typology专业术语.doc

Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) An agreement among students, parents/guardians, and school administrators regarding appropriate use of the Internet. Accommodation The cognitive process of modifying a schema or creating new schemata. Acetate A transparent plastic sheet associated with overhead projection. Advance organizer An outline, preview, or other such pre-instructional cue used to promote retention of verbal material, as proposed by David Ausubel. Also referred to as preinstrucion1 strategies.Affective domain The domain of human learning that involves changes in interests, attitudes, and values and the development of appreciation. Alignment Establishing visual relationships among elements by placing their edges along the same imaginary horizontal or vertical line. Alt-tag Alternative textual description that identifies a graphic or an image; used when designing computer images and screens for visually impaired users. Analogous colors Any two colors that lie next to one another on the color wheel. Contrasted with complementary colors. Animation A film technique in which the artist gives motion to still images by creating and juxtaposing a series of pictures with small, incremental changes from one to the next. Aperture The lens opening that regulates the amount of light entering the camera.Arrangement The pattern or shape into which the elements of a visual display are organized. Artifact Student-produced materials such as writings, videos, and multimedia presentations. Assimilation The cognitive process by which a learner integrates new information into an existing schema. Asynchronous Not at the same time. Attachment Electronic files (documents and graphics) sent along with e-mail messages. Audio A type of media composed of anything a person can hear (e.g., voice, music, mechanical sounds, noise). Audio-graphic teleconference A teleconference involving Voice plus graphic display. The graphics may be transmitted by a fax machine or electronically by means of slow-scan video or a graphics tablet. Audio teleconference A teleconference involving transmission of voices only. The voices are amplified at each end by a speaker system. Auditory fatigue The process by which attention to a sound gradually decreases because of the monotony of the sound. Authentic assessment Evaluation that is usually performance based and that requires students to demonstrate their learning in a natural context. Author To create on a computer a unique collection of related information. Bandwidth The range of frequencies an electronic communications channel can support without excessive deterioration. Bar graph A type of graph in which the height of the bar is the measure of the quantity being represented. Baud The switching speed, or number of transitions (voltage or frequency changes) made per second; the speed at which modems transfer data. At low speeds, one baud is roughly equivalent to one bit per second. Behaviorism A theory that equates learning with changes in observable behavior; with this theory, there is no speculating about mental events that may mediate learning. Bit An acronym for binary digit, the smallest unit of digital information. The bit can be thought of as a 1 or a 0 representing a circuit on or off, respectively. Blended learning A combination of e-learning with have, face-to-face instruction. Blog Weblog serving as a publicly accessible personal journal for an individual. Branching programming A format of programmed instruction in which the sequence of presentation of the frames depends on the responses selected by the learner. Broadcasting Transmission of signals to many receivers simultaneously via electromagnetic waves. Browse To navigate through information on computer, following items of personal Interest by choosing non-sequential pathways. Bulletin board Computer System used as an information source and message posting system for a particular interest group. Button An onscreen device used to open applications, select options, and to navigate within a hypertext environment. Byte The number of bits required to store or represent one character of text (a letter or number); most commonly, but not always, made up of eight bits in various combinations of 0sand 1s. Cable modem A television cable connection that provides very-high-speed access to the Internet. Cable television A television distribution system consisting of a dosed-circuit, usually wired, network for transmitting signals from an origination point (see head end) to members of the network. Typically, the origination point receives and retransmits broadcast programs, adding recorded programs and/or some live originations. Carrel A partially enclosed booth that serves as a dearly identifiable enclosure for learning center activities. Cassette A self-contained reel-to-reel magnetic tape system with the two reels permanently installed in a rugged plastic case. CCD See charged-coupled device. CCIV See closed-circuit television. CD-R Compact disc-recordable. A compact disc on which the user may record information digitally one time and then access it many times. CD-ROM (Compact disc-read-only memory) Digitally encoded information permanently recorded on a compact disc. Information can be accessed very quickly.CD-RW Compact disc-rewriteable. A compact disc on which the user may record information digitally many times and access it many times.Chalkboard A display surface, once called blackboard, for visual and textual communication with chalk. Charge-coupled device (CCD) A device that changes a pattern of different wavelengths into corresponding electrical charges.Charter school Autonomous, publicly funded school of choice designed and run by teachers or others under contract with a public organization. Chat room Web or Internet subsites where users may “converse” in real time using their keyboards. Closed-circuit television (CCTV) Any system of television that transmits signals through self contained pathways (such as cable) rather than via broadcasting. Cloth board A display surface made of fabric for temporarily adhering materials with cloth or sandpaper backing. Cognitive domain The domain of human learning involving intellectual skills, such as assimilation of information or knowledge. Cognitive psychology A branch of psychology devoted to the study of how individuals acquire, process, and use information. Cognitivism A theory according to which mental processes mediate learning and learning entails the construction or reshaping of mental schemata. Cold storage training Information or skills taught that may or may not be used in the future. Compact disc (CD) A 4.72-inch disc on which a laser has recorded digital information. Complementary colors Any two colors that lie directly opposite one another on the color wheel. Contrasted with analogous colors. Compressed video Video images that have been processed to remove redundant information, thereby reducing the amount of bandwidth required to transmit them. Because only changes in the image are transmitted, movements appear jerky compared with full-motion video. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) Instruction delivered directly to learners by allowing them to interact with lessons programmed into the computer system. Computer classroom A regular classroom furnished with one or more computers. Computer conferencing Connecting two or more computers together for textual and/or graphical information exchange. Computer hypermedia A computer hardware and software system that allows the composition and display of non-sequential documents that may include text, audio, and visual information and in which related information may be linked into webs by author or user. Computer laboratory A room set apart from regular classrooms and furnished with multiple computers, usually established in schools that do not have computers in individual classrooms. Computer-managed instruction (CMI) The use of a computer system to manage information about learner performance and learning resources and to then prescribe and control individual lessons. Computer multimedia A computer hardware and software system for the composition and display of presentations that incorporate text, audio, and still and motion images. Computer network An electronic connecting system that allows physically dispersed computers to share software, data, and peripheral devices. Computer platform Different types of computer operating systems, such as Mac OS, Unix, or Windows. Constructivism A theory that considers the engagement of students in meaningful experiences as the essence of learning. Cooperative game A game in which the attainment of the goal requires cooperation rather than competition among the players. Cooperative learning An instructional configuration involving small groups of learners working together on learning tasks rather than competing as individuals. Copy board A device that makes a paper copy of what is written on a type of electronic whiteboard. Copyright Regulations that describe the manner in which an original work can be used and copied. Copyright laws regulate the manner in which authors or artists can be reimbursed for their creative work. Courseware Lessons delivered via computer, consisting of content conveyed according to an instructional design controlled by programmed software. Criterion As part of a performance objective, the standard by which acceptable performance is judged; may include a time limit, accuracy tolerance, proportion of correct responses required, and/or qualitative standards. Cross-training A method to train an individual worker to do several jobs and several workers to do the same job. Cyberspace Informal name for the global computer network.Database A collection of related information organized for quick access to specific items of information. Debriefing Discussion conducted among simulation or game participants after play to elucidate what they have learned. Demonstration A method in which learners view a real or lifelike example of a skill or procedure to be learned.Desktop publishing Computer applications and hardware that allow a personal computer to generate typeset-quality text and graphics.Desktop video Video production using a personal computer and low-cost video equipment. Desktop video conferencing Real-time person-to-person or group interaction over a network using computers incorporating visual and auditory exchange. Dichroic mirror A mirror coated so that only one color of the spectrum is reflected. In a video camera, three dichroic mirrors direct the three primary colors to three respective video tubes. Digital Representation or storage of information by combinations of numbers (a series of 0s and 1is). Digital camera Camera that uses a charge-coupled device as a recording medium in place of film, recording the image digitally. Digital image An image that is not stored on film or processed like film, but rather stored on disk or on a computer using digital numbers to represent the image. Digital recording A recording process in which analog information is encoded in binary form before being saved onto the recording medium. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) A telephone line that provides very-high-speed access to the Internet. Digital video Video recording technology that stores video images as strings of binary numbers. Digital videodisc (DVI) A compact disc format for displaying motion video, often in the form of movies for home entertainment. Digital video editing Taking apart and putting back together video segments using a computer and associated software. Diorama A static display employing a flat background and three-dimensional foreground to achieve a lifelike effect. Directional A visual device, such as an arrow, used to direct viewers attention in a given direction or to a specific location. Discovery method A teaching strategy that proceeds as follows: immersion in a real or contrived problem situation, development of hypotheses, testing of hypotheses, and arrival at conclusion (the main point). Discussion method A teaching strategy involving the exchange of ideas and opinions. Display An array of objects, visuals, and printed materials. Distance learning/education Any instructional situation in which learners are separated in time or space from the point of origination, characterized by limited access to the teacher and other learners. Distance site A classroom connected remotely via a telecommunications system to a site where a teacher is present. See origination classroom. Division of labor In economics, the reorganization of a job so that some tasks are performed by one person or system and other tasks are performed by others for purposes of increased efficiency or effectiveness. Documentary A video program that deals with fact, not fiction or fictionalized versions of fact. Document camera A video camera mounted on a copy stand to show documents, pictures, graphics, and real objects to groups. Download To transfer programs and/or data files from a computer to another device or computer; to retrieve something from a network. Drill-and-practice method A teaching strategy in which learners are led through a series of exercises or problems and given feedback. DVD See digital videodisc. E-book A hand-held reader containing enough memory to store 75 to 80 novel-length works. E-learning (electronic learning) Internet-based learning. Components can include content delivery in multiple formats, management of the learning experience, and a networked community of learners, content developers, and experts. E-learning provides faster learning at reduced costs, increased access to learning materials, and clear accountability for all participants in the learning process. Electronic mail (e-mail) Transmission of messages over a computer network; users can send mail to a single recipient or broadcast it to multiple users on the system. Electronic whiteboard A display surface that “captures” digitally anything written on it. Electrostatic film (xerography) A method of making overhead transparencies. Similar to the thermal process, this process requires specially treated film that is electrically charged and light sensitive. Emoticon An c-mail symbol generated from punctuation marks. Enactive experience Direct, firsthand experience. Entry tests Assessments, both formal and informal, to determine if students possess desired identified prerequisites. Exhibit A display incorporating various media formats (e.g., realia, still pictures, models, graphics) into an integral whole intended fix instructional purposes. Expert system A computer program, assembled by a team of content experts and programmers, that teaches learners how to solve complex tasks by applying the appropriate knowledge from the content area. Extranet A network of intranets. See intranet. Extrinsic motivator Factor unrelated to a task that stimulates someone to pursue the task. Contrasted with intrinsic motivator. Fair use Basic criteria by which an educator may determine if it is appropriate to use copyrighted materials in a classroom setting. Feedback In electronics, the regeneration of sound caused by a systems micro -phonic pickup of output from its own speakers, causing a ringing sound or squeal. In communication, signals sent from the destination back to the source that provide information about the reception of the original message. Fiber optics A transmission medium using spun silicon shaped into threads as thin as human hair. It transmits more signals with higher quality than can metal cables. Field trip An excursion outside the classroom to study real processes, people, and objects. Figure-ground contrast The visual principle stating that dark figures show up best on light backgrounds and light figures show up best on dark backgrounds. File server In local area networks, a station dedicated to providing file and mass data storage services to the other stations on the network. Firewall Intranet software that prevents external users from accessing a proprietary network, while allowing internal users access to external networks. Flip chart A pad of large paper fastened together at the top and mounted on an easel. Focal length The distance from the focal point of a lens to a cameras film plane when the lens is focused at infinity Frame game Any game that lends its structure to a variety of subject matter. Fresnel lens A flat glass or acrylic lens in which the curvature of a normal lens surface is collapsed into an almost flat plane, resulting in concentric circle forms impressed or engraved on the lens surface. Because of its Low cost, light weight, and compactness, it is often used for the condenser lens in overhead projectors and in studio lights. f/stop Term used in measuring a cameras lens opening. Larger f-numbers indicate smaller openings. Game An activity in which participants follow prescribed rules that differ from those of reality as they strive to attain a challenging goal. Gateway A computer that interconnects and makes translations between two different types of networks. Also called a portal. Gb See gigabyte. Geosynchronous satellite A communications satellite orbiting at a predetermined distance and traveling at such a speed that it appears to hover steadily over the same spot on earth. Gigabyte (Gb) Approximately one million bytes, or 1,000 megabytes. Goal A desired instructional outcome that is broad in scope and general with regard to criteria and performance indicators. Graphics Two-dimensional, non-photographic materials designed to communicate a specific message to the viewer. Hard disk Metal disk covered with a magnetic recording material; the permanent storage device for a computer. H