词汇学常见词缀总结.doc

Prefixes and suffixes1. Negative prefixes（否定前缀）:“not”-”不，非。”a-: not, without, opposite to as in apolitical, asexual, atypical, asocial, amoraldis-: not, the converse of as in disobey, discredit, disloyal, disorder, disusein- ：(il-, ir-, im-): same in meaning as for dis- as in inaudible, injustice, illiterate, illegitimate, irresistible, irresponsibility, improbable, immaturenon-: not, a productive affix expressing the idea that a person or thing does not have the qualities or characteristics referred to, as in non-classical, non-smoker, non-violence, non-president, non-virtueun-（more frequent）: same in meaning as for dis-, a very productive affix as in undemocratic, ,unwillingly, unbuilt, unsmiling2.Reversative or Privative Prefixes (逆反前缀)de-:reversing the action, depriving of, as in decentralize, demystify, dehumanize, deforestation; fixed to nouns to form verbs, as in deice, defeather, debug, descaledis-: “reversing the action”, with verbs as in disallow, dispossess, disunite; also meaning lacking, with adjectives, e.g. disinterested , discolouredun-: same in meaning as for de- with verbs as in unbug, unlock, unwrape; but meaning depriving of, releasing from in limited use with nouns to make verbs, e.g. unseat , unhorse, unmask3.Pejorative Prefixes (贬义前缀)maltreat to treat roughly or cruellymalodorous having a bad smellmishear to hear mistakenlypseudoscience/friend pretended sciencemal-: badly, bad added to verbs, adjectives, and abstract nouns, e.g. maltreat, malformed, malnourished, malodorous, malpractice, mala dministrationmis-: wrongly, astray, added to verbs and abstract nouns, e.g. misinterpret, mistrust, misleading, misconduct, misunderstandpseudo-: false, imitation, a productive affix with nouns and adjectives, e.g. -scientific, -classicism, -democratic; often used to show disapproval, e.g. friend, -parent4.Prefixes of Degree or Size (表范围、程度)arch-: supreme, most, with human nouns, e.g. archbishop, archduke, productive usually with pejorative effect, e.g. arch-enemy, arch-hypocrite, arch-capitalist, arch-rivalco-: jointly, on equal footing, productive with nouns and verbs, e.g. cohabit, codirect, co-star, co-manager, co-authorextra-: very, productive with adj., e.g. extra-large, extra-strong, extra-brighthyper-: extreme, with adj., sometimes pejorative, e.g. hyperactive, hypercreative, hypercautious, hypercriticalmacro-: large, forming technical terms, e.g. macroeconomics, macrostructure, macrocosmextra-: very, productive with adj., e.g. extra-large, extra-strong, extra-brighthyper-: extreme, with adj., sometimes pejorative, e.g. hyperactive, hypercreative, hypercautious, hypercriticalmacro-: large, forming technical terms, e.g. macroeconomics, macrostructure, macrocosmmicro-: very small, the opposite of macro-, e.g. microsurgery, microwave, microfilm, microparticlemini-: little, productive with nouns, e.g. mini-bus, -camera, -tour, -market, -bikiniout-: surpassing, with verbs, nouns and adj. to form new transitive verbs, e.g. outswim, outlive, outwit, outclass, outnumber, outsmart, outbravesuper-: more than, beyond, very special, productive with adj., nouns to form words of the same classes, e.g. -sophisticated, -modern, -simplification, -natural, -human, -hero, -brainsur-: over and above, added to nouns, e.g. surcharge, surpass, surtaxultra-: extreme, with adj., e.g. -conservative, -intelligent, -civilized, -feminineunder-: insufficient, beneath, productive with verbs, nouns and adj., e.g. -pay, -value, -surface, -ground, -growth, -nourished, -developed5.Prefixes of Orientation and Attitude (表方向、态度)Degree archenemy chief enemyhypersensitive extreme sensitiveoverwork to work too hardultra-conservative extreme conservativeanti-: against, opposed to, e.g. -abortion, -social -government, -nuclear; preventing, destroying, e.g. -bacterial, -inflation, -freeze, -aging, -aircraft; against traditional characteristics and of or belonging to the hypothetical world consisting of antimatter, e.g. -hero, -music, -theater, -man, -quarkcontra-: opposite, contrasting, e.g. -distinction, -factual, -flowcounter-: against, in opposition to, e.g. espionage, -accusation, -offer, -strike, -reformpro-: for, on the side of, productive with nouns and adj. to form adj., e.g. pro-democracy, -authority, -student, -feminist6.Locative Prefixes (方位前缀)income what comes intransatlantic crossing the Atlanticinternational among nationsintra-class within classtelecommunication communication at a distanceante-: in front of; before, e.g. anteroomapo-: away from, e.g. apogee, apocentriccircum-: around, e.g. circumstance, circumlunarendo-: inside, within, e.g. endocentric, endobiosisepi-: around, e.g. epidemic, epibiosisex-: outside, out of , away from, e.g. export, exitby-: near, close, e.g. byway, by pathextra-: outside, e.g. curricular, -territorial, -maritalfore-: front part of, e.g. forearm, foreheadhypo-: below, beneath, under, e.g. hypodermic injectioninfra-: below, beneath, e.g. -structure, -red, -sonicinter-: between, among, e.g. city, -personal, -state, -marriage, -weave, -breeding, -playintra-: within, e.g. class, -party, -generation; introduceperi-: around, enclosing, e.g. -central, period, -meter, -derm, -carppro-: forward, e.g. -gress, -ject, -long, -trude, -mote, -spect, -pelretro-: backward, e.g. retrospect, retroactive, retrocedesuper-: above with nouns, e.g. structure, -scripttrans-: across, from one place to another, e.g. atlantic, -continental, -plant, -late, -mit, -form, -cribe7.Prefixes of Time and Order (表时间、顺序)ante-: prior to, before, e.g. -cedent, -cipateex-: former, e.g. -lover, -husband, -convict, -servicefore-: before, e.g. -word, -thought, -fathers, -knowledgemid-: middle, e.g. -summer, -nightpost-: after, e.g. -election, -independence, -structuralismpre-: before, in advance, e.g. -trial, -retirement, -industrial, -prepared, -adolescent, -judge, -determinepro-: earlier, before, e.g. -phet, -loguere-: again, back, e.g. -marriage, -read, -consider, -distributionTime: ex-president former president preview to view beforehand postwar after war rethink think again foreword note before the book8. Number prefixes(数字前缀)hemi-, demi-, semi-: half (semi- most productive) as in semi-automatic, semi-naked, semi-skilled, demigod, demidevil, hemisphere mono-, uni-: one as in unisex, uniform, unidirectional, monoculture, monocentric, monoraildi-, bi-: two as in bicycle, bilingual, bilateral, bimonthly, dichotomytri-: three as in triangle, tricolour, tripartite tetra-, quadr-: four, as in quadrilateral, tetralogypenta-, quint-: five, as in pentagon, quintethexa-, sex-: six, as in hexagon, hexameter, sexennialhepta-, sept-: seven, as in heptagon, Septemberocta-: eight, as in octopus, Octoberennea-, nona-: nine, as in enneagon, nonagon, Novemberdeca-, deci-: ten, one tenth, as in decade, decimalhecto-, centi-: hundred, one hundredth, as in hectometre, centipede, centigradekilo-, milli-: thousand, one thousandth, as in kilowatt, milliamperemega-, micro-: million, one millionth, as in megaton, microamperepoly-, multi-: many (multi- more productive) as in multi-candidate, multi-purpose, multi-dimensional, polytechnic, polysyllabic9.Conversion Prefixes (转化前缀)Prefixes of this category differ from those in other sections in having little semantic value, their chief function being to effect a conversion of the base form from one word class to another. English has only three traditional conversion prefixes.a-: added to verbs to produce predicative adjectives (表语形容词), e.g. asleep, awash, aglow, atremble, alive10.Miscellaneous Prefixes (其他类型前缀)eco-: of environment, e.g. -crisis, ecology -catastrophe, -cide, -activity, -freakauto-: self, e.g. -biography, -suggestionneo-: new, revived, e.g. -Liberal, -Nazipan-: all, the whole of, e.g. -continental, -European, -Indianproto-: first, original with nouns, e.g. -fascist, -horse, -coalitionvice-: deputy freely with nouns, e.g. -provostquasi-: as if, to some degree, e.g. sovereign, -officialhetero-: different, e.g. sexual, -doxyhomo-: same, like, e.g. phone, -graph, -geneousVerb-forming prefixesbelittle/numb to make littlebefriend/jewel/flower/dust to treat like a friendbewail/fall to cry over be + nadj v.iv.tembitter to fill with bitter feelings enlarge to make large enable to cause danger toempower to give sb the powerembody, encase, encircle, enclose, enjoy, enlist, enroll,/ enchain, enlace1. Noun suffixeso 1) Denominal nouns 12 2) Deverbal nouns 10o 3) De-adjective nouns 2 4) Noun and adjective suffixes 4o de- :derived from, 从导出1) Denominal Nouns 12o a. Concrete. b. Abstract. o -eer profiteer, -age, -ism terrorismo -er engineer, -dom, freedom -ship friendshipo -ess hostess priestess, -ery -ery (-ry), slavery, o -ette cigarette, kitchenette, -hood childhood, o -let booklet, -ing farming, -ama, -rama: 全景、大型, e.g. telerama, cinerama, circusama-crat: e.g. technocrat, Eurocrat, meritocrat-eer: e.g. profiteer, racketeer, sloganeer, engineer, weaponeer, auctioneer, mountaineer-er: e.g. teenager, glover, Londoner, three-wheeler-ess: female, e.g. empress, priestess, stewardess, hostess-ster: involved in as in trickster, gangster, songster, youngster-age: measure of, process or state, e.g. mileage, poundage, footage, storage, wastage, coverage-dom: state, condition, e.g. martyrdom, dukedom, officialdom-ery, -ry: condition or behavior associated with as in slavery, devilry, savagery, roguery; place, e.g. bakery, winery, nunnery; collection of, e.g. jewelry, machinery, pottery-ful: amount contained in, as in armful, houseful, mouthful, spoonful, pocketful-hood: state, condition, e.g. adulthood, daughterhood, spinsterhood, widowerhood, neighborhood-ing: the material of as in tubing, matting, carpeting; activity connected with, e.g. farming, golfing-ism: doctrine of, practice of, as in absenteeism, sexism, consumerism, terrorism, totalitarianism, ageism-itis: 炎, 发炎, as in bronch itis, arthritis, tonsillitis; 癖, 过多的派头, e.g. golfitis, interviewitis, professoritis-ship: occupation, position as in ambassadorship, governorship, authorship; skill and ability, e.g. craftsmanship, sportsmanship; relation, as in acquaintanceship, partnership, friendship, membershipDiminutive noun suffixes 小名词后缀-eteria, -teria: e.g. luncheteria = luncheonette, roadeteria, restauranteria, chocolateria, fruiteria, grocerteria, smoketeria, cafeteria, washateria-ette: compact, e.g. kitchenette, dinerette, cigarette; also meaning imitation and female, e.g. leatherette, suffragette, usherette-let: small, unimportant, e.g. droplet, booklet, starlet-cle: e.g. particle, corpuscle-cule: e.g. molecule, animalcule-en: e.g. kitten, chicken-ie: e.g. bookie, birdie, doggie-ling: e.g. duckling, weakling-y: e.g. doggy, Johnny2) Deverbal nouns-ant: occupations and participation, e.g. assistant, contestant, informant, applicant; an object or substance, e.g. coolant, pollutant, decongestant -ee: receiver of the action as in addressee, intern ee, transferee, assignee; doer of the action, e.g. absentee, cohabitee, divorcee -er, -or: doer of the action, referring to both persons as in commander, photographer, collaborator, speculator, or non-persons as in recorder, strainer, cooker, mixer, elevator, escalator-ent: a person or thing, e.g. respondent, correspondent, descendent, dependent-age: action of, instance of, as in spillage, marriage, linkage, shrinkage, carriage-al: the process or state of, as in dismissal, portrayal, survival, arrival, retrieval-ance, -ence: action, process, state, e.g. performance, insurance, attendance, adherence, persistence, existence, dependence, recurrence-ation, -ition, -tion, -sion, -ion: process or state of, product of, e.g. realization, imagination, addition, protection, commission, decision, operation-ing: action of, as in christening, wedding, building, earnings, savings, opening-ment: result of, as in assessment, puzzlement, resentment, management, assignment3)De-adjective Nouns-ity: state or condition, e.g. productivity, intensity, superiority, respectability, morality, popularity-ness: state or quality, e.g. youthfulness, permissiveness, up-to-dateness Both ity and ness can be added to the same base to form new words, e.g. sensible-sensibility-sensibleness, pompous-pomposity-pompousness. It is also noticeable that the formations in ness exist together with other deadjectival formations, e.g. justness-justice appropriateness appropriacy normalness normality normalcy infiniteness infinitude - infinity4) Noun and Adjective SuffixesA small number of suffixes, when added to bases related to human beings or nationality names, yield words that can be used both as nouns and adjectives.-ese: member of, language of, e.g. Chinese, Lebanese; style of, as in journalese, officialese, Americanese-an, -ian: citizen and language of as in Australian, Cambodian; adherent to, relating to, e.g. Darwinian, Chomskyan, Shakespearian, Elizabethan-ist: adherent to beliefs and behavior, as in methodist, loyalist, racist, socialist; occupations or study, e.g. artist, bassist, psychiatrist, violinist, environmentalist-ite: adherent to, member of, e.g. Darwinite, Thatcheriteaddress写信 addresser addresseedonate 捐献 donor donee nominate 提名 nominator nomineetrain 训练 trainer trainee2. Adjective suffixes1)Denominal Suffixes-ed: added to those noun (adj)-plus-noun compounds, e.g. pear-shaped, blue-eyed, giant-sized-ful: full of, providing, e.g. merciful, tactful, graceful, dutiful-ly: having the qualities of as in soldierly, friendly, cowardly, deathly; frequency, e.g. hourly, fortnightly-ish: somewhat like, approximately, e.g. monkeyish, snobbish, nightmarish, coquettish, sixtyish; language and nationality as in Polish, Jewish; also productive with adjective bases in the sense of somewhat, e.g. wettish, thinnish, plumpish-like: like, e.g. animal-like, lady-like, childlike, dreamlike Where like and ish occur with the same base, the latter is relatively pejorative and less literally close to the meaning of the base, for example, manly, manlike, mannish, the first referring to the physical or heroic qualities of a man, the second applied to nonhumans, and the third implying unwelcome masculine attributes usually in a woman.-y: somewhat like, characterized by, e.g. flowery, smoky, bloody, grassy, doggy, Johnny, birdy-esque: having the properties of, with names of famous writers, composers or painters, e.g. Beethovenesque, Dantesque, Chaplinesque -ous, -eous, -ious, -uous: having a particular quality, e.g. sensuous, marvellous, courageous, anxious-al, -ial, -ical: relating to, e.g. residential, sentimental, philosophical-ic: resembling, involving, connected with, e.g. patriotic,