考研英语语法快速突破.doc

内部资料，请勿传阅，谢谢，你的合作是我们共同前进的动力。这一年，为了您的理想，我们共同努力！英语语法突破English Grammar Cracking编者：吴耀武、墨东博目 录第一章、动词时态第二章、名词、代词第三章、形容词、副词第四章、助动词、情态动词第五章、简单句的五种句型第六章、主谓一致第七章、疑问句第八章、被动语态第九章、非谓语动词第十章、直接引语与间接引语第十一章、强调句与倒装句第十二章、名词性从句第十三章、状语从句第十四章、定语从句第十五章、虚拟语气第一章 动词时态一、一般现在时一般现在时是英语中最基本的时态之一，表示现在的特征或经常性的动作，它可以表示现在存在的事实、状态或动作等，也可以表示一直存在的事实、状态或动作等。Im Chinese. Im from Guangdong.I hope you enjoy your stay here. You look nice in that dress.My mother gets up very early every morning.Does she enjoy her job?I work for an international company.The bus runs every ten minutes? 一般现在时还表示普遍真理Blood is thicker than water Health is better than wealth.Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.Time is money.二、一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或情况或习惯性动作。I was too busy to call you last night.Did you enjoy yourself last night?I didnt have breakfast this morning.How did you sleep last night?Did you watch the news last night?Where did you go last weekend?I called you yesterday.I went to the hospital this morning. Thats why I was late. Im sorry.三、一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况 shall, will形式的将来时 Ill call you later.I will think about it. Do you think it will rain tomorrow?Will you join us?Will you be free this afternoon?I will do anything for you. be going to形式的将来时表示打算将进行某一行动Im going to study in America next year.Im going to get married next month.Im going to look for a new job.be going to一般表示对将来的某种意图或打算；而will通常表示单纯的将来事实，也可以用来表示一连串的事件，可以表达个人的意志，还可以表达一种倾向或习惯性动作。另外be going to通常表示比较近的将来，而will可以表示比较远的将来。Its going to rain. Youd better take an umbrella with you.Who is going to speak first?He is going to buy a new car.I wont see him again.A：Will you be busy tonight?B：No, Ill be home all night.用进行时表示将来表示即将来临的未来预定要做的事情，一般指个人计划要做的事，多用于表示位置移动的动词，如：go, come, leave, arrive, fly, drive, start等。Im leaving tomorrow.My parents are coming here next week.Im taking my CET band 4 next month. am/is/are about +动词不定式表示打算或安排即将发生的动作，通常不与时间状语连用。They are about to start.The lecture is about to begin.Be+动词不定式也表示计划、安排即将发生的动作。He is to be our new English teacher.Im to see a doctor.四、过去将来时 表示从过去某时看将来要发生的事情或存在的状态，过去将来时由“would/should+动词原形”构成。过去将来时多出现在间接引语中。与一般将来时一样，过去将来时也可用be going to+动词原形、be about+动词不定式、be+动词不定式等结构来表示，不同的是这里的be要改为过去形式was/were。I was going to call you when you came in.She said she would come.A：He said he was going to try.B：He never does what he says. I dont believe him.五、现在进行时 1.表示说话时或现阶段正在发生的事情，通常用于动态的、表示动作的词。Im working on it.Whos calling, please？What are you doing?Im thinking of my future.2表示不断重复的动作，带有某种感情色彩，如赞叹、厌烦等，常和always等一起用。He is always complaining now and then.She is always helping her mother in the kitchen.六、过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在发生的事情。I was taking a shower when you called.I was working all weekend.I wasnt trying to annoy you.A：What were you doing at this time last night?B：I think I was watching TV, or maybe I was sleeping. Im not really sure.七、将来进行时 表示单纯的将来，说明未来某个时刻会发生的事情。这是一个英语中很常用的时态，但中国人常忽略的时态。Hurry up! The train will be arriving soon.Will she be joining us for dinner?A：What are your plans?B：I will be teaching English in Guangzhou next year and will be studying Chinese at a university.A：Is Mike free this afternoon?B：No, he isnt. He will be attending a meeting.A：If you have any questions, I will be working in the next office.B：Great! I am sure well get along fine.八、现在完成时 表示已经发生的或尚未发生的动作或情况，也可表示开始于过去并持续到现在的时态，还可表示反复性和习惯性的动作。I really love that movie. Ive seen it ten times.Ive never met him before.I have never lied to you.A：Ive never seen so many skyscrapers.B：New York is famous for its tall buildings.A：I have been very busy the last few days.B：Ive been really worried about you. You should take care of yourself.A：Ive finished my degree. Now Im taking classes for fun.B：Oh, really? What classes are you taking?现在完成时表示过去发生的事，但在带有明确的时间状语的句子中就不用现在完成时，下面为大家提供几个小对话，现在完成时和过去时的区别清清楚楚。A：Have you eaten your lunch yet?B：Yes, I ate a few minutes ago.A：Have you spoken to the boss about your vacation?B：Yes, I have. I spoke to her about it yesterday.A：Have you made plans for your trip to Beijing?B：Yes, I made them yesterday.A：Have you seen the letter from my father?B：Yes, I saw it on your desk.A：Has John finished his work for the day?B：Yes, he has. Hes already gone home.背诵句型：（1）.the best. Ive everThis is the best movie Ive ever seen.He is the best guy Ive ever known.This is the most beautiful place Ive ever seen.This is the best dinner Ive ever eaten in my entire life.背诵句型：（2）Ive neverIve never heard of him.Ive never been late.Ive never thought of such a thing.Ive never been so lucky in my life.Ive never been to America.九、过去完成时 表示过去某时前已经发生的或完成的动作或情况By the end of the year, we had helped 50,000 homeless people.I had never used chopsticks before I came to China.She said she had learned a lot from the courses of the college.We had no sooner left the room than it began to rain.A：Did you buy the stamps for us?B：No, by the time I got to the post-office, it had already closed.十、现在完成进行时 表示从过去某时开始一致持续到现在的动作，特别强调事情尚要继续或刚刚停止。Ive been teaching in this school since I graduated.It seems oil has been leaking from this pipe for some time, well have to take the machine apart to put it right.Ive been looking forward to meeting you for a long time.How long have you been learning English?We have been working at the problem for several weeks.十一、过去完成进行时 表示过去某时以前一直在进行的动作。He had been training for the marathon for ten years.At last I got the package I had been expecting.I told him that we had been waiting for him for half an hour.十二、将来完成时 表示将来某时以前将完成的动作。By the end of this month, we surely will have found a satisfactory solution to the problem.Its reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory will have risen by about 10%. 第二章 名词、代词（1）名词：名词是表示人、事物、地方或抽象概念的词。名词分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词又分为普通名词(boy, man book )和集体名词(class, family, committee)。不可数名词又分为专有名词(China)、物质名词(water, wood)和抽象名词(happiness, beauty)。一、名词的规则复数名词的规则复数是由名词+s或+ es构成。A：These are some photos of my family.B：Wow! Theyre lovely. I wish I had some photos of mine to show you.有些词的复数形式比较特别，总结如下：以-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾的名词复数形式加-es以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词，一般加-es构成复数形式，少数外来词如photo, piano, memo等后面加-s;以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，变y为i，然后加-es;以f或fe结尾的名词，变f为v，再加-es或-s，但也有个别单词如roof, proof, belief, safe等后面直接加-sMany girls like to chat with friends on the phone.We have six English classes every week.Id like to buy a pair of matching watches.I hate washing dishes.Could you have those memos finished by five oclock?Guangzhou is one of the most energetic cities in Asia.The leaves are gorgeous in Beijing during the fall.These are beliefs that all Americans and Chinese share.A：Why do we have potatoes for dinner every day?B：I thought you liked potatoes.A：No, I hate potatoes. I like tomatoes!有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，常见的有：改变元音字母，如：manmen, footfeet, toothteeth, mousemice, etc.;词尾加-en或-ren，如：childchildren, oxoxen, etc.单复数同形，如：deer, sheep, Chinese, aircraft, etc.;外来名词，如：datumdata, basisbases, etc.有些名词只有复数的形式，如：goods, trousers, scales, spectacles, scissors, clothes, etc.复合名词的复数有以下几种情况：将主要的词改为复数，如：passer-bypassers-by, mother-in-lawmothers-in-law将前后两个词都改为复数，如：woman-servantwomen-servants, man-servantmen-servants有一个词是动词时，在词尾加s，如：grown-upgrown-ups, forget-me-notforget-me-nots, touch-me-nottouch-me-nots二、集体名词 本身表示复数概念，所以不用加-s英语中的集体名词表示复数概念的，本身就是复数形式，当然不需要再加-s。但有的集体名词也有单数用法，在这种情况下的复数形式就必须加上-sA：Say hello to your family.B：I will, thank you.A：I like to meet all kinds of people and I enjoy talking with them.B；No wonder youre so popular.The Chinese are a great people.America is made up of many people.三、抽象名词和物质名词 没有单复数之分，如需计数，要使用数量词。Dont spend too much money on clothes.Dont worry. I wont. Thanks for your advice. I am interested in music.四、名词所有格 the teachers room, the students books, the passer-bys hat, my father and mothers friends,the roof of the house, the cover of the booktodays newspaper, ten minutes walk, a few days time当某些限定词（如a, this, that, these, those, some, any, no, each, every，等）与名词所有格或名词性物主代词一起修饰同一个名词时，两者不能同时放在被修饰的名词前面，必须用“双重所有格”形式。A friend of mine some friends of my fathers every street of Beijings五、名词在句中的作用1作主语 China is a great country.2作表语Tom is a handsome boy.3作宾语The children are planting trees.4作宾语补足语I think it a good idea.5作定语They are college students.（2）代词：代替名词的词就是代词。英语中有八大类代词。（一）人称代词（ I you he she it we you they me you him her it us you them ）I am a teacher. She is going away.He is always ready to help me.Will you go with him?It rains very much in Guangdong.（二）物主代词（my your his her its our your theirmine yours his hers its ours yours theirs）How many people are there in your family?Our classroom is on the first floor, and theirs is on the second.I have lost my dictionary. Will you please lend me yours?（三）反身代词（myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves）He is teaching himself English.She is not quite herself today.She cooked the meal herself.He wants to see the professor himself.（四）相互代词（each other, one another）True friends shoud care for each other (one another), love each other (one another) and help each other.After the dictation, you should find our each others (one anothers) mistakes and correct them.（五）指示代词（this that these those ）All I want to say is this.Are you fond of these songs?有时为了避免重复，可用that和those代替前面提到过的名词，但是不可用this和these代替。The population of China is larger than that of India.（六）疑问代词（who, whom, whose, which, what）（七）关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, what）（疑问代词和关系代词将分别在以后的章节分述）（八）不定代词（some, any, one, ones, another, each, every, both, all, either, neither, none,many, much）Some are reading and some are writing.I havent got any money on me.I dont like this picture. Show me another one.There are 50 students in our class. Thirty students are boys. The other students (the others) are girls.Each student has a bicycle.Every student is present.You may take either of the two books.I know neither of the twin sisters.Much has been done to stop pollution.第三章 形容词、副词形容词：用以修饰名词或不定代词，表示人或事物的性质、特征或状态的词。（1）形容词用作定语、表语和宾语补足语。He is a rich and kind man.The service here is satisfactory.We found the orice reasonable.（2）有些形容词只能作表语，不能作定语。特别是一些以“a”开头的形容词。如：alike, alive,afraid, alone, asleep, awake, aware, ashamed等。He is still alive. The two brothers are much alike.（3）形容词作定语修饰不定代词或数词时，一般放在被修饰词的后面作后置定语。Is there anything new in your school today?The building is thirty storeys high.（4）某些形容词前加上定冠词the变成名词化的形容词，表示某一类人或事，在句子中充当主语、宾语等成分。In London, the poor and the rich live in different sections.The young should respect the old.（5）遇到多个形容词修饰一个名词时，关系越密切的越靠近被修饰的名词。Her sister is a lovely fat little girl.She has an expensive gold necklace.副词：用以修饰动词、形容词和其它副词，说明其时间、地点、程度、方式等的词。（一）副词的种类：时间副词：now, today, yesterday, last night 地点副词：here, there , home, abroad 程度副词：very , much, too, enough 方式副词：well, hard, slowly, quickly频率副词：always, usually, often, seldom, never 疑问副词：what, how, why 肯定副词：yes, certainly, surely 否定副词：no, never, hardly 关系副词：where, when, why, how （二）副词的用法：（1）修饰动词It moved slowly.（2）修饰形容词He is rich enough to help her.（3）修饰其它副词、副词短语或状语从句She can speak English very well.（4）修饰整个句子Unfortunately he failed to oass the exam.形容词、副词的比较等级：一、形容词原级比较的句型：（1）A is as(形容词原级) as BThe sixteen-year-old boy is as tall as his father.A：I dont study as much as the average student.B：How are your grades?A：Oh, they are not as good as they could be.B：Youre going to start studying more. （2）A is not so(形容词原级) as BHe is not so foolish as you think.（3）A is times as(形容词原级) as BThe classroom is twice as large as that one.（4）as.as/like + used to 用于与过去比较，使用形容词或副词的原形。A：My goodness! I havent seen you for 25 years.B：Wow! You still look as young as you used to.（5）the same.as 用于比较对等的东西，表示“像一样”。A：Sorry for being late again. You know, I ran into a traffic jam.B：Your excuse is the same as yesterdays.二、形容词、副词比较级的句型：（1）A is (形容词、副词比较级) than B.This building is much taller than that one.This book is much more expensive than that one.A：I recently became busier than I expected.B：Why, because of your new job?With a laptop computer, I can work a lot more efficiently.（2）A is (形容词、副词比较级) than B byI am older than she by five years.The output of this year is higher than that of last year by 20 tons.（3）A is (形容词、副词比较级) and (形容词、副词比较级)Its getting colder and colder.She is getting more and more beautiful.（4）the (形容词、副词比较级), the (形容词、副词比较级)The more, the better.The more you learn, the more you will get.The sooner the better.（5）不规则的比较级 有些形容词和副词的比较级是不规则的，如：good/wellbetter, badworse, many/muchmore, little-less等。A：Is your headache better?B：No, its worse.三、形容词、副词最高级的句型形容词、副词的最高级，在使用形容词和副词的最高级时，前面要加定冠词，并有一个“of/in+名词”的短语或从句表示在哪个范围内情况如此。A：Your wedding day should be the happiest day of your life.B：Yeah, I cant wait. This month has definitely been the busiest month in my life.（1）A is (形容词、副词最高级) in/ofThis is the most interesting book that I have ever read.A：He had the most awful manners Id ever seen.B：I should have warned you how rude he is!（2）A is one of the most (形容词、副词最高级) in在此句型中，名词必须是复数形式。Hangzhou is one of the most beautiful cities in China.(3) 不规则的最高级 有些形容词和副词的最高级是不规则的，如：good/wellbest, badworst, many/muchmost, little-least等。A：Whats the best movie youve ever seen?B：Im not sure. I have a lot of favorites.A：Give me a break. Its not that bad.B：Yes, it is. Its the worst thing that could happen.（4）在比较级中，被比较的双方必须是同一类人或事物。The winter in Beijing is much colder than Guangzhou.The winter in Beijing is much colder than that in Guangzhou.The dress she bought yesterday is cheaper than youThe dress she bought yesterday is cheaper than yoursThe price is a little higher than last year.The price is a little higher than that of last year/last years.注意一些固定说法：more than多于no more than只有、只不过not more than至多、不超过less than少于、不到no less than有之多not less than不少于、至少There are no more than 10 students left in the classroom.It takes him less than one hour to finish it.He spends no less than 10 hours in working every day.第四章 助动词、情态动词一、助动词助动词本身没有具体的词义，其作用是帮助其它动词构成否定、疑问、时态、语态等结构。（一）助动词do, does. didDo you know French?Did you listen to the weather forecast for today?The teacher did do me wrong.（二）助动词be (am, is, are, was, were)It is snowing heavily outside.（三）助动词will, would, shall, shouldWe will begin as soon as the manager comes.（四）助动词have, has, hadI have lived in Guangzhou since 1993.二、情态动词情态动词本身有一定的词义，但意思不完整，只表示说话人的能力、语气、态度、推断等含义。情态动词在句中不能单独作谓语，要与其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词是没有人称和数的变化的。一、can 表示能力、许可，还用来请求或提供帮助。She can speak three different languages.You can do anything if you try.Do you think you can pass the test?A：Can I use your telephone please?B：Sure. Go right ahead.一些否定句型：I cant believe it. 我不相信。I cant make it. 我做不到。I cant help you. 我帮不了你。I cant eat anymore. 我再也吃不下了。I cant promise. 我无法保证。I cant hear you. 我听不到你说什么。I cant help it. 我无能为力。I cant stand his lies. 我不能忍受他的撒谎。二、could 表示具有的能力，表示可能发生的情况，也可以表示一个可行的提议。He could do better.I could help you with your English if youd like.That could be a good solution.A：What do you want to do this evening?B：We could go to the cinema.A：Could you do me a favor?B：Sure! No problem. can和could都可以用来表示请求、提议，区别在于could的口气比较委婉；这两个词都可以表示惊异、不相信等态度，用can口气比较强，用could口气比较缓和。Could/Can you lend me your mobile phone?We can/could go swimming this afternoon.He couldnt/cant be over fifty.This cant/couldnt be true!三、could have 表示能够或可能但没有发生的动作或事件。I could have done a lot better.I could have helped you, but I didnt know you.I could have been anything, I could have been a doctor, I could have been a lawyer, but I choose to be a teacher.四、cant have/ couldnt have 表示觉得过去不可能发生的事。A：Has Jim left for home?B：He couldnt have left so soon. He must be somewhere in the company.You cant have seen her in her office last Friday; shes been out of town for two weeks.The room is in a terrible mess; it cant have been cleaned.五、would you 表示客气的请求。Would you please give me a hand?Would you pass me the salt?Would you please repeat that?六、may, might+ have +过去分词 表示可能发生的事。A：I might have gotten straight As this semester.B：Really? When will you know for sure? A：I may know by this afternoon. Ill keep you posted.B：Good luck! I hope you are right.Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day.may可用来表示祝愿 May you both be happy.May that day come soon.may as well和might as well意为“不妨”，“还是为好”，后跟动词原形。If you dont like to swim, you may as well stay at home.七、May I 请求许可。May I use your computer?May I smoke here?May I ask you something?A：May I have your business card?B：Sure. Here you are.A：May I take off a little early?B：No, I really need you to stay until 10:00.八、should 表示“应该”做或发生的事，可用于建议、命令等。You should think twice before you make a decision.I think you should t