环境工程专业英语new.doc

臭氧层：ozone layer重金属：heavy metal沙漠化：desertification悬浮颗粒：suspended particulates风化：wind erosion临时的：makeshift皮疹：skin rashes世界碳预算：the world carbon budget土壤灌溉：land irrigation杀虫剂：pesticide除草剂：herbicide光化学烟雾：photochemical smog电影剧本：scenario热转变：thermal inversion/conversion人为的：anthropogenic废物最小化：waste minimization气象学家：climatologist阻光度：opacity烦恼不安：perturbation污染加重：pollution buildup水污的疾病：waterborne disease酸雨：acid rain合成塑料：synthetic plastic二氧化碳：carbon dioxide二氧化硫：sulfur dioxide三氧化硫：sulfur trioxide有机废物：organic wastes环境工程：environmental engineering环境破坏：environmental disturbance衰减：decay/attenuation设备维修：facilities maintenance一气污物：primary air pollutant二气污物：secondary air pollutant概要：overview闭合回路：closed-loop工厂：manufacturing facilities穷人与富人：haves and have-nots国际贸易：international trade温室效应：greenhouse effect存货清单：inventory承诺：commitment污染防治：Pollution Prevention溢出：spill/overflow天气的自然波动：the naturalfluctuations in climate新陈代谢速率：metabolic rates微生物：microorganisms随意的：arbitrarily/haphazardly与成正比：be proportional to副产品：by-products先天性不足：birth defects液滴：liquid droplets病原体：pathogen化学物质：chemical substance设备修改：equipment modification人口当量：population equivalent全球变暖： global warming 指示器：indicator 需氧量： oxygen required/demand降到最低标准：bottom out 市政废水：municipal wastewater 氯物和硫物：Chlorides and sulphates可生物降溶：biodegradable solvents乱堆放：unregulated dumps 文献：literature立法：legislation决定因素：determining factor没有地位的：underprivileged增长率：growth rate原料：feedstock反馈：feed back 活性炭：activated carbon挥发性化学物质：volatile chemical substance正常浓度：normal concentration气候模型：climatic model现在：at the present time揭示大的差距：expose the considerable gaps平均寿命：life expectancy 空气质量监测：air quality monitoring传染性疾病：infectious disease不利的结果：adverse consequenceThe role of carbon dioxide in the global heat balance is well recognized. Because CO2 can absorb thermal energy,it decreases the atmospheres emissivity, that is,its ability to radiate long-wave infrared and transparency to visible light is characterized as thegreenhouse effect.Thisgreenhouse effectis due primarily to water vapor and carbon dioxide,which have strong infrared absorption bands.Changes in atmospheric levels of either or both of these gases would,of course,affect the amount of heat or long-wave infrared trapped within the greenhouse and thus determine global climate.Since 1890 atmospheric CO2 levels have increased from about 290 to 322 ppm .Of this increase 25% has occurred in the past decade.Since 1958 the average annual increase has been approximately 0.7 ppm/yr. If this trend continues, atmospheric CO2 levels are expected to double by the year 2035 AD.Based on some widely accepted climatic models, this doubling could result in the warming of surface temperatures in the mid-latitudes on the order of 2.4 degree, with greater potential warming in the polar regions. Although CO2 is expected to cause climate warming,uncertainties remain about the world carbon budget,the fate of anthropogenic CO2,and the relative importance of various sinks and sources.Many students of the problem contend that all of the observed increased in atmospheric CO2 is due to fossil fuel composition.Of the CO2 release in this way only about 50% remains in the atmosphere,with the excess believed to be removed by the oceans and terrestrial biota.The calculations of some scientists suggest that the oceans are the principal CO2 sinks,with land biota storing anywhere from 5%to 20%of fossil fuel CO2 .The relationship between polluted water and disease was firmly established with the cholera epidemic of 1854 in London, England.Protection of public health, the original purpose of pollution control,continues to be the primary objective in many areas. However, preservation of water resources, protection of fishing areas,and maintenance of recreational waters are additional concerns today.Water pollution problems intensified following World War II when dramatic increases in urban density and industrialization occurred. Concern over water pollution reached a peak in the mid-seventies. Water pollution is an imprecise term that reveals nothing about either the type of polluting material or its source.The way we deal with the waste problem depends upon whether the contaminants are oxygen demanding,algae promoting, infectious, toxic,or simply unsightly. Pollution of our water resources can occur directly from sewer outfalls or industrial discharges(point sources) or indirectly from air pollution or agricultural or urban runoff(nonpoint sources).Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。System，according to websters dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or universe”.系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物;比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙”。Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化，。Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process.资源减量化：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of.废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。Recycling : The use or reuse of a waste as a substitute for a commercial product or as a feedstock to an industrial process.回收：作为一个商业产品的代替品，或作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用Pollution prevention: Pollution may be generated during manufacturing, or when certain products are used commercially or by consumers.污染的防止：污染可能在生产过程之中产生，或者在当一个产品被用作商业用途或被消费者使用的时候产生。Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm humans , other animals, vegetation or materials.空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration.一次大气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入空气中的化学物质。A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.二次大气污染是指在大气中由气体成分间发生化学反应的有害化学物质。Solids. The total solids in wastewater are, by definition, the residues after the liquid portion has been evaporated and the remainder dried to a constant weight at 103。C.固体废水中总固体的是指液体部分被蒸发，并且在103。C烘干至恒重的残留物。TOC is determined by measuring the amount of CO2 produced when the organic carbon in the sample is oxidized by a strong oxidizer and comparing it with the amount in a standard of known TOC.总有机碳样品中被氧化成CO2的数量与已知的总有机碳标准数量的比较所决定的。The COD, or chemical oxygen demand , of the wastewater is the measured amount of oxygen needed to chemically oxidize the organics present;化学需氧量是用化学方法氧化有机物的需氧量。the BOD , or biochemical oxygen demand, is the measured amount of oxygen required by acclimated microorganisms to biologically degrade the organic matter in the wastewater.生物需氧量是通过适应环境的微生物以生物的方式降解废水中有机物的需氧量Only through interaction between industry scientists, and government regulators will true solutions be finally realized.只有通过工业界，科学家和政府部门的共同努力，才能最终得到解决。APS Materials, Inc, generated two hazardous wastes, 1-1-1 trichloroethane and methanol from cold solvent degreasing operations associated with their plasma spray deposition process.美国物理协会材料公司在其等离子体喷雾沉淀工艺的冷溶剂脱脂操作过程中会产生出两种危害性废物，即1，1，1-三氯乙烷和甲醇。Sloppy housekeeping practices such as leaking tanks, valves, or pumps may cause process chemicals to spill requiring cleanup and disposal.散漫的内部管理习惯如储罐，阀门，或泵的泄漏，可能造成处理化学制品溢出而需要采取净化和处理措施。The geographic location of some heavily populated cities,such as Los Angeles and Mexico City,makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城，使他们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和空气污染累积的影响。By themselves , measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants , because threshold levels , synergy,and biological magnification are also determining factors.通过测出的浓度自身并不能告知我们有关污染物所带来的危险的信息，因为临界浓度、协同作用还有生物放大效应都是决定因素。Confirmation of the effect of CO2 on climate has been confounded by the natural fluctuations in climate and average global surface temperatures.自然气候和全球平均地表温度的波动一直干扰着二氧化碳对气候影响的证实。The uncertainties associated with sink mechanisms considerable complicate the problem of determining the world carbon budget and prediction of future atmosphereCO2levels.吸收机制的不确定性相当大程度地使世界碳量平衡和预计未来大气CO2水平问题复杂化。Raw materials that lose their usefulness because they sit on the shelf too long become waste.原材料放置过久会失去它们本身性能而变成废弃物。Poor cleaning of parts or inadequate dragout time will reduce the usefulness of the process chemicals, increase the cost of waste dispos