暖通空调冷水机组和冷却塔.doc

暖通空调冷水机组和冷却塔Overall, the deluge system provides a higher degree of protection whenthere are adequate water supplies and this system has the advantage ofminimizing the possibility of failure due to freezing. 总体而言，在喷水灭火系统提供了一个更高的保护程度时，有足够的水供应和本系统具有减少失败的可能性，由于冻结的优势.15.1. TOWER COMMISSIONING15.1 塔调试When the cooling systems installation has been completed, it is necessary to startthe cooling tower and place it in service. Condenser water system commissioningcan be broken down into three basic elements, with numerous requirementsassociated with each element, outlined as follows: 当冷却系统的安装已完成,这是必要的,以启动冷却塔,然后把它放在服务。冷凝器水系统调试可以被分成三个基本要素,与众多的要求与相关各因素,概述了如下:；A. Condenser water pump冷凝器水泵1. Check pump installation, including mountings, vibration isolators andconnectors, and piping specialties (valves, strainer, pressure gauges, connectors, and piping specialties (valves, strainer, pressure gauges,1. thermometers, etc.). 检查泵安装,包括机架、隔振器和接头和管道阀门,过滤器,专业(压力表,连接器,和管道阀门,过滤器,专业(压力表、温度计,等等)。2. Check pump shaft and coupling alignment. 检查泵轴和耦合对齐 3. Lubricate pump shaft bearings as required by the manufacturer. 泵轴轴承润滑要求的制造商4. Lubricate motor shaft bearings as required by the manufacturer. 电机轴轴承润滑要求的制造商。5. Turn shaft by hand to make sure the pump and motor turn freely. 用手把轴,以确保泵和电机自由旋转。6. “Bump” the motor on and check for proper rotation direction. 凸起”的电机和检查,以便进行适当的旋转方向。B. Cooling tower B.冷却塔360毕业设计网友情提供-1. Clean all tower surfaces, ush and clean the wet deck and basin. 清洁所有的塔和清洁的表面,冲洗甲板和盆地湿2. Clean the basin strainer. 过滤器清洗盆地ubricate fan shaft bearings as required by the manufacturer. 风机轴轴承润滑要求的制造商。4. Lubricate motor shaft bearings as required by the manufacturer. 电机轴轴承润滑要求制作。5. Test and adjust belt drive (if installed).a. Adjust belt(s) tension.b. Check and adjust belt(s) alignment. 测试和调整皮带传动(如果安装)。张力调整皮带(s)。b。检查并调整皮带(s)对齐。 6. Test and adjust gear drive (if installed).a. Fill oil reservoir.b. Check shaft alignment.c. Check couplings for bolt tightness, excess play, etc. 测试和调整齿轮传动(如果安装)。补油油藏。b。止回阀轴校直。c。为检查联轴器螺栓的紧固性,多余的戏,等 7. Turn shaft by hand to make sure fan and drive turn freely. 用手把轴驱动器,以确保风机和自由旋转。 8. “Bump” motor(s) on and check fan(s) for correct rotation. 凸起”电机(s)在和检查风扇(s)为正确的旋转9. Run fan(s) for a short period and check for unusual noises and/or vibration.Verify that motor amps are in accordance with manufacturers data. 跑风扇(s)在短时间内,以检查异常噪音和/或振动。确定电机电流正根据厂家的数据10. Conrm that the condenser water piping has been ushed andchemically cleaned. 确认冷凝器管线冲洗水和化学清洗。11. Fill the basin and piping to the manufacturers recommended basinoperating level. 填补盆地和管生产厂家的推荐盆地操作标准12. Run condenser water pump for a short period.a. Verify that pump motor amps are within motor nameplate rating.b. Test the wet deck distribution, ll, and basin for proper water ow.c. Check basin for vortexing. 凝汽器运行的水泵,很短的时间内。确认泵马达电机铭牌放大器内评级。b。潮湿的甲板上测试装满、盆地分布,为适当的水的流量。c。盆地为涡流检查。13. Test basin freeze protection thermostat and heater. 测试水池结冰保护温箱和加热器。14. For multi-cell installations:a. Ensure that automatic isolation valves function properly.b. Balance condenser water ow to and from each cell.c. Balance equalizer line to maintain proper basin operating level ineach cell. . 安装:一为多。确保自动隔离阀的正常功能。b。冷凝器水流对平衡。c。平衡管维持适当的平衡在每个细胞盆地使用水平。15. Place tower fan and condenser water motor starters in “automatic”position. 塔风机和冷凝器水的地方电机起动器在“自动”的位置C. Controls C.控制1. Check that all temperature sensors are properly installed.2. Test operation of bypass control valve and adjust for 708 rotation.3. Check controller set point.4. Test fan control relays for proper functioning.5. Test VFD (if installed) for proper operation.6. Test operation of vibration cutout switch.7. Test operation of basin level controls, including high and lowlevel alarms.8. Place controls in operation. 1. 检查适当地安装所有温度传感器。 2. 旁路控制阀门的检验业务和为708自转调整。 3. 检查调整点的控制器。 4. 为适当起作用测试风扇控制继电器。 5. 为正确的操作测试VFD (如果安装)。 6. 振动保险开关开关的检验业务。 7. 水池电平控制的检验业务，包括高和低级警报。 8. 安置运转中的控制。 冷却塔运行和维护D. Water treatment1. Check that all pH and/or conductivity probes are properly installed.2. Test operation of blowdown solenoid valve.3. Place water treatment equipment in operation. 水处理1。检查所有的pH值和/或电导率探针正确安装。2。电磁阀的测试操作。3 .排污地方水处理设备的情况下运行 At this point, the condenser water system should operate and be controlled tomaintain set-point temperature under its automatic controls. However, during therst 24 hr of operation, all aspects of condenser water pump, cooling tower,controls, and water treatment should be checked and evaluated frequently.Unusual noises or vibration, erratic performance or operation, or other problems(see Sec. 15.3) may require that the system be shutdown and repaired beforebeing placed into fulltime service. 在这一点上,冷凝器水系统的运作应该和被控制在它保持最高运行温度自动控制器。然而,在第一个24小时的运作,各方面的冷凝器水泵、冷却塔、控制、水处理需要检查和评估频繁。异常噪音或振动,飘忽不定的性能或操作,或者其他的问题(见秒。153)可以要求系统关机和修复后再被放置到更好的服务。Once the tower has been in operation for several days and all start-uprequirements have been met, test the tower for excess recirculation. Thiscondition can be determined by measuring the ambient air wet bulb temperatureand the wet bulb temperature entering the tower. An increase of more than about18F in the entering wet bulb over the ambient wet bulb indicates that excessdischarge is re-entering the tower. This condition must then be corrected based onthe parameters outlined in Sec. 11.2. 一旦塔已运行好几天,所有启动的要求都达到为超重,试验塔循环利用。这种情况可能是决定于测量周围空气温度和湿湿灯泡灯泡温度进入塔。增加了超过大约18F在进入湿灯泡灯泡在周围湿表明过量排放是进入塔。然后,必须纠正这个条件的基础上,概述了在美国证券交易委员会(Sec)参数。抚恤补助标准。15.2. COOLING TOWER MAINTENANCEOnce the cooling tower system is placed into fulltime service, routine inspectionand maintenance must be done to ensure proper tower operation and to obtain theexpected service life of the equipment. The required maintenance can be brokeninto two areas: water treatment and mechanical maintenance. 一旦冷却塔系统被存入专职服务、常规检验和维护必须采取行动来确保适当的塔操作,获得预计使用设备的使用寿命。所需要的维修可以分解为两部分:水处理和机械维修。Water treatment requirements and programs to prevent corrosion, deposition, andbiological fouling in condenser water systems have been addressed in Chapter 13.However, as a routine matter, the tower owner must ensure that this requirementis being met effectively by his water treatment contractor. To this end, thefollowing procedure is recommended: 水处理的要求和程序来防止腐蚀、沉积、生物污染在冷凝器供水系统地址在第13章中。然而,就像例行公事,钟塔,主人必须确保这项要求是做了有效的进行,他的水处理的承包商。为达此目的,以下程序是推荐1. Require and evaluate regular and frequent reports by the watertreatment contractor, rst to ensure that regular water treatment is beingdone and, second, to “track” the various treatment parameters such aspH, TDS, chemical types, quantities used, etc. 需要定期和频繁和评估报告,水处理,以确保承包商先常规水处理方面,第二,对于“道”的不同的治疗参数如酸碱度,辨证论治、化学类型、数量使用等。2. At least twice each year, send a water sample to an independentlaboratory for analysis and compare the results with the most recentmonthly report from the water service contractor. 每年至少两次,送一份水样品给一个独立的实验室的结果进行了比较分析和最最近的每月报告水服务承包商。3. During shutdown periods, the maintenance staff should inspect thetower and as much piping as possible for scaling or fouling that is beinginadequately addressed by the water treatment program. 在关闭周期,使维修人员要检查一下这塔和尽可能多的管道尽可能在缩放和污垢,未充分得到解决水处理程序。 4. Track chiller and tower performance on a routine basis to determine ifthe system is remaining free of deposition or fouling. The informationshown in Figure 15.1 should be logged on a regular basis (at least onceper day or once per shift) and, with the data from Figure 7.1, therelationships between load, temperature difference, and power input-tracked. If the relationships between these values change appreciably,this could indicate chiller fouling, tower fouling, or other performanceproblems. 冷水机组和塔性能跟踪日常工作的一部分来决定是否这个系统是剩余的自由的沉积或污染。信息显示在图15.1应该被记录在正常的基础上(至少每天一次或每一次班),随着数据从图7.1之间的相互关系,负荷、温差、和输入功率-追踪。如果这些价值观的变化之间的关系,这可能表明制冷机略微污垢、塔结垢、或其他表演的问题15.2.2. Mechanical Maintenance15.2.2. 机械维护Routine cooling tower mechanical inspection and maintenance falls into twocategories: start-up and operating.FIGURE 15.1. Cooling tower maintenance log.When the tower is to be started after being shutdown for a lengthy period oftime, it must be thoroughly inspected and repaired, as follows: 15.2.2。机械维修常规冷却塔机械检测和维护分成两大类:启动和操作。图15.1。冷却塔维修日志。当塔被关闭后,开始持续一段时间,就必须彻底检查和修复,如下 1. Check drift eliminators for proper position, being clean, etc.2. Check fans, bearings, motors, and drives for proper lubrication.3. Rotate fan shaft(s) by hand to make sure they turn freely.4. Check fan motors for proper rotation and adjust belt tension for beltdrives.5. Fill basin with fresh water and check operation of level controller. 。查为适当的位置,漂移循环水被清洁,等。2。检查球迷、轴承、马达、和驱动适当的润滑。3。风机轴旋转(s)用手来确保他们自由旋转。4 .检查风扇电机为适当的旋转和调整皮带张力为带驱动器。5。充满新鲜的水和检查洗濯盆和盆座、液位控制器的操作。 6. Start condenser pump and check wet deck for proper distribution.7. Check ll for fouling and/or clogging and clean or replace if necessary.8. Check access door gaskets and replace as necessary.9. Throughly inspect all metal surfaces for corrosion, scale or fouling, orsludge. Clean as required and any damaged metal should be cleaneddown to bare metal and renished with a cold zinc coating.10. Operate tower and look for and repair any water or air leaks from thebasin, casing, or piping. 始冷却水泵和检查湿甲板上合理分布。7。检查填污染和/或堵塞并清洗或更换,如果必要的话。8。检修门垫圈和检查是否需要更换。彻底检查所有的金属表面的腐蚀、结垢、或规模或污泥。清洁、按要求任何损坏金属应该清洗下来的裸金属此用冷的锌涂层。10。寻找和操作塔和修复水或气体泄漏,该盆地、肠衣、或管道。 During the cooling season, regular inspection and maintenance of the towers required to ensure proper operation, as follows: 因为在冷却的季节,定期检查和维护所需的塔s,以保证正常的使用功能,如下: A. Weekly 1. Clean basin strainer.2. Check blowdown valve and make-up water valves to make sure theyare working properly.3. Test water and adjust chemical treatment as necessary.4. Check/ll gear drive oil reservoir. 周1。干净的盆地的过滤器。2。止回阀和补给水排污阀来确定他们是否工作正常。3。水的化学处理测试和调整是必要的。(4)。检查/填补齿轮传动的油藏。B. Monthly1. Clean and ush basin. (This may be required more often for towerslocated adjacent to highways, industrial sites, etc. with high particulateemissions.)2. Check operating level in basin and adjust as necessary.3. Check water distribution system and sprays.4. Check drift eliminators for proper position.5. Check belts or gearbox and adjust as necessary.6. Check fans, inlet screens, and louvers for dirt and debris. Clean asnecessary.5. Check keys and set screws. . 每月1。清洁并冲刷盆地。(这可能被要求为塔更经常的高速公路,毗邻的工业用地等具有高颗粒排放。)(2)。检查并调整操作水平,如有必要,盆地。3。检查水分配系统,喷剂。4 .检查漂移循环水为适当的位置。5。检查腰带或变速箱和调整是必要的。6。检查球迷、进气屏幕、百叶窗为污垢和碎片。如有必要。检查清洁钥匙和固定螺丝。C. Regularly1. Lubricate motor in accordance with MFGRs instructions.2. Lubricate fan shaft bearings every 1000 hr or 3 months.3. Check gear drive in accordance with MFGRs instructions.4. Blowdown condenser water pump strainer. 定期1. 润滑马达与MFGR的指示 2. 符合润滑风扇轴承每1000 hr或3个月 3. 检查齿轮驱动与MFGR的指示 4. 吹倒冷凝器水泵过滤器符合 D. Yearly1. Clean and touch-up paint or other protective nish as necessary(including grillage).2. Dismantle and clean condenser water pump strainer. .逐年1. 清洁和润色漆或必要的（包括梁格）其他防护完成。 2. 拆卸和清洁冷凝器水泵过滤器 15.2.3. Induction/Venturi Tower MaintenanceDue to its lack of fan, motor, and drive assembly, routine maintenance for thenduction draft or venturi cooling tower is somewhat simpler than for amechanical draft cooling tower. Basically, except for the fan elements, routinemaintenance should include the same elements and schedule outlined inec. 15.2.2.There are several special maintenance aspects of this type of tower thathould be addressed on a monthly basis as follows15.2.3. 归纳或文丘里管塔维护由于它的缺乏风扇、马达和传动装配、归纳草稿的定期维护或文丘里管冷却塔有些简单比对于一个机械通风冷却塔。 基本上，除了风扇元素，定期维护应该包括被概述的同一元素和日程表 秒。 15.2.2.有应该每月论及此种塔的几个特别维护方面如下1. Strainers: There are two strainers that must be removed and cleaned byhigh pressure water spray. The sump strainers are at screens thatrequire the basin to be drained before removal. A nal strainer islocated in a vertical cylindrical enclosure on the inlet side of the tower.This strainer is removed by removing the bolted cover plate过滤器:有两个过滤器,必须清除和清洗压力水喷淋。污水过滤器是平坦的荧屏的需要盆排空之前去除。最后一个过滤器是一个位于垂直柱状外壳的进口一侧上。这个过滤器塔被移除上盖板2. Spray nozzles: Inspect the spray nozzles while the tower is in operation.If cleaning is necessary (indicted by poor or erratic spray), it canusually be accomplished while the tower is in operation by scrubbingthe nozzle with a nonmetallic brush and using a nonmetallic pick. If thiscleaning is unsatisfactory, shutdown the tower, remove the nozzle, andclean thoroughly in the shop. 喷嘴:检查了喷嘴,而塔是在运作。如果清洗是必要的(被贫穷的或错误的喷雾),它通常是可以完成的,而塔操作中喷嘴的一种非金属擦洗刷子和使用非金属挑。如果这种清洗不太满意,关闭一个塔,删除的喷嘴,并彻底清洗在商店里。 3. Inlet louvers: The inlet louvers are much more closely spaced than onother types of towers and must be kept clean. They are removable tofacilitate cleaning (and to provide access to the spray nozzles). 进口百叶窗:入口百叶窗更紧密间隔高于其他类型的塔和必须保持清洁。他们是可拆卸,便于清理(和提供了喷嘴)。15.2.4. Heat Exchanger MaintenanceWhen a waterside economizer cycle is utilized, the heat exchangers applied mustalso be maintained on a regular basis, as follows: 15.2.4。当一个水侧换热器省煤器维修周期是使用,则该热交换器的应用也必须保持在正常的基础上,如下:1. Plate and frame heat exchanger: When the economizer cycle is in use,perform the following routine maintenance:a. At least one manufacturer recommends that during the summermonths when the heat exchanger is not in use, the plate pack shouldbe loosened until all gasket compression is removed.b. At the beginning of the mechanical cooling season, when theeconomizer cycle is no longer used, dismantle and clean the heattransfer plates. High pressure water can be used, avoiding thegaskets, along with brushing with a ber bristle brush or a brush ofthe same alloy as the plates. Replace gaskets as necessary.c. Make periodic inspection of control valves to ensure proper、板框式换热器:当省煤器循环是在使用中,执行以下日常维护:一个。、至少有一个制造商建议在当热交换器是在不使用,盘子装应该放松,直到所有垫片的压缩被删除。b。开始时的机械冷却赛季当省煤器周期已经不再使用,拆卸和清洗传热板。高压水可以被使用,避免垫片,随着刷牙并且纤维毛刷或刷相同的合金作为这些盘子。如有必要,替换垫圈。c。定期检查阀门,以保证正常的使用功2. Shell and tube heat exchanger: When the economizer cycle is in use,perform the following routine maintenance:a. Monthly, ush the shell and tube bundle and inspect the interiorand exterior condition of the tubes. (Tubes can be cleaned with a10% muriatic acid solution allowed to stand for 2 hr.) Replacegaskets when replacing heads.b. Make periodic inspection of control valves to ensure properoperation. 管壳式换热器:当省煤器循环是在使用中,执行以下日常维护:一个。每月,冲刷和管壳式换热器管束和检查内部和外部条件的管。(管来清洗10%的盐酸溶液允许站2小时。)当更换头取代垫圈。b。定期检查阀门,以保证正常的使用功能。15.3. TOWER PERFORMANCETROUBLESHOOTINGSelected correctly, installed correctly, and properly maintained, the HVACcooling tower should perform as required for many years. However, the towermay not perform as anticipated due to numerous problems that must beinvestigated and evaluated in the eld153。选择正确,塔性能故障安装正确,和适当的维护、空调冷却塔应该履行要求,包括许多年。然而,正如预期不履行塔可能由于很多问题进行了调查和评估,必须在田地里的时候. Typical HVAC cooling tower performance problems fall into three majorcategories:1. Selection problems2. Installation problems3. Maintenance problems典型的暖通空调冷却塔性能问题分为三大类:1。选择问题2。安装问题3。维护方面的问题15.3.1. Selection Problems15.3.1。选择性能相关的问题Performance problems related to the tower selection refers to inadequate towerperformance, because one or more of the tower performance requirements wasincorrectly or inadequately specied.From Chap. 9, two factors were dened as establishing the HVAC coolingtower performance: ,问题是指塔塔选择性能不足,因为一个或多个塔的性能要求是不正确或未充分说明。从查问式握换验证协定。9日,两个因素被确定为建立暖通空调冷却塔的表现:1. The cooling load imposed on the tower, which is dened by thecondenser water ow rate and the selected range.2. The approach, which is dictated by the design outdoor wet bulbtemperature and the required condenser water supply temperature. Of these variables, the most common errors are made in dening the cooling loadand in selecting the design outdoor wet bulb temperature. If either or both of thesevariables is under estimated, the cooling tower selected will simply be too small. 1。冷负荷强加在塔楼,主要是由冷凝器水流速和选定的范围。(2)。口述的方法,由设计温度、室外潮湿的灯泡所需冷凝器供水温度。对这些变量的,最常犯的错误是在界定冷负荷的设计及选择户外湿灯泡的温度。如果其中一方或双方对这些变量的估计是下,冷却塔的选择将会只是太小。 Selection errors are usually identied by performance problems when at ornear design conditions, and the design condenser water supply temperaturecannot be achieved. Measuring the outdoor wet bulb temperature under theseconditions will demonstrate whether the tower selection was based on too low ofa design wet bulb temperature. The imposed cooling load can be computed basedon the design ow rate and the actual entering and leaving condenser watertemperature and this value compared to the design requirement. 通常是被选择的错误性能达到或接近设计时所面临的问题和设计条件下,冷凝器供水温度就不能实现。温度测量室外潮湿的灯泡在这些条件下会表现出是否选择是基于塔设计过低的体温。湿灯泡冷负荷的计算征收可以根据设计流量与实际进出水温度、凝汽器相比,这个价值工程设计的要求。Unfortunately, there is relatively little that can be done to correct selectionproblems short of adding additional cooling tower capacity since the towercharacteristic is too small for the performance required. 不幸的是,我们无能为力,如何才能正确选择短的问题能力添加额外的冷却塔塔的特点是自从太小了性能要求。15.3.2. Installation ProblemsThere are a host of potential installation problems that can adversely affectcooling tower performance:1. Excess recirculation may exist because the tower is not installed withsufcient clearance around it for free airow. This condition can bedetermined by measuring the ambient air wet bulb temperature and thewet bulb temperature entering the tower. An increase of more thanabout 18F in the entering wet bulb over the ambient wet bulb indicatesthat tower discharge is re-entering the tower.2. There is inadequate airow through the tower because the fan speed isnot correctly adj