大学英语四级写作-类型与结构分析.ppt

大学英语四级写作 一 考核目的考核学生用英语进行书面表达的初步能力二 考核要求1 时间 30分钟2 字数 120词以上 180词一下3 题型 1 对比选择型2 原因解释型3 利弊分析型4 问题解决型5 记叙文6 应用文 1 作文题满分为15分 阅卷标准共人为五等 2分 5分 8分 11分及14分 2分 条理不清 思路紊乱 语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误 且多数为严重错误 5分 基本切题 表达思想不够清楚 连贯性差 有较多的严重错误 8分 基本切题 表达思想比清楚 文字尚连贯 但语言错误较多 11分 切题 表达思想清楚 文字连贯 但有少量语言错误 14分 切题 表达思想清楚 文字通顺 连贯较好 基本上无语言错误 阅卷人员根根据阅卷标准 对照样卷评分 若认为某一分数文件次 如8分 相似 即定为 8分 若认为稍优或劣于该档次 则可加一分 9分 或减一分 7分 但不得加减半分 字数不足应酌情扣分 注 1 如题目中给出主题句 起始句 结束句 均不得记入所写字数 2 只写一段者 0 4分 只写两段者 0 9分 指规定三段的作文 3 白卷 作文与题目毫不相关 或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想 则给零分 2 设作文最低分 采用下列成绩计算方法 1 作文分为0分者 总分即使高于60分 一律作不及格处理 2 作文分大于0分小于6分者 按下列方式计算成绩 最后报道分 原计算总分 6 作文实得分 三 评分标准 二 全文 议论文 基本结构 第二部分四级作文的结构 KeytoSuccessInsuchacompetitivesociety everyonehasastrongdesiretobesuccessfulandinhislife Buthowtoachievesuccess Inmyopinion therearethreemainkeys aclearobjective strongwillpoweranddiligence First itisveryimportanttosetupagoalbeforeyoustart Noonecanbesuccessfulwithoutagoalinhismind Besides youneedastrongwillpowertokeepyougoahead Therealwaysaretoughstonesineveryroadtosuccess Whetheryoucangothroughitdependsonwhetheryouarepersistentenough Lastbutnotleast everyonewhowantstosucceedshouldbediligent Thereisandoldsaying Nopains nogains Mostsuccessfulpeopleowetheirsuccesstohardworking suchasEinstein Inconclusion ifwewanttobesuccessful wehavetomasterthethreemainkeysmentionedabove Thereisnoshortcuttosuccess Thethreekeyswillassureyoutorealizeyourbeautifuldream 1 主题句主题句表明全段是关于什么及讨论什么的段落中心句 即 明确地表示全段要展开的中心点 四级短文写作中最好是把主题句放在段首 2 扩展句扩展句是用来说明 解释 引申 或论证主题句所表达的中心思想的句子 3 结尾句结尾句是用一句话对段落的主题进行重述 评论 或总结 借以强化主题 加深读者的印象 Itisnotdifficulttomakearightchoicebetweenbuyingahouseinthelow riseareaandbuyingoneinthehigh risearea 主题句 Ifwewanttoeconomizeandgetmorepersonalarea wecanchoosethelow rise butifwewanttolivemorecomfortably wewillchoosethehigh rise 扩展句 Inaword thekeyliesinthealternativeofeconomyandcomfort 结尾句 一 四级作文的段落基本结构 第三部分常见的错误和问题注意方面 1 切题2 结构 三段式 3 落题快 主题句在每段句首 不要绕圈 4 长度 120 150字 卷面第二页中间或到三分之二处 不要过多 语言方面须注意的问题 1 题目的大写AnEye WitnessAccountofaTrafficAccidentItPaystoBeHonestHowtoSucceedinaJobInterview2 句子错误1 语态时态不正确Ireadthepassagecarefullyandseveralmistakeswerefound 语态不一致 Ireadthepassagecarefullyandfoundseveralmistakes Iamverygratefulifyoucouldhelpmewiththisproblem 时态不一致 Iwillbeverygratefulifyoucouldhelpmewiththisproblem 2 主谓不一致Helikeplayingfootballverymuch Helikesplayingfootballverymuch 3 中式英语MyEnglishhasmadegreatprogress IhavemadegreatprogressinEnglish Workmakesmefeelsatisfied Workisasourceofsatisfactiontome 4 结构不完整AlthoughhadmanydifficultiesinstudyingEnglish Ifinallypassedtheexam AlthoughIhadmanydifficultiesinstudyingEnglish Ifinallypassedtheexam Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation 2016年12月CET4作文题 对比观点 原因解释题型 利弊分析 Oneistotakeajobinacompanyandtheothertogotoagraduateschool Oneistoworkinastate ownedbusinessandtheotherinjointventure Oneistofindajobsomewhereandtheothertostartabusinessofyourown Youaretomakeadecision Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourdecision 对比开头 Takeajobinacompanyv sgotoagraduateschool Upongraduation someofmyclassmateswillfurthertheireducationatagraduateschool butIwillchoosetotakeupajobimmediately Agraduateeducationdoeshaveitsadvantages Armedwithmoreknowledge youmaysurvivebetterinthecontextofaknowledge driveneconomy Nevertheless 对比开头 workinastate ownedbusinessv sworkinajointventure Aftergraduation Iprefertoworkatastate ownedenterprise SOE insteadofasino foreignjointventureorawhollyforeign ownedcompany Itistruethatajointventureonceofferedmanyadvantages Intheirearlystages theydidenjoypreferentialpoliciessuchastaxcutsoreventaxexemptions thusallowingtheiremployeestoearnsalarieshigherthanthoseatSOEs Butnowforeigncompaniesareentitledtoonly nationaltreatment thesameasourdomesticcompaniesare Ontheotherhand 对比开头 findajobsomewherev sstartabusinessofyourown Whilemoststudentswilltrytolandajobinacompany inagovernmentagency orataschool Iwouldprefertostartabusinessofmyown Itistruethatastablejoboffersyousomebenefits Forexample youdon thavetoshouldertheheavyresponsibilityofmakingoverallarrangementsforthecompany andyouhaveastableincome modestasitmaybe However 开门见山 点明观点 小分句铺陈要讨论的问题 退一步 阐述二选一中另一项的优势 话锋一转 绕回主题 陈述个人的原因 开头前两段 Weallknowthat asweallknowThereismuchdiscussionabout attentionto Therearemanyarguments opinions viewsabout Nowadays atpresentManypeoplebelievethatItisgenerallybelievedthat 依我看来 我认为AsfarasIamconcernedasforme asIseeitfrommyperspectiveformypart personallyspeaking 开头句式 Selectoneheadingamongthethreeofferedbeforeandusetheexpressionsinthelastppttowriteyourownheading onlythe1stparagraph onthistopic 改写练习 一 开头常用语式 主题段的引入 Aproverbsays Astheproverbsays Somepeoplesaythat Manypeoplebelievethat Itisgenerallybelievedthat WeallknowthatAsweallknow ItisquiteclearthatVariousviewsexistasto but Therearemanyarguments opinions viewsabout Thereismuchdiscussionabout attentionto Itiswellknownthat Itissaidthat Ithasbeenfoundthat Itiseasytoseethat Thepiegraphshows Arecentsurveyprovides Thechart graph tableshows Noonecandenythat Nowadays Atpresent 原因解释型 2015年12月真题 Youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesaying Nevergoouttoseewhathappens goouttomakethingshappen Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission Listeningismoreimportantthantalking BeParticipantsRatherthanOnlookersAsasayinggoes neverjustgoouttheretoseewhathappens goouttheretomakethingsreallyhappen clearly itencouragesustoactinsteadofstandingbywithfoldedarms Istronglysupportthispointofview andinreallifewecanfindnumerousexamplestoillustratethispoint Observethebeginningsofmodelessays ThesignificanceofLifelongLearningWhenhearingthesaying Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission wecaneasilyperceiveitsconnotation Apparently thissayingcanbenaturallyassociatedwiththesignificanceoflifelonglearning Inourdailylife itisacommonphenomenonforustolearnsomethingforavarietyofpurposes Meanwhile ahostofintelligentpeoplearelesslikelytosucceediftheyhaven tkeptthehabitoflifelonglearning Takingalookaround wecannoticeagreatmanyexampleslikethis ThesignificanceofLifelongLearningAnotherversion Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission Thisisaproverbfulloflogic Inotherwords learningissignificantinourwholelife Indeed wecanlearnmanythingsfromit Ifyouunderstanditandapplyittoyourstudyorwork you llnecessarilybenefitalotfromit Therearemanyreasonswhichcanexplainthisphenomenonandthefollowingarethetypicalones 复述引言 简要解析引言主题选取角度 基本都是拥护 围绕主题阐释例子 步骤 1 阐释现象 解释题意 举例 2 分析原因a b c3 指出利害 举例 得出结论 解释 提出论点 某种现象 Thereasonarelistedasfollows First 原因1 Additionally 原因2 Third 原因3 Foronething 原因1 Foranother 原因2 Forinstance 事例1 Anotherinstance Acaseinthepointisthat 事例2 Therefore Fromtheaboveexamples Inconclusion Inshort Inaword 结论或建议 Writingmodel 对比利弊型 Forfreshmen thefirstlessontheyattendinuniversitiesismilitarytraining Writeanessayentitled Ismilitarytrainingnecessary Somepeoplethinkmilitarytrainingisverysignificant Othersthinkmilitarytrainingisnotnecessary Yourownviews IsMilitaryTrainingNecessary Inmostcollegeanduniversities thefirstlessonforthefreshmenismilitarytraining Asforthisissue differentpeoplehavedifferentviews people sattitudesarevarious Theadvocatesholdtheviewthat withthebasicmilitarytraining studentswilllearndiscipline teamworkandpatriotism Theirexperienceofcooperatingwitheachothertosolveaproblemwillinformthemofthesignificanceofcooperation whichisvitaltotheircollegestudy eventheirfuturecareer Openingsentence Thesisstatement Topicsentence1 Theprotestors however arguesthatthisisagreatwasteoftheyoungpeople stime Intoday sChina thesoldiersinthearmycandefendourcountry Therefore itisnotnecessarytoforceindividualstoparticipateinmilitarytraining nottomentionfreshmenwhosemajortaskincollegeisstudyandwhoarehardlyanyuseinrealbattle Iagreethatthiskindoftrainingwillneverproduceanyqualifiedsoldierinthewar Nevertheless throughhardandarduoustraining thefreshmenaretransformedfromnaiveteenagersintoyoungadults Thespiritsofunity toughnessandbraverywillinfluencetheirlifeforever conclusion Topicsentence2 二 中间常用句式 扩展段的连接 通常按重要程度排列 我们习惯于先说最重要的 西方人则相反 但都得符合逻辑顺序 1 表示 首先 first firstly firstofall tobegin 但不可用atfirst 2 表示 第二 此外 其次 况且 second secondly and besides moreover additionally furthermore what smore inaddition besides 名词短语 inadditionto 名词短语 another 名词短语3 表示 最后 finally last lastly lastbutnotleast最后但并非最不重要的是 但不可用atlast或intheend 4 表示 最重要的是 aboveall mostimportantofall5 表示 更严重的是 更糟糕的是 moreserious evenworse tomakematterworse6 表示 最为严重的是 最糟糕的是 mostseriousofall worstofall 二 中间常用句式 扩展段的连接 例如 1 Firstofall 论据1 Moreimportantly 论据2 Mostimportantofall 论据3 Insummary 总结观点 2 Theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows First 好处1 Besides 好处2 Mostimportantofall 好处3 Buteverycoinhastwosides Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent Tobeginwith 坏处1 Tomakematterworse 坏处2 Worstofall 坏处3 Fromtheaboveanalysis Ibelieve观点 3 Foronething 论据1 Foranother 论据2 Lastbutnottheleast 论据3 Toconclude 总结观点或Fromabove wecanpredictthat预测 4 Firstofall 论据1 Furthermore 论据2 Amongallofthesupportingevidences oneisthestrongest Thatis 论据3 Anaturalconclusionfromtheabovediscussionisthat总结观点 或Fromabove wecanpredictthat预测 二 中间常用句式 扩展段的连接 其他词语或句式 1 用于强调 afterall anyway infact indeed apparently clearly obviously especially 2 用于对比 however ononehand ontheotherhand incontrast bycontrast onthecontrary while whereas instead but differentfrom 3 用于比较 similarly likewise like inthesameway 4 用于列举 forexample forinstance suchas take forgranted except for 5 表示时间 later then next finally atlast eventually meanwhile afterthat fromnowon atthesametime forthetimebeing aftersometime intheend immediately inthemeantime recently soon nowandthen during nowadays presently since assoonas afterwards sometimelater temporally inthemeanwhile afterawhile 6 用于解释 inotherwords asamatteroffact thatis 7 用于让步 although inspiteof despite eventhough evenif though nomatterhow8 用于结果 consequently thus asaresult asaconsequence hence so therefore accordingly9 其他 notonly butalso asfarasIamconcerned whenitcomesto inpractice inprinciple anotherkeyaspectof is itistruethat whatismoreseriousis thereisnodoubtthat butitisapitythat butthetrouble problem pointis Nowadays 讨论主题 playsanimportantpartinpeople slife Likeeverythingelse 讨论主题 hasbothfavourableandunfavourableaspects Generally theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows First 好处1 Besides 好处2 Mostimportantofall 好处3 Buteverycoinhastwosides Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent Tobeginwith 坏处1 Tomakematterworse 坏处2 Worstofall 坏处3 Fromtheaboveanalysis Ibelievethattheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages Therefore 结论 Ibelievethemanagementof 主题 dependon 个人建议 Writingmodel 问题解决型 HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation1 大学的费用 tuitionandfees 可以通过各种途径解决 2 哪种途径适合我 我可以采取哪些方法解决我的大学费用问题 Nowadays tuitionandfeesforcollegearemuchhigherthaneverbefore Howtofinancetheircollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcernformanystudents especiallythosewhofromremoteareas Infact therearemanywaystosolvethisproblem Generallyspeaking wecangetmostourtuitionfeesfromourparents Ifourfamilyisshortageofmoney wecanapplyforaloanespeciallysetupforcollegestudentsfromsomebanksorfromgovernments Moreover bytakingaparttimejobinoursparetimeandsummerorwintervacations wecanearnthemoneyweneedfordinners textbooksandtransportationfees Lastbutnotleast ifwekeepawonderfulacademicrecords wecanevenwinscholarshipsfromuniversities whichcanlargelyameliorateourlivingconditionandrelievetheburdenoftuitionandfees AsfarasIamconcerned Iprefertoobtainmostofmytuitionfrommyparentsbutstilltakepart timejobstoimprovemyfinancialcondition Ontheonehand Idon twanttodependentirelyonmyparents whichmayputthemundergreatpressure Ontheotherhand toobusyworkingpart timemayreducemystudyingtimeandaffectmyacademicperformance Therefore acombinationofthesetwomethodscanenrichmycollegelife encouragemetomaintainmyindependencebutstillhelpmebalancemylifeandstudy 解决问题要讲究方法 可按时间先后 也可按轻重缓急等排列 基本模式为 目前的现象及存在的问题 Manywayscancontributeto 要解决的问题 butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective Firstofall 方法1 Besides 方法2 Finally 方法3 Thesearenottheonlythreepointsyoushouldpayattentionto Butitshouldbenotedthat 使用这些方法时要注意的事项 展望 总结上述三种方法 三 结尾常用句式 终结段的连接 1 表示 总之 总而言之 简言之 inconclusion insummary toconclude tosummarize tosumup inshort inbrief inaword onthewhole2 综上所述 fromtheforegoing fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove fromtheaboveanalysisObviously 此为过渡短语 wecandrawtheconclusionthatThus itcanbeconcludedthat Therefore wecanfindthat Obviously itishightimethatwetooksomemeasurestosolvetheproblem Accordingly Irecommendthatsomemeasuresbetaken Consequently tosolvetheproblem somemeasuresshouldbetaken 三 结尾常用句式 终结段的连接 例1Vacation LongorShortOnethewhole eitherlongorshortvacationhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages Whatmattersishowtomakeuseofit 例2GoodHealth1 身体健康的重要性 2 保持健康的途径 3 我自己的实践 Asforme Ilikeplayingtennisinthemorning Ialsoattachmuchimportancetoenoughsleepandrelaxation Ibelievethiswillensuremygoodhealthfortherestofmylife 例3HopeProject希望工程Inmyopinion thisprojectisofgreatimportancetoourcountryatthepresenttime Anditalsowillhaveaprofoundeffectonthefutureachievementsofourcountry Isuggestthatmoreworkbedonesothateverychildinthecountrysidecanreceiveelementaryeducation 练习 IsFailureaBadThingInmyopinion failureisnotabadthing thereallybadthingistakingafailureasfailureorevenloseourheartafterfailure 社会热点问题常用开头 一 图表作文常见出题形式图表作文一般在题目中给出作文的标题和一个或几个统计表格 圆形图 曲线图或条形图 有时还用英文或中文提纲的形式给出提示 要求我们 1 用文字描述图表 客观解释图表中所传递的信息 并找出某种规律或趋势 2 就图表中所反映的某种趋势或问题分析其原因或后果 图表作文着重说明事实 常常是通过对图表中所反映的具体数据的说明 分析 比较 对某种事物或现象的事实或变化情况等加以说明 并提出结论或看法 因此 图表作文常常采用议论文体的写作方法 写好图表作文 关键在于能否读懂图表中所提供的信息 把握各信息间的联系 用准确流畅的语言把这一信息表达出来 并就这一信息发表自己的看法 图表作文 写图表作文时 要注意遵循以下步骤 1 认真分析图表的含义 弄清图表中所含的信息及不同信息间的关系 2 确定文章的主题思想 构思出文章的基本框架 筛选出能说明图表主题思想的典型数据 3 编列文章的提纲 4 根据文章的提纲 将各段的提纲内容扩展成段落 然后将各个段落组成文章 注意段与段之间的衔接与过渡 5 检查与修改 二 图表作文的写作步骤 图表作文 Directions Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1 analyzethegraph and2 giveyourcommentsonthetrend 图表作文 Inrecentyearstherehasbeenadramaticriseinthecellphones whicharenowessentialtomillionsofpeopleasaconvenientformofcommunication In2004thenumberreached315 000 000 withanaverageannualincreaseat57 500 000 Somepeoplecannownolongerimaginelifewithouttheircellphones Thefactthattheyaresopopularprovesthattheyareusefulandconvenient Mobilephonesnecessarilyalsoharbordisadvantages Example1 Asisshowninthechart cellphonesarebecomingmoreandmorepopularwithinChina In2000 thenumberofcellphonesinusewas85 260 000 in2001 thenumberwas180 000 000 in2002206 600 000 in2003269 000 000 In2004 thenumberis315 000 000 Fromthesestatistics wecanseetheincreasinguseofcellphones Whyhavecellphonesgainedsomuchdominanceinourlives Therearemanyfactorscontributingtothisdevelopment Firstly Thewideuseofcellphoneshasmadethemmoreandmoreindispensableinpeople sdailylife Themanyfunctionsofthecellphonehavemadecertainpeoplereluctanttoseparatethe