英国文学简介.doc

英国文学简介1. 古代文学简介/Old English Literature1 时间界定：Old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066.2 古代文学中诗歌分类：宗教诗和世俗诗：The Old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the religious group and the secular one.3 主要代表作品：贝尔武夫A.性质：Beowulf, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.B.主题：The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage under a wise heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.、中世纪文学：1、 时间界定：From 1066 up to the mid-14th century.2、 文学分类：民间通俗文学 骑士浪漫诗A. Popular folk literature also occupies an important place in this period.B. Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.3、 代表作家与作品：Chaucer and the Canterbury talesAThe father of English poetry.（Chaucer）BThe English Homer. （Chaucer）CIn Canterbury tales, Chaucer presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life .DIn Troilus and Criseyde, he gave the world what is virtually the first modern novel.2. 中世纪文学简介 /Medieval Literature introduction1、 时间界定：From 1066 up to the mid-14th century.2、 文学分类：民间通俗文学 骑士浪漫诗A. Popular folk literature also occupies an important place in this period.B. Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.3、 代表作家与作品：Chaucer and the Canterbury talesAThe father of English poetry.（Chaucer）BThe English Homer. （Chaucer）CIn Canterbury tales, Chaucer presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life .DIn Troilus and Criseyde, he gave the world what is virtually the first modern novel.3. 文艺复兴时期简介 /Renaissance period introduction1 时间界定：It refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries.2 文艺复兴的理论基础：人文主义兴起。A 核心：Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors.B 基础：It was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.3 文艺复兴的文化背景：A 场所：English schools and universities were established in place of the old monasteries.B 印刷术的引进：William Caxton introduced printing into England .C 翻译的时代的出现。With the introduction of printing, an age of translation came into being4 文学形式：A.诗歌：A). 早期特点：The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.B). 代表作家及作品:a. Spensers The Shepheardes Calender showed the pastoral conventionb. In “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love,” Marlowe spoke that it would be very difficult for us to connect it with the voice in his tragedies.c. Poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and carried on by Shakespeare and Ben Johnson.B.戏剧: A). 特点: The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English RenaissanceB). 作家: The most famous dramatists are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Johnson.5. 本章主要作家及作品:斯宾塞及其代表作仙后/Edmund Spenser and The Faerie Queene马洛代表作和艺术风格及成就/Christopher Marlowes writing and literature archivement莎士比亚作品及艺术成就/William Shakespeare and his achievement培根的主要作品/Francis Bacons major works邓恩作品及爱情观/John Donnes writing and point of view (这些地方肯定要加的)弥尔顿代表作/John Miltons major works4. 新古典主义时期/ The neoclassical period1. 时间界定The neoclassical period is between the return of the Stuarts in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798.2. 启蒙运动A. 概述a. 特点The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement.b.起源It flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time.c.性质The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.d.目的Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.B. 人文观与文学特点a. The enlighteners advocated universal education. They believed that human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education.b. Literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.3. 文学形式A. 伤感主义文学In the last few decades of the 18th century, however, the neoclassical emphasis upon reason, intellect, wit and form was rebelled against or challenged by the sentimentalists, and was gradually by Romanticism.B. 新古典主义诗歌The neoclassical period witnessed the flourish of English poetry in the classical style climaxing with John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson.C. 现实主义小说The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form the modern English novel, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.D. 哥特式小说及其它Gothic novels mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles were turned out profusely by both male and female writers.4. 主要作家与作品有下列这些:Jonathan Swifts chief works and style格雷的主要作品和诗歌风格/Thomas Grays masterpiece and styles班扬代表作和风格: John Bunyans works and styles笛福的主要作品和风格/ Daniel Defoes major writing and style约翰逊的代表作品和新古典主义文学观/Samuel Johnsons writings and neo-classical point of view蒲柏代表作品和其文学对现实的批评观/Alexander Popes writing and point of view谢立丹的戏剧作品与艺术成就/Richard Brinsley Sheridans writing-and-literature archivement费尔丁的戏剧小说作品和对文学的贡献/Henry Fieldings writings and literature contribute5. 浪漫主义时期/ The Romantic Period1. 时间界定English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.2. 文化思想背景:A. The ideas of Rousseau: Rousseau published two books that electrified Europe Du Contrat Social and Emile, in which he explored new ideas about Nature, Society and Education. After that,Patriotic clubs societies multiplied in England, all claiming Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.B. The literary sources: The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.C. The differences between neoclassicism and Romanticism:a. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.b. Where the Augustans emphasized those features that men have in common the Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individuals mind.D. The literary views:a. Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.b. In the theory. It tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art.3. 文学形式:A. 诗歌A). 诗人运动The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.B). 诗歌理论They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy, the believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.a. Wordsworths theory of poetry is calling for simple themes drawn from humble life. He defines the poet as a “man speaking to men,” and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”.b. Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vial faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.c. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.d. To escape from a world. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey chose to live by the lakeside so as to escape from the “madding crowd,” while Byron and Shelley rejected the entire English society by their self-imposed exile.e. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.B. 散文The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. Coleridge, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures.A). William Hazlitt is a great critic on Shakespeare, Elizabethan drama, and English poetry. His last book is a four-volume Life of Napoleon.B). Charles Lamb is a lovable essayist. Lambs Essays of Elia is a good work that leads to a delightful interpretation of the life of London.C). De Quincey is one of the keenest intellects of the age. The great literary merit of his Confessions of an English Opium Eater lies in his subtle revelation of the potentiality of human dreams.C. 小说A). Austen is of the 18th-century in her moral outlook. Her view of life is a totally realistic one. The major theme of her novels is love and marriage.B). After establishing himself as a writer of romantic historical narrative poetry, Scott switched to novel writing. Waverley, Old Martality, The Heart of Midlothian, Rob Roy, and Ivanhoe are among the most popular ones of his novels. He is the first major historical novelist.C). Gothic novel:a. Nature:Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement.b. Subject matters:Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.c. Works:Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.D. 戏剧Shelleys Prometheus Unbound and The Cenci, Byrons Manfred and Coleridges Remorse are generally regarded as the best verse plays during this period.4. 主要作家及作品summary of The Romantic Period/浪漫主义时期主要内容George Gordon Byrons masterpiece and themesJane Austens cheif work and point of view toward marriageJohn Keatss masterpeice and themesPersy Bysshe Shelleys masterpiece and themesSamuel Taylor Coleridges writing, themes and archivementWilliam Wordsworth and lake poets/威廉华兹华斯和湖畔诗人的作品及风格布莱克主要作品和风格/ William Blakes masterworks and styles6. The Victorian PeriodVictorian1. The Victorian Period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victorian from 1836 to 1901, the most glorious in the English history.2 Towards the mid-19th century, England had reached its highly point of development as a world power.3 Darwins The origin of species and The Descent of Man shook theoretical basic of traditional faith. Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced . In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging experiences of progress thought4 Famous novelists like Charles Dickens , William Makepeace Thackery, Charlotte Bronte , Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell and Anthony Trollope.5 Victorian literature has the high-spirted vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness , the good-natured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedentedCharles Dickenss masterpeice and charactersGeorge Eliots popular novel and aspirationRobert Brownings dramatic monologue and themesThe Bronte sisters: Charlotte Bronte and Emily BronteTomas Hardys major works and thems7. The Modern Period/近代时期文学简介modern period1 The catastrophic First World War tremendously weakened the British Empire and brought about great suffering to its people as well. The postwar economic dislocation and spiritual disllusion produced a profound impact upon the British people.2 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles put forward a guiding principle for the working people, but also inspired them to make dauntless fights for their own emancipation.Darwinism: “survival of fittest”Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher. Started a rebellion against rationalismHenry Bergson established his irrational philosophy3 Rise of the irrational p