英语科技论文写作方法与教程(南开大学)-1

Scientificwritingandpresentation Prof MarkBartlamCollegeofLifeSciences NankaiUniversityE mail bartlam Tel 23502351 Anaturalist slifewouldbeahappyoneifhehadonlytoobserveandnevertowrite CharlesDarwin Clearthinkingisthekeytoclearwriting 清晰的思路是写作的关键 Courseaims Helpyoutocommunicateworkmoreeffectivelythrough publicationspresentationsHelpyoutothinkaboutandplanresearchmoreclearly Coursedetails Language EnglishDuration 18lectures 9weeksTeachingassistant YingyingWang 王莹莹 Aboutme MarkBartlam博士 男 教授 博导 1995年伦敦帝国理工学院获理学学士学位 1999年 英国牛津大学获博士学位 2000年到清华大学结构生物学实验室进行博士后研究 2003年为清华大学副教授 2007年起为南开大学生命科学学院特聘教授 申请人同时还是外专局认证的海外专家 中科院生物物理所大分子国家重点实验室客座副教授 Aboutme 申请人长期从事与重要病毒及与肿瘤相关蛋白质的结构和功能研究及新药创制等研究工作 参加及主持国家 973 863 重大专项 和 自然科学基金 等多项基金项目 在蛋白质表达 晶体生长 结构解析 结构与功能关系研究和以结构为基础的药物分子设计方面积累了丰富的研究经验 得到了大量的科研成果 迄今已在 Cell Nature EMBOJournal PNAS PLoSBiology NucleicAcidsResearch JournalofVirology 等国际著名学术刊物上发表SCI论文90余篇 Courseoutline Lectures1 2 Introductiontoscientificpresentationandwriting Outlineandobjectivesofthecourse Introductiontodifferenttypesofscientificcommunication reports thesis dissertation papers talks posters grantapplications Principlesofscientificwritingandpresentation whatinformationtoinclude Ethics plagiarismandfraud Courseoutline Lectures3 6 Effectivewriting IandII Clearthinkingisthekeytoclearwriting Rulesofscientificwriting Managingyourtimeeffectively Literaturesearch reviewandcitation Refiningandproofreading Commonerrorstoavoid Courseoutline Lecture7 8 Howtowriteascientificpaper Howtoplanandlayoutyourpaper Writingagoodabstractandintroduction Methods Results discussionandconclusions Authorshipsandacknowledgments Gettingfeedbackfromothers Courseoutline Lecture9 10 Howtopublishapaper Choosingtherightjournalforyourpaper Impactfactors immediacyfactorsandcitations Howascientificjournalworks Therolesoftheeditorandreferees Submittingyourpaper Peerreview howtorespondtoreferees Courseoutline Lecture11 12 Howtopresentaposter Whatisaposterandhowdopeoplereadthem Howtoorganizeyourposter Howtowritethetextforyourposter Howtopresentyourdatainaposter Examplesofgoodandbadposters Courseoutline Lecture13 14 Howtoprepareascientifictalk Howtoplanandorganizeyourpresentation Howdoesascientifictalkdifferfromapaper Howtopresentyourdata Howtomakeyourtalkexciting Examplesofgoodandbadpresentations Courseoutline Lecture15 16 Howtogiveaneffectivetalk Whatmakesagoodpresentation Whattosayandhowtosayit Definingyouraudience Copingwithnerves Howtorespondtoquestions Courseoutline Lecture17 18 Coursesummary Reviewofwhatwehavelearned Howthecourseappliestoyourdissertationanddefense WritingyourMaster sdissertation PreparingyourMaster sdefense Courseevaluation Afterlecture10 writeashortreviewpaperonasubjectofyourinterest MSWordformat Afterlecture16 prepareashortPowerpointpresentationonasubjectofyourinterest Whyisscientificwritingimportant Bringsresearchtocompletion Ethicalobligationtofundingsources Establishprofessionalreputation Writingreachesthewidestaudience Professionalrewards Whyisscientificwritingimportant PublishorPerish PublishandFlourish Scientificcommunityusespublicationstojudgethequalityofascientist Whyisscientificwritingimportant Publishorperish pressuretopublishworkconstantlytosustainacareerinacademia competitionfortenure trackfacultyincreasespressuretopublishnewworkfrequently somepressurenecessarytomotivatescientists Popularjournals Specializedjournals Whatisscientificwriting Reportingoforiginalresearchinjournals Ameansforscientiststoshareresearchinformationwithoneanother reviewarticles posters presentations Ameansforscientiststoapplyforresearchfunding grantapplications defences Ameansforscientiststoshareresearchwiththegeneralpublic newspapers magazines TV radio Whatisscientificwriting Dilemma Writingisoneofthemostimportanttasksforascientist time consuming painstaking However Mostscientistsarepoorlytrainedaswriters Typesofscientificwriting Scientificpublications Scientificreports Thesis dissertation Grantapplications Scientifictalksandpresentations Writinginpopularmedia newspapers magazines blogs Communicationneeds Themessagedeterminesthemedium Awritershouldask4questions WhatmessagedoIwanttoconvey Whatformatismostappropriateformymessage Whowillbeinterestedinmymessage Whereshouldthispaperbepublished WhatmessagedoIwanttoconvey Whatismyresearchquestion Whatis orprobablywillbe myanswer Whatformatismostappropriate Scientistsreceiveprofessionalcreditfordiscoveringsomethingnew Toreceivecredit he shemustbefirsttopublishtheinformation validly Whatisa valid publication FirstpublicationofresearchresultsInaformwherepeerscanassessobservations evaluateintellectualprocesses repeatexperiments testconclusionsAppearinaprimaryjournalJournalisreadilyavailabletoscientificcommunityContainsspecifickindsofinformationinacertainformat Typesof valid researchpapers ResearcharticlespublicationoforiginalresearchReviewscollectedsummaryofaparticularareaortopic usuallyotherscientists discoveries Researchnotes briefcommunications methodspapers Whowillbeinterestedinmymessage Manyscientistsbelievetheirworkwillappealtofarmorereadersthatitwillattract Thisleadstopoorchoiceofjournal Thispoorchoicecanleadtodelays requestsformajorrevision oroutrightrejection Whowillbeinterestedinmymessage Question1 Sowhat Whateffectwillmymessagehaveonconceptsorpractices Whyshouldreaderspayattentiontoit Willitleadtowidespreadchangesinthewayweviewtheworld Whowillbeinterestedinmymessage Question2 Whocares Whowillbemostinterestedinthisinformation Willitbespecialistsinasmallfield Mostpractitioners Thescientificworldingeneral Whowillbeinterestedinmymessage Berealistic Don tgetcaughtupinbelievingthatanaudience needs toknowyourinformation Themoreaccuratelyyoucantargetajournal thebetterthechancesforpublication Whereshouldthepaperbepublished Refertoindexes e g PubMed forpotentialjournals Lookatrecentissues checktableofcontents findthejournal sscopeandreadtheInstructionstoAuthors Findjournalsthatpublishregularpapersontopicssimilartoyours Preparingtowrite Choosinganappropriatejournal10 000sofrefereedscientificjournalsdifferinmanyways topiccoverageformatimpactfactorspeedofpublication Preparingtowrite Preparingtowrite Whatisanimpactfactor Ameasureoftheaveragecitationstoarticlespublishedinajournal Whyisitimportant Manyscientistsareevaluatedontheimpactfactorsoftheirpublications Comparingjournalimpactfactorscangiveaquantitativeclueoftheirintellectualinfluence Preparingtowrite Manyscientistswouldliketoaimforprestigiouslarge circulationjournals Nature Science Criticalissueistomatchtopic journalandaudience Highprofilejournalshavehighrejectionrates asmuchas90 Avoidslicingresearchintosmallerpapers Somestudiesjustifymorethanonereport However cuttingresearchintosmallerpaperscandiluteorweakenthemessage Whenallfindingsgiveasinglemessagethatcanbepresentedinanormallengthpaperfortheintendedjournal theybelongtogether Otherwaystopublish Considerpresentingaposterataconference Considergivinganoralpresentationataconferenceorlabmeeting Lessprestigious notpeer reviewed However Cangiveusefulfeedbackfromscientificcolleaguesifpresentedpartwaythroughyourstudy Whatinformationtoinclude Whatistheproblem Describetheprobleminvestigated Summarizerelevantresearchtoprovidecontext keytermsandconcepts Whatinformationtoinclude Whyisitimportant Reviewrelevantresearchtoproviderationale Whatconflict s orunansweredquestion s doesyourexperimentsaddress Whatinformationtoinclude Whatsolutiondoyoupropose Brieflydescribeyourexperiment hypothesis researchquestions generalexperimentaldesignormethod justificationofmethodifalternativesexist Additionaltips Movefromgeneraltospecific probleminrealworld researchliterature yourexperiment Preparingtowrite SearchandResearch Identifywhatquestion s tostartwithConductacomprehensiveliteraturereviewCompilekeybackgroundinformationChooseajournalsothatyouhaveagoalandformat Preparingtowrite LiteraturereviewNeedtohandlealotofinformation notes photocopies journalreprints electronicpublications Importanttokeepeverythingorganized findinformationeasilyChoosethemosteffectivesystemforYOU Preparingtowrite MindyourPsandQs Ps printmaterialDon tuseprintmaterial photocopies etc asasubstitutefortakingnotesQs quotedmaterialAlwayswritenotesinyourownwordsIndicatethesourceofmaterial Preparingtowrite UsedifferentsearchstrategiesMakeiteasytofindrelevantmaterialWritethefulljournalsourceonanynotes printouts usebookmarks Usee mailtosavetimeE mailscanbeprinted revised sentbackorcopiedintoanothercomputerfile Preparingtowrite Usetheinternetwisely UsebookmarkstokeeptrackofimportantinformationRemember notallinformationontheinternetisreliableorcredibleAvoidtemptationtocopydirectlyfromotherwebsites Preparingtowrite Informalandformalcommunicationchannels Theinvisiblecollege Informalcommunicationbetweenscientistsworkingonsimilarproblems mailinglists BBS Formalcommunicationconferencepresentations personaljournallibraries electronicjournals Preparingtowrite Writer sblock SittingdowntowriteandnothingusefulhappenAwriter sworstfear Preparingtowrite Avoidingwriter sblock Imaginetalkingtoafriendorcolleagueaboutyourpaper writeitdownorrecordit Remember afirstdraftisjustafirstdraft Preparingtowrite Usethe ProcessApproach Breakyourwritingintodiscrete separate stages Tackleeachstageinasystematicandefficientway Shouldmakethewritingprocessmoreefficientandmoreeffective Preparingtowrite The ProcessApproach Planning research organizinginformation firstdraft Organizingascientificpaper Corecomponents IntroductionBackground problemLiteraturereviewHypothesis objectives Materials MethodsExperimentaldesignDatacollectionStatisticalanalysis Results DiscussionSignificantfindingsInterpretationRelevance implications Organizingascientificpaper Introduction Whatistheproblembeingaddressed Whyisitimportant Whathaveothersdonetoaddresstheproblem Whathaveyoudonetoaddresstheproblemandhowisitnovel Organizingascientificpaper Materials Methods Whichobjectiveisbeingaddressedbyeachexperiment Arethetreatmentsandexperimentaldesigndefinedclearly Cantheproceduresberepeatedaccurately Howwassignificancedetermined andhowarefindingspresented Organizingascientificpaper Results Discussion Whatarethefindingsrelevanttoeachobjective Haveallobjectivesbeenmet Howdothefindingssupportorcontradictotherwork andwhy Whatarethepracticalimplicationsandwhatfurtherworkisneeded Ethicalissues Ethicsreferstochoiceswemakethataffectothers forgoodorbad Twoethicalbreachesinscienceareconsideredunforgivable Distortingyourowndata fraud Copyingtheworkofothers plagiarism Avoidplagiarism Itisunacceptableto useanother s intellectualproperty withoutdocumentationorpermission usetoomuchinformationfromasinglesource copymaterialdirectlyfromtheinternet usesignificantmaterialfromyourearlierpaperwithoutareference Avoidplagiarism Plagiarismorcheatingistakenveryseriouslybyjournals Plagiarismcanseriouslydamageyourcareerandyourreputation Avoidscientificfraud Avoidscientificfraud e g caseofWooSukHwang 2005 Avoidscientificfraud Morethan3 000scientistsfundedbyNIH 1 4 admittedplagiarism 0 3 admittedfalsifyingdata 15 admittedmanipulatingdatatoappealtofundingagencies Source NIH Avoidscientificfraud Alsoknownasscientificmisconduct Definition Intention al distortionoftheresearchprocessbyfabricationofdata text hypothesis ormethodsfromanotherresearcher smanuscriptformorpublication ordistortionoftheresearchprocessinotherways TheLancet 1999 354 Definitionofdishonesty Avoidscientificfraud Whydoscientistscommitfraud Careerpressure Pride Abilitytogetawaywithit Money Ideology Avoidscientificfraud Consequencesforscience Misdirectionofresourcesspentstudyingincorrect