非谓语动词 现在分词doc.doc

戴氏高考中考学校天府长城校区 校区电话：02885358527 初中精品小班非谓语动词分词现在分词一、现在分词的句法作用 现在分词在句中可以作定语、表语、补语、状语等句子成分。（一） 作定语作定语用的现在分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；如果是现在分词短语，则放在被修饰词的后面，作后置定语。如：a. China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。b. The _ child disturbed him. 哭闹的孩子使他心烦意乱。c. The girl _ there is my sister. 站在那边的那个女孩是我妹妹。d. All the people _ in the restaurant were tourists. 所有正在这个餐馆吃饭的人都是旅游者。注意：现在分词 作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先后发生，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。如：The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.值得一说的是，现在分词的被动式一般不能作前置定语，只能作后置定语，使用时应注意。如：We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.（二） 作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征。如：a. The story sounds very moving. 那故事听起来很感人。b. The situation is encouraging.形势令人鼓舞。有些做定语和表语的现在分词实际上已经被看作形容词，常见的有：exciting , interesting, disappointing , discouraging, encouraging, puzzling, missing, surprising, confusing, amusing, charming , shocking, inviting等。这些现在分词常可用very修饰。(三) 作宾语补足语1在表示感觉或心理状态的动词如see, hear, watch, notice, feel, smell, find ,listen to look at, observe 等后面作宾语补足语。如：a. I saw people coming and going. 我看见人们来来往往，b. We heard her laughing just now. 我们刚才听见她放声大笑。在表示使役的动词，如set , keep, start, get , have 等后面作宾语补足语。如：a. They kept me waiting for a long time.他们让我等了好久。2在think of, speak of, see ,show, regard, accept, take, understand, describe, treat等动词后，由as引出现在分词做宾语补足语。如：a. I always thought of him as being a good student.我始终认为他是个好学生。b. Please do not understand me as having lost hope.请不要以为我失去了希望。c. The teacher described his students as promising.老师把他的学生说成是很有希望的。d. They knew her very well,. They had seen her _up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow （四）作主语补语 当先在分词作宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时，分词就变成了主语补足语。如： a. One student was caught cheating in the exam.有一考生考试作弊时被抓住。b. She was never heard singing that song again.人们在也没听到她唱这首歌 。c. The missing boys were last seen _near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play （五）作状语现在分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式等意义。 这时，现在分词相当与一个状语从句。如；1 表示时间： a. Crossing the road , he was run over by a car. 他在穿马路时，被一轿车从身边辗过。b. Having done their homework, the students left the classroom.学生们做完后便离开了教室。c. _such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean.(NMET2000)A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 2 表示原因：a. Not knowing English, he couldnt understand the film.由于不懂英语，他看不懂这部电影。b. Having lived in Shanghai many years, he knows the place very well.他多年住在上海，所以熟悉这个地方。c. _in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET95)A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose 3 表示条件：a. Working hard, you will do well in your exams.你如果努力学习，就会在考试中取得好成绩。b. Turning to the left, you will see the post office. 向左转，你就会看见邮局。4 表示结果：a. His parents died in the war, leaving him an orphan.他的父母在战中死了，他成了孤儿。b. It snowed heavily last night, thus causing the traffic problems today.昨夜下了大雪，以致引起了今天的交通问题。c. European football is played in 80 countries ,_it the most popular sport in the world.(NMET98)A. making B. makes C. made D. to make5 表示让步：a. Weighing almost one hundred Jin, the box was lifted by him with one hand.那箱子将近100斤重， 但还是被他一直手拎了起来。6 表示方式或伴随状况；a. The six blind men stood all day long by the road side ,begging for money.这六个盲人终日站在马路边乞讨。b. He went out, slamming the door.他走出去，砰的一声把门带上。c. They secretary worked late into the night ,_a long speech for the presidentA. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparingd. Shes upstairs _letters. A. writes B. is writing C. write D. writing e. “Cant you read?” Mary said _to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing f. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks,_that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. having added B. to add C . adding D. added注意：（1）表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。（2）分词短语作状语是时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果与主语不一致，那么分词短语就需要有自己的逻辑主语，且要用独立主格结构形式来表达。Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks much more beautiful. （ ）Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks much more beautiful. ( )“see”的主语应该是人，而不是“the city”,因此要用“see”的过去分词形式，表示被动。现在分词的否定结构现在分词的否定式是在其前面加not; 现在分词完成式的否定式是“not+having+过去分词”。如 a. Not having been informed, we were completely in the dark.因为没人告诉我们，我们完全被蒙在鼓里。b. Not knowing how to dye the silk red, he went to her for help.由于不知道怎样把丝稠染成红色，他去向她求教。c. _a reply, he decided to write again. (MET92)A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 答案C receive与主句的主语he之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词，担主句中的again又暗示考生，分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前，因此用现在分词的完成式。Not必须置于分词之前。此句可理解为：As/Since he hadnt received a reply, he decided to write again.独立分词结构独立分词结构的构成是：“主格词分词”。主格词可以是代词、名词和名词词组；分词可以是过去分词和现在分词的各种时态和语态。如： 1She being my close friend，I should have helped her她是我的好朋友，我应该帮助她。 在独立主格结构中，分词的逻辑主语必须是主格词，不能用其宾格词。She不能换为 her。分词的逻辑主语（即主格词）和主句的主语不能表示同一概念，例1中的she和I不是同一个人；下面例2中的spring和the fields也不是同一概念。 独立分词结构的句法功能是在句中作状语，相当于分词短语，表示谓语动词的时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状况。如：2Spring coming，the fields are full of life春天来了，田野里充满生机。（时间） 3Professor Wang being ill，the lecture was put off王教授生病，报告被推迟了。（原因） 4More time given，we should have done it much better如给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。（条件） 5The tourists visited many scenic spots in Beijing，the guide acting as interpreter导游做翻译，游客们游览了北京的很多景点。（方式） 6The boy stood there，his right hand raised那个男生坐在那里，右手高举。（伴随） 在独立分词结构中，主格词与分词形成逻辑主谓关系时，用现在分词，如例句2中，“春天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系，用现在分词；主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时，用过去分词，如例句4中，“时间”和“给”，是动宾关系（被动关系），用过去分词。 在独立分词结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词完成时态表示。如： 7Her money（having been）stolen，she couldnt buy a plane ticket for her home她的钱被偷了，她不能买回家的飞机票了。（时间和原因） 8The chairman having announced the agenda of the conference，the delegates left the assembly hall主席宣布会议议程后，代表们离开了会议大厅。（时间） 9The students having done all t