英语国家概况(澳大利亚)

Chapter16Australia Geography History Geography LocationandSizeGeographicRegionsClimateMajorCities Location Size Size Withatotalareaof7 7millionsquarekilometers Australiaisthesixthlargestcountryintheworld afterRussia Canada China theU S andBrazilLocation AustralialiesintheSouthernHemisphere betweentheIndianOceanandthePacificOcean Thecountryissurroundedbyseaonallsides GeographicRegion WesternPlateau theEasternHighlands Central EasternLoelands MountKosciuszko 科修斯科山 SouthwestinCanberraofnewsouthwalesThehighestpointinAustraliaandOceania2228metersabovesealevelPolandexplorerschmitz laikayfoundthemountainin1839 andthepolishheronamedafter 1746 1817 Murray DarlingBasin 墨累达令流域 3370kilometerslong watershedcoversone7ofthelandareaofAustralia isAustralia smostimportantagriculturalarea Thenameofthisriverbasinisfromthebasin stwomajorrivers theMurrayanddarlingrivers LakeEyre 艾尔湖 ThelowestpointinthecountrySome12metersbelowsealevel Climate 1 SouthernHemisphereJanuaryandFebruaryarethehottestsummermonthsJuneandJulyarethecoldestwintermonths2 Varygreatlyfromregiontoregiontropicalarea hotallyearwithoutwintertemperateregionsofthesouth enjoyamoderateclimate withhotsummersandmildwintersThecoldestareasarethehighlandsandplateausofTasmaniaandthesoutheasternportionofthemainland Climate 3 Australiaiswidelyknownas theDryContinent duetoitslowrainfall ThearidityofAustraliastemsfromitsproximitytotheequator 4 ThehotanddryconditionsofAustraliabringaboutrecurringdroughtsacrossthecountry The1895to1903droughtisconsideredAustrali sworstdraughtintermsofseverityandscale Canberra BetweenSydneyandMelbourn ThenameCanberraoriginallymeansmeetingplaceintheAboriginallanguageSydney thecapitalcityofNewSouthWales Australia slargestandoldstcity Melbourne thecapitalcityofVictoria Australia ssecondlargestcityBrisbane thecapitalofQueenland Australia sthirdlargestcity MajorCities History EarlyHistoryDiscoveryandExplorationEuropeanSettlementColonizationTheRoadTowardFederationAustraliainthe20thCentury EarlyHistory 1 TheAborigineswerethefirstinhabitantsofAustralianfromsoutheastAsiaatleast50 000yearsagoandtheymainlylivedinthenortherncoast thesoutheastandTasmania 2 Thereasonwhytheymigratedisthatitwasaperiodwhenlowsealevelspermittedthesimplestformsoflandandwatertravel 3 Thewayoftheirliving anomadicorsemi nomaniclife4 TheAboriginesusedfireasahuntingtoolandtheyhadauniquerelationshipwiththeenvironment theirreligiousbeliefswerefirmlylinkedtothelandandthoselivingthings MajorCities Perth thecapitalofWesternAustralia Australia sfourthlargestcity thelargestcityintheWesternAustralia Adelaide thecapitalofSouthAustralia Australia sfifthlargestcity Darwin thecapitaloftheNorthernTerritory theonlylargecityinnorthernAustralia FiresTickFarming TheAboriginesusedfireasahuntingtool theyclearedareasusingfireinordertostimulatethegrowthofgrazingpasturesanddriveoutsmallanimalsthattheycouldeasilycapture whichiscalledfirestickingfarming Discoveryandexploration Discovery ThefirstEuropeansightingofAustralianwasin1606bytheDutchnavigatorWillemJanszooandhesightedthecoastofCapeYorkPeninsula 约克角半岛 Exploration 1 Development Duringthe17thcentury theDutchcharteredthewholeofthewesternandnortherncoastline Butwiththeincreasingknowledgeofthecontinent nofurtherdetailedexploration 2 Capture theEnglishcaptain JamesCook namedtheeasterncoastofAustralianNewSouthWalesandformallyclaimeditforBritain Discoveryandexploration EuropeanSettlement Causes theindustrialrevolutiontransformedthecountryfromalargelyruralsocietyalmostentirelydependentonagriculturetoatown centeredoneengagedincreasinglyincommercialmanufacturing However therapidpopulationgrowthinLondonandotherareasalsobroughtaboutvarioussocialproblems TherisingcrimeratecompelledBritaintofindsomewheretohousethepopulationofitsovercrowdedprisons PenalSettlements1783 theAmericanRevolutionendedandAustraliawasestablishedasanewpenalsettlementatBotanyBayinAustralia Difficultyinitialfailuresinfarming SolutioncaptainjohnMacarthurbeganbreedingfinemerinosheepfortheirwool EuropeanSettlement FirstpermanentcolonyThegroupfoundtheBotanyBayisanunsuitablechoice sotheymovednorthtoSydneyonJanuary26 1788 adatenowcelebratedasAustraliaday Here PhillipestablishedBritain sfirstpermanentcolony Newcolonies HobartinTasmania 1804 BrisbaneatMoretonBay 1824 AlbanyinWesternAustralia 1826 EuropeanSettlement Colonization Newcolonies newsouthWales 1788 Tasmania 1852 westernAustralia 1830 southAustralia 1836 Victoria 1851 Queensland 1859 Growthofsheepgrazing bothfarmingandminingindustriesunderwentrapiddevelopment Large scalegrazingalsodevelopedinthe1830sand1840swhennewsettlersestablishedhugesheepruns Goldrush duetothegoldrush whichmadeadramaticcontributiontothegrowthoftheeconomy thepopulationexpandedrapidly TheRoadTowardFederation 1889 NSWbeganthemovementtoreplacetheFederalCouncil HenryParkesannouncedthatthecolonywouldsupportanewformoffederalism1900 thesixcoloniesofAustraliaadoptedafederalconstitutionandtheCommonwealthofAustraliawasestablished Australiainthe20thCentury WhiteAustraliaPolicy In1901 thesixcoloniesofAustraliaadoptedafederalconstitutionandbecomeaself governingdominionofBritishEmpireIn1901 passimmigrationRestrictionAct0torestrictnon Europeanimmigrants WWI disastertoAustraliaa 1 FollowBritainintothewarinAugustat19142 TotalAustralianmen 3million 330 000volunteeredtothewarb NationalistPartywasresignedandsubsequentlyfoundedbyWilliamHughesc 1 ANZAC theAustraliantroops joinedbyNewZealandforces wascalledAustralian NewZealandArmyCorps2 April 25becametheAnzacDayin1915d Benefits 1 Agricultureandminingindustrieswerebooming2 Rapidindustrialgrowthintheyearsfollowingthewar Australiainthe20thCentury Interwaryears TheGreatDepressiona In1923 economicdevelopmentplan men moneyandmarkets b TheGreatDepressionofthe1930s1 mainexternalcause thecollapseofwoolandwheatpricesandcessationofoverseasloans2 asecessionistmovementdevelopedinWesternAustralia Australiainthe20thCentury TheDevelopmentInSep 1951 ANZUSTreatyIn1972 TheWhitlamgovernment1983 1996 theAustralianLaborgovernmentUnderBobHawkeandPaulKeatingIn1996 theHowardgovernmentInNov 1999 apublicreferendumTheSydneyOlympicGames theSydney1ParalympicGames Australiainthe20thCentury WWII FollowedBritaintothewarinSep 1939InMay