原创--高中英语阅读理解专题

第 16 页 共 16 页高考阅读专题高考阅读：通读全文，掌握大意问题先行，阅读随后仔细审题，重点再读全面理解，归纳推理分析验证，确定答案阅读理解能力的重要标志是阅读速度和理解力的正确率。主要考察题型：主旨大意型；事实细节型；推 理 判 断 型；词 义 猜 测 型。 高考阅读理解有4篇短文，设置15道单选题，考试时间30分钟。这就要求考生在处理阅读理解的时候既要快，又要准。解题注意：正确处理好复杂句式、生词和选项的关系 与题目无关，不影响理解文章大意的，就不必浪费时间和精力。相反，那些和题目相关的长难句，我们就要首先分析其类型(是带有较多成分的简单句，还是含有多个简单句的并列句，还是含有多个从句的复合句，还是含有多个插入成分)，理清句子成分，去除干扰成分，抓住句子主干！ 对待生词也应该采取同样的方法，首先看看生词是否与题目、文章的大意有关，如果是题目要求所必需的，我们就要弄清楚生词所处的语境，以及和下文的联系，推测生词含义，否则就忽略它！所选有据，忠实原文，避免主观 必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为基点，切忌自以为。同时，符合原文的选项是正确选项但不一定就是最佳选项，必须通盘考虑，取主要，舍枝节。 1阅读题干，明确问题-减少盲目性。 2快速掌握大意，不在细节上纠缠。 3可在文中相应处作出标记，以便进一步了解并最终确定答案。 4带着问题略读原文，确定答案。知己知彼，减少失误有时四个选项中总有一个极易误选，因此，了解干扰项的特点，可大大减少失误。干扰项可分为以下三种：1与原文矛盾。2无中生有。即选项与文章内容不矛盾，但在文中没有相关信息支持，没有根据。这类选项的干扰较大。在做此类题时，切忌把自己或他人观点作为选择依据。3答非所问。在做此类题时，不仅要判断选项内容的正确性，还应注意选项是否针对题目。 （1） 主旨大意题题干：Main idea, topic, title, purpose, aim, means to要求在理解全文的基础上对全文进行高度概括或总结。应该做到：寻找主题句，从而抓住全段中心思想，常见位置是段首句或第二句，但也可能在段尾或段中。概括全文，寻找文章中心思想。各段落中心句的整理归纳便是文章的中心思想。干扰项：可能是文中某个具体事实或细节；可能是从文中某些 (不完全的) 事 实或细节片面推出的错误结论；可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。例1 Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jimbo. While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user. The Jimbo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesnt just deliver general answers to questions；it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos. Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces. Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The companys Oshbot robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the products location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for. The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees.We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,said Breazeal.( ) 23.We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will .A. train employeesB. be our workmatesC. improve technologiesD. take the place of workers( ) 24.What does the passage mainly present?A. A new design idea of household robots.B. Marketing strategies for social robots.C. Information on household robots.D. An introduction to social robots.23.本题为推理判断题。根据最后一段Breazeal的话We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,可以推断出社交机器人可以和我们一起做事情。 24.本题为主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了社交机器人的功能和作用。Humanized, humanity, chief, companions, distinguish, respond, response, appropriate, ship, personal, personalized, social, socialize, socialization, assist, assistant, perform, deliver, individual, apply, application, fellow, employ, employee, employment, intend, intention, market, strategy, tactic, -mateworkmate, roommate, classmate例2 In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper foreign cars has not cost American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force a6nd employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能满足的）society.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph?A. GM is one of the largest car producers.B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia.C. The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.D. The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers.【解析】take sth. away of sb.和 cast sb. sth. 的意思相似。 本段落以一、二句引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。 寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。每段的主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中和归纳分析)一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。Flood, predict, predicable, prediction, assert, huge-enormous-gigantic-colossal-considerable-magnificent例3 Decision-thinking is not unlike pokerit often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. The mental process is similar. Naturally, this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are, by any standards, good thinkers. The great mathematician John Von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes: there are what he called games of “perfect information”, games like chess where the players cant hide anything or play tricks: they dont win by chance, but by means of logic and skills. Then there are games of “imperfect information”, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another. One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse. Business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors which would even puzzle best poker players. But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess, not poker. 1.The subject discussed in this text is _. A. the process of reaching decisions B. the difference between poker and chess C. the secret of making good business plans D. the value of information in winning games process过程，factor因素，puzzle使疑惑。首段首句即文章主题，Decision-thinking is not unlike poker，后破折号是解释说明。后三选项都是用文章细节进行干扰。Poker, mental, physical, considerable considerate, in particular=particularly, logic, perfect, perfection, perfectionism. imperfect, reverse, in reverse, admit, admission, admit doing vs admit to do 例4 The evidence for harmony may not be obvious in some families. But it seems that four out of five young people now get on with their parents, which is the opposite of the popularly-held image of unhappy teenagers locked in their room after endless family quarrels. An important new study into teenage attitudes surprisingly shows that their family life is more harmonious than it has ever been in the past. We were surprised by just how positive todays young people seem to be about their families,said one member of the research team. Theyre expected to be rebellious and selfish but actually they have other things on their minds; they want a car and material goods, and they worry about whether school is serving them well. Theres more negotiation and discussion between parents and children, and children expect to take part in the family decision-making process. They dont want to rock the boat. So it seems that this generation of parents is much more likely than parents of 30 years ago to treat their children as friends. My parents are happy to discuss things with me and willing to listen to me, says 17-year-old Daniel Lazall, I always tell them when Im going out clubbing. As long as they know what Im doing, theyre fine with it. Susan Crome, who is now 21, agrees. Looking back on the last 10 years, there was a lot of what you could call negotiation. For example, as long as Id done all my homework, I could go out on a Saturday night. But I think my grandparents were a lot stricter with my parents than that. Maybe this positive view of family life should not be unexpected. It is possible that the idea of teenage rebellion is not rooted in real facts. A researcher comments, Our surprise that teenagers say they get along well with their parents comes because of a brief period in our social history when teenagers were regarded as different beings. But that idea of rebelling and breaking away from their parents really only happened during that one time in the 1960s when everyone rebelled. The normal situation throughout history has been a smooth change from helping out with the family business to taking it over.What is the passage mainly about?A: Negotiation in family.B: Education in family.C: Harmony in family.D: Teenage trouble in family. rebellious (叛逆的)。本文并非开头就告诉主题，而是讲完第一句以后进行转折。A but B。（或者yet，however）。1.重点在于B；2. A和B形成相反关系。如果只能看懂A，没关系，B意思相反。由A可知讲家不和谐，那么取反可知B讲和谐。看首段（A)The evidence for harmony may not be obvious in some families（关于和谐的证据可能在一些家庭中不明显）. (B)But it seems that four out of five young people now get on with their parents, which is the opposite of the popularly-held image of unhappy teenagers locked in their room after endless family quarrels（五个年轻人中有四个都与家长相处的很好，这与大众的印象是相反，在大众印象里，年轻人总是在无休止的家庭争吵之后把自己锁在屋子里）.Evidence, proof, harmony, harmonious, obvious apparent, opposite, image, quarrel, rebel, rebellious, rebellion, serve, server, service, servant, material, negotiate, negotiation, process, proceed, generate, generation, much more likely, willing to do, as long as, positive negative, unexpected, be expected to do, root, comment, brief, be regarded as, situation, smooth例5What do you want to be when you grow up? A teacher? A doctor? How about an ice-cream taster?Yes, there really is a job where you can get paid to taste ice-cream. Just ask John Harrison, an “Official Taste Tester” for the past 21 years. Testing helps manufacturers to be sure of a products quality. During his career Harrison has been responsible for approving large quantities of the sweet ice cream as well as for developing over 75 flavors (味道).Some people think that it would be easy to do this job:vc after all, you just have to like ice cream, right? No theres more to the job than that, says Harrison, who has a degree in chemistry. He points out that a dairy or food-science degree would be very useful to someone wanting a career in this “cool” field.In a typical morning on the job, Harrison tastes and assesses 60 ice-cream samples. He lets the ice cream warm up to about 12. Harrison explains, “You get more flavor from warmer ice cream, which is why some kids like to stir it, creating ice-cream soup.”While the ice cream warms up, Harrison looks over the samples and grades each one on its appearance. “Tasting begins with the eyes,” he explains. He checks to see if the ice cream is attractive and asks himself, “Does the product have the color expected from that flavor?” Next its time to taste!Continuing to think up new ideas, try out new flavors, and test samples from so many kinds of ice cream each day keeps Harrison busy but happy working at one cool job.Which of the following is probably the best title of the passage?A. Tasting with Eyes B. Flavors of Ice Cream C. John Harrisons LifeD. One Cool Job本文开篇提出问题，然后作出回答。重点自然在回答部分。What do you want to be when you grow up? A teacher? A doctor? How about an ice-cream taster? Yes, there really is a job where you can get paid to taste ice-cream.回答的中心部分是job，即为文章主题对象。哪个选项有job？Produce, product, production, producer, manufacture, manufacturer, officer, official, career, approve, approval, quantity, quality, qualify, qualified, qualification, degree, to some degree, field, type, typical, assess, assessment, evaluate, evaluation, flavor, sample, grade, attract, attractive, attraction例6 At Dallas/Fort Worth Airport, the lights are controlled by sensors that measure sunlight. They dim immediately when its sunny and brighten when a passing cloud blocks the sun. A wall of windows at a University of Pennsylvania engineering building has built-in blinds (百叶窗) controlled by a computer program that follows the suns path. Buildings are getting smarter and the next generation of building materials is expected to do even more. Windows could catch the suns energy to heat water. Sensors that measure the carbon dioxide breathed out by people in a room could determine whether the air conditioning needs to be turned up. Many new materials and technology have been designed in the last 15 years. They are now being used in a wave of buildings designed to save as much energy as possible. They include old ideas, like “green roofs”, where a belt of plants on a roof helps the building keep heat in winter and stay cool in summer, and new ideas, like special coating for windows that lets light in, but keeps heat out. As technologies such as sensors become cheaper, their uses spread. The elevators at Seven World Trade Center, which is under construction in New York, use a system that groups people traveling to nearby floors into the same elevator, thus saving elevator stops. People who work in the building will enter it by swiping (刷) ID cards that will tell the elevators their floor, readouts will then tell them which elevator to use. The building also has windows with a coating that blocks heat while letting in light. More new building materials and technology are in development. A Philadelphia building firm is now working on “smart wrap” that uses tiny solar collectors to catch the suns energy and transmitters (传输器) as wide as a human hair to move it. They are expected to change the face of the construction industry in the next ten years or so. What might be the most suitable title for the text? ABuildings Are Becoming Smarter BBuildings Are Getting More Sunlight CBuildings Are Lacking in Much Energy DBuildings Are Using Cheaper Materials 本文与上面的又不一样，能看出第一段说什么吗？是很具体/很细节的东西，即举例。也就是说一开始不直接说主题，而是给个例子让读者有个认识。如果第一段你看不出答案，就继续看文章，第二段还在举例，讲窗户上安装了电脑控制的百叶窗；接着第三段 Buildings are getting smarter.可以看出总结了前两段，直接对应？选项Sense, sensor, measure, dim, immediate, brighten, block, path, energy, energetic, heat, carbon dioxide, breath, breathe, determine, determination, material, air conditioner, design, wave, microwave, roof, belt-safety belt, spread, under construction, under + n., tiny, solar energy, industry, industrial, industrious=diligent（2）细节理解题做这种题目要注意注意提干中的标识语，带着问题有目的地寻找某一特定信息。题干中的标识语就是寻找答案的路标词。人物/时间/地点等解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。干扰项 范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。解题方法 : 原文定位法。带着问题寻找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。要细心！命题方式：1）Which of the following statements is true?2）Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?3）The author ( or the passage) states that_.4）According to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)_?例1Many years ago, when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver,I was driving to my parents home in Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station(加油站)about 50 miles from Oklahoma City, where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register(收款台), I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas.I took off, but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I should do. A car pulled up behind me. It was the couple I had spoken to at the gas station. They said they would take me to my friends. We chatted on the way into the city,and when I got out of the car,the husband gave me his business card.I wrote him and his wife a thank you note for helping me. Soon afterward, I received a Christmas present from them. Their note that came with it said that helping me had made their holidays meaningful.Years later, I drove to a meeting in a nearby town in the morning. In late afternoon I returned to my car and found that Id left the lights on all day, and the battery(电池)was dead. Then I noticed that the Friendly Ford dealershipa shop selling cars was right next door. I walked over and found two salesmen in the showroom.“Just how friendly is Friendly Ford?” I asked and explained my trouble. They quickly drove a pickup truck to my car and started it. They would accept no payment, so when I got home, I wrote them a note to say thanks. I received a letter back from one of the salesmen. No one had ever taken the time to write him and say thank you, and it meant a lot, he said.“Thank you”two powerful words. Theyre easy to say and mean so much.1. The author planned to stop at Oklahoma City _.A. to visit a friend B. to see his parentsC. to pay at the cash register D. to have more gas for his car2. The underlined words “took off” underlined in Paragraph 2 mean “ _”.A. turned off B. moved offC. put up D. set up3. The battery of the authors car was dead because _.A. something went wrong with the lights B. the meeting lasted a whole dayC. he forgot to turn off the lights D. he drove too long a distance4. By telling his own experiences, the author tries to show _.A. how to write a thank you letter B. how to deal with car problemsC. the kind heartedness of older people D. the importance of expressing thanks1. 细节题。根据文章第一段2,3行I stopped at a gas station(加油站)about 50 miles from Oklahoma City，where I was pl