英文摘要怎么写

1 SummaryWriting ThesummaryQualitiesofasummaryProcessofsummarywritingSuggestionsonwritingsummaries 2 Whatisasummary Asummaryisashortversionofalongerpieceofwriting It saboutone thirdtoone fourthaslongastheoriginalpassage Itsavestime spaceandenergybyproducinganreducedformofanarticleorotherlongdocument 3 QualitiesofaSummary Thequalitiesofasummaryareasfollows 4 Objectivity Noideathatisnottheauthor sshouldbeincludedinthesummary andnoopinionofthesummarywritershouldbeinthesummary Nojudgmentsarepermittedinasummary 5 Completeness Dependingontheassignment thesummaryshouldcontaineverymainideainthearticle Statingonlythefirstmainideaoronlyonemainideaanddetailstosupportitwillnotgivethereaderacompleteideaofwhatthearticlewasabout 6 Balance Givingequalattentiontoeachmainideaandstressingideasthattheauthorstresseswillresultinanaccuratesummary 7 Afterfinishingwritingasummary howdoyoujudgeorcheckit Questionstojudgeavalidsummaryareasfollows 1 DidIincludealltheimportantideas 2 DidIomitallunnecessarywordsandphrases 3 Doesthesummaryreadsmoothly 4 Wouldareaderofmysummarywhohadnotreadthearticlegetaclearideaofthearticle 8 Processofsummarywriting Youshouldbearinmindthefollowingrequirements 9 yoursummaryshouldnotbelongerthanathirdoftheoriginalpassage itShouldbefaithfultotheoriginal withnochangeinfactsorviews andnoimportantpointsleftout anditshouldbewrittenincontinuousprose notintheformofanoutline 10 Hereisasix stepprocessforwritingsummaries 1 Selecttheessentialpointsfromeachsectionofthedocumentbyunderliningandnumberingthem 11 2 Ignoreanyrepetitionorlists 12 3 Useimportantnamesortechnicaltermsfromtheoriginal 13 4 Writeconcisenotesinbriefsentences 14 5 Checktheseagainstthedocumenttomakesureyouhaveincludedalltheessentialpoints 15 6 Writethesummary makingitacontinuousandconcisepieceofwritingthatusesparagraphingappropriately 16 Sample1Whenhestoppedatavillage themotoristwastoldthataqueenbeemustbehiddeninhiscarastherewerethousandsofbeesnearby Onlearningthis themanrealizedthattheonlywaytoescapewouldbetodriveawayasquicklyaspossible 17 Afteranhour sharddriving hearrivedinLondonwhereheparkedhiscaroutsideahotelandwentintohaveadrink Itwasnotlongbeforeacustomer whohadseenhimarrive hurriedintoinformhimthathiscarwascoveredwithbees Thepoormotoristtelephonedthepoliceandexplainedwhathadhappened Thepolicedecidedthatthebestwaytodealwiththesituationwouldbetocallabee keeper 18 Inashorttime thebee keeperarrived Hefoundtheunwelcomepassengerhiddennearthewheelsatthebackofthecar Verygratefultothemotoristforthisunexpectedgift thekeepertookthequeenandherthousandsoffollowershomeinalargebox Equallygrateful themotoristdroveawayinpeace atlastfreefromthe blackcloud whichhadhungoverhiscar 192words 19 Makingalistofmainpoints 1 Drovequicklytoavoidbees2 ArrivedinLondon3 Parkedcarhoteldrink4 Customertoldhim bees car5 Telephonedpolice 20 6 Sentbee keeper7 Foundqueenbeenearwheels8 Tookherandbeeshome box9 Droveaway 21 Writingaroughdraft Becausehewantedtoescapethebees thedriverdroveawayquickly Afterhetraveledforsometime thedriverarrivedinLondon Afterhehadparkedhiscaroutsideahotelhewentintohaveadrink Whenacustomertoldhimthathiscarwascoveredwithbees thedrivertelephonedthepolice Andthenthepoliceaskedforabee keeper Thebee keeperfoundthequeenbeehiddennearthewheels Sincethekeepertookthequeenandthebeeshomeinabox thedriverdroveawayinpeace 93words 22 Makingafaircopy Inordertoescapethebees thedriverdroveawayquicklyandaftersometimearrivedinLondon Parkinghiscaroutsideahotel hewentintohaveadrink Whenhewastoldthathiscarwascoveredwithbees thedrivertelephonedthepolice Abee keeperwassentforandsoonfoundthequeenbeenearthewheels Hetookthequeenandthebeeshomeinaboxandthedriverthendroveawayinpeace 80words 23 SuggestionsonWritingSummaries Therearemanywaystomakeasummarybriefandclear Considerthefollowing 24 Omittingthedetails Onlytheimportantpointsshouldbeincludedinthesummary allthedetailsthatexplainthemainpointscanbeleftout 25 Simplifyingthedescriptions Ifinthepassagetherearetensentencesdescribingapersonoranobject itwillbeenoughtokeepjustoneortwointhesummary 26 Eliminatingallrepetitions Sometimesastatementisrepeatedforemphasis Thisisnotnecessaryinasummary 27 Usingphrasesinsteadofclausesorsentences 28 Usinggeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords 29 Usingtheshortestpossibletransitions Forexample but then thus yet andfor canbeusedinplaceoflongertransitionssuchasatthesametime ontheotherhand etc Oftenthesemicoloncantaketheplaceofatransitionalwordorphrase 30 Avoidingfigurativelanguage Inasummary plainproseisrequired unnecessaryfiguresofspeechshouldbeavoided 31 Puttingthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech Thisisadvisablebecauseindirectspeechcanbemadeverybriefwhileitisdifficulttoabridgedialogues 32 Inshort thesummarywriterhastoomitwhatisunnecessaryandabridgewhatshouldbereproduced Suppressionandcompression therefore aretwomostusefultools 33 Reducingtheexamples Outoffiveorsixexamplesgivenintheoriginalpassage oneortwomaybechosenforthesummary therestareomitted 34 Abstract AbstractTypesofAbstractsSuggestionsonwritingabstractsUsefulexpressions 35 Anabstractisabriefsection rarelymorethansixoreightlineslong thepurposeofwhichistotellthereaderwhatpointsarecoveredinsomepieceofwritingwithoutattemptingtotellhimwhatissaidaboutthem 36 TypesofAbstracts DescriptiveAbstractsInformativeAbstracts 37 Suggestionsonwritingabstracts Anabstractconsistsofthreeparts purpose result conclusion andrecommendation Thepresenttense thepasttenseandthepresentperfecttenseareoftenusedinwritinganabstract Alsothethirdpersonshouldbeusedinwritinganabstract 38 Sample ThispaperdealswiththeEnglishsyllabusforgraduatestudentsinChina ThepaperfirstreviewsthehistoryofthegraduateEnglishteaching thendiscussestheshortcomingsinthesyllabusandfinallyproposessomesuggestionsforitsrevision 39 Usefulexpressions 1 Thepurposeofthispaperistoexplorethetheoryof 2 Onthebasisofexperiments thispaperhasprovedthetheoryof 3 Thispaperfirstpresentsthearchitectualtheoriesofthe1960 s4 Thispaperdiscussesthetheoryof 5 Inaccordancewiththeoutcomeofexperiments thispaperpro