascreenOvernightsensationOnefilmofatrainpullingintoastationterrorizedtheaudienceHowever audiencessoontiredoftheformat GeorgesMelies 1861 1938 FrenchTheatreMagicianFirsttousethefade in outanddissolveMadeover500films ATriptotheMoon 1902 mostfamousUsedfaroffstationarycamerawithsinglePOVHisstylebecameoutdatedandhesoonbecamebankrupt ATriptotheMoon 1902 Meanwhile BackintheUSA Edison Angeredbymisjudgingthepotentialofthe flickers acquirestherightstotheLathamLoopandVitascopestartinga12yearPatentWarCreatestheMPPC MotionPicturePatentsCompany whichcornersthemarketoncameras projectors andproductioncompanies enforcedwitharmedhenchmenwhobulliedindependentfilmmakersIndependentsmovetoSouthernCAtoavoidconflictAudiencesflocktotheNickelodeons duetothe5centadmissionprice LowcostappealedtotheworkingclassSoonbecameappealingtothemiddleandupperclassesthroughtheworksofEdwinPorter HisEpic TheGreatTrainRobbery wasanastounding12minuteslongandintroducedtheconceptofa story driven movie TheGreatTrainRobbery 1903 FirstWesternFirsttouseeditingasastorytellingtechniqueOneofthefirsttousepanningandclose upsMovedfromdocumentarytonarrativeBasedonatruerobberybyButchCassidy 1905 1915 Nickelodeonattendanceexceeds2millioninover10 000moviehousesCarlLaemmlecreatestheIndependentMotionPictureCompany IMP separatefromMPPCCensorshipbeginsinChicagoandNYCWilliamFoxandcompanysuccessfullybreakMPPC scontrolwithFederalAnti TrustsuitMPPC sdeclinealsoduetoaudience sgrowingdesireformultireelfilms features signalingtheendofthenickelodeonMoviesofanysignificancemadeinFrance untilGriffith sBirthofaNationchangeseverything ThePlayers D W GriffithCecilB DemilleMackSennett D W Griffith 1875 1948 D W Griffith 1875 1948 FatherofMotionPicture pioneerstheprocessofactorrehearsalsduetohisnaturalisticactingstylesStartedwiththeEdisonCompanyasanactorJoinedtheBiographasadirectorandbecameahugesuccessRefinedsuchtechniquesascross cutting cameraangles artificiallighting realisticsets flashbacks splitscreens softfocus dissolves fades andirisesMadeover450movieswithBiograph D W Griffith 1875 1948 The art filmsofEuropeandthehour long superspectacles ofItalymadehimextremelyenviousHequitBiographtoworkonhisthree hourmasterpiece BirthofaNation It sracisttonescausedcontroversyandprotestHemade Intolerance inself defense Longandconfusing itwashisfirst flop heneverrecoveredEntrenchedinthestudiosystemhelosttouchwithpopulartastesandfadedintoobscurity BirthofaNation 1915 BasedThomasDixonJr santi black bigotedplay TheClansmanItsreleasesetupamajorcensorshipbattleoveritsvicious extremistdepictionofAfricanAmericans Unbelievably thefilmisstillusedtodayasarecruitmentpieceforKlanmembership 3Hourslong longestfilmtodate Blackcharactersinleadingrolesareplayedbywhiteactorsinblackface BirthofaNation 1915 Itwasoneofthebiggestbox officemoney makersinthehistoryoffilm duetoitschargeof 2perticket Itmade 18millionbythestartofthetalkies Thesubjectmatterofthefilmcausedimmediatecriticismbythenewly createdNAACPandrenouncedas themeanestvilificationoftheNegrorace RiotsinBostonandPhiladelphia Chicago Denver St Louisandothermajorcitiesrefusetoshowit BirthofaNation 1915 Filmscholarsagree however thatitisthesinglemostimportantandkeyfilmofalltimeinAmericanmoviehistoryIntroduces refinescameraangles travelingshots artificiallighting realisticsets flashbacks splitscreens softfocus dissolves fades andirises MakesLillianGishastar CecilB DeMille 1881 1951 CecilB DeMille 1881 1951 BothParentswereplaywrightsEnrolledintheAcademyofDramaticArts underDavidBelasco 1913FormedtheJesseL LaskyFeaturePlayCo withJesseLaskyandSamGoldwyn laterbecameParamountPictures PerfectedtheswitchfromshortfilmstofeaturelengthfilmsOftencreditedwithmakingHollywoodthe MotionPictureCapitaloftheWorld CecilB DeMille 1881 1951 GainedfamewithromanticcomediesthatwereconsideredracyforthetimesWithHollywoodunderpressuretocleanupitsimage switchedtoBiblicalEpics featuringthesamesaucysceneswithamoralitytagattheend Notablesilentfilmsofthetimeperiod TenCommandments1923andKingofKings1927 ShowmanandSelf Promoterheembodiedtheimageoftheultimatedirector baggypantsandmegaphone Asfilmtransferredtothetalkies hismoviesbecameepicmasterpieces TenCommandments 1923 AmonghisEpicsare Cleopatra 1943 SamsonandDelilah 1949 GreatestShowOnEarth 1952 TenCommandments 1956 FamousQuotes Thepublicisalwaysright Youareheretopleaseme Nothingelseonearthmatters C B tohiscrew GivemeanytwopagesoftheBibleandI llgiveyouapicture MackSennett 1880 1960 TheKingofComedy MackSennett 1880 1960 BorntoIrishImmigrantsBeganshowbusinesscareerworkinginburlesqueandfilmcareerwithbitpartsinBiographpicturesHeandtwobookiesstartKeystoneStudiosin1912Perfectsthe slapstick comedyshort workingwithlocationandsituationratherthanascriptHiscompanycontainedmostlycircusperformersandvaudevilleperformersincludingtheKeystoneKops FattyArbuckle andCharlieChaplinWithtalkingpictureshismoviesbecomeB Gradeandby1935heisoutofbusinessDirected300 filmsandproducedover500 films TheStarSystem Previously actorspreferredanonymitywhichmeantstudiosdidnotgivescreencreditnorpaythemverymuchThisallchangedwhenCarlLaemmle IMP luredFlorenceLawrenceawayfromBiograph whereshewasknownsimplyasthe BiographGirl creatingfalserumorsofherdeathandthenpromotedherreturnasthe IMPGirl an