防御性驾驶培训-02

,防御性驾驶培训-改变你的驾驶习惯,Smith System Driver Improvement Institute, Inc.Arlington, TX 76006,Defensive Driving防御性驾驶,车辆事故的原因CAUSES OF COLLISIONS,注意力不集中Inattention 神智不清Impairment 追尾Tailgating 天气Weather 疲劳Fatigue 道路状况Roads 速度Speed 健康状况Health 态度Attitude 经验不足Inexperience 其他驾驶员Other Drivers 车辆状况Vehicle Condition,Driving to prevent accidents驾驶以避免事故Despite other road users不论其他道路使用者Despite adverse driving conditions不论不利的驾驶条件By通过Recognizing the hazard识别危害Understanding the defence;理解防御性驾驶Acting in time反应及时,Defensive Driving防御性驾驶,Show concern for other road users显示出对其他道路使用者的关心Accepts that other road users will make mistakes接受其他道路使用者会犯错误的事实Accepts that no job is so urgent that speeding can be tolerated接受没有什么工作可以紧急到容忍超速.Understands that driving is a skill that requires application of good techniques理解驾驶是运用好的技能的一门技术.Knows to be a safe driver requires an alert mind at all times知道要想成为一名安全的司机需要任何时候都保持警惕.Understands that a vehicle cannot be safe unless it is maintained properly理解车辆只有正常维修才可能保持安全.Knows drugs, alcohol and driving do not mix.了解药品,酒精,不在其影响下驾驶,Driver Attitude驾驶员的态度,Carry out a pre-trip check执行出车前检查Leave distractions behind you将分心的事抛在脑后-Mental精神的-Physical身体的Know your route了解你的路线Prepare to drive defensively准备防御性驾驶,Driving Attitude驾驶的态度,There are five categories of distraction that a driver needs to avoid whilst driving a motor vehicle.有五类影响注意力的事情是驾驶员在驾驶时需要避免的:1. Scenery distractions美丽的风景2. In vehicle distraction车内的分心3. Unfamiliar driving tasks不熟悉的驾驶任务4. Route problems道路问题5. Mental distractions精神的分心Prepare to drive defensively, both mentally and physically. 在精神状态和身体状态两方面,都准备好防御性驾驶的准备.,Driving Distraction影响驾驶的分心,Wears seat belt at all time在任何时候都系好安全带.Keeps within speed limit保持速度在限速范围内.Follows road rules and regulations遵守道路交通法规Signals his intention in plenty of time用充分的时利用信号表明他的意图Recognises changes in road conditions and reacts accordingly识别道路环境的变化并相应的反应.Drives with confidence 充满自信的驾驶Controls the vehicle effectively有效的控制车辆,Driver Behaviour驾驶员的行为,五大驾驶守则,Key 1 放眼远方AIM HIGH IN STEERINGKey 2 洞悉四周GET THE BIG PICTURE Key 3 视线灵活KEEP YOUR EYES MOVINGKey 4 留有余地LEAVE YOURSELF AN OUTKey 5 引人注意MAKE SURE THEY SEE YOU,采用五大驾驶守则的好处USE OF THE 5 KEYS PROVIDES:,为车辆提供足够的行驶空间 SPACE for the vehicle为驾驶员提供良好的视野 VISIBILITY for the driver为你的及时反应提供时间 TIME to make decisions,从而可以:,减少事故发生的机会Reduced Collision Potential降低燃油消耗Reduced Fuel Usage减少维修费用Reduced Maintenance减低保险费用Lower Insurance Expense消除驾驶时的紧张与压力Reduced Anxiety and Stress,要点1：放眼远方,动物的视野是为了满足其生存的需要确 An animals eyesight is suited to its survival needs,一般驾驶员只有3-6秒的观望距离Average drivers have 3 - 6 seconds of Eye Lead Time,要延伸你的观望距离达到15秒以上Expand your Eye Lead to a minimum of 15 seconds,要点1：放眼远方,要点2：洞悉四周,15秒到达之处,每5-8秒扫视侧、后视镜以洞悉四周的情况,要点2：洞悉四周,相关和不相关的物体,改变车辆位置以增大视野,任何时候都保持合适的跟车距离,If you cannot see past the truck, you are following too close, drop back 如果你不能看过卡车,你正跟车太紧了,需要退后.,Get the complete picture获得完整的景象,Observation Space is Vision 观察-空间是视觉,要点3: 视线灵活,周边视野角度Peripheral Vision,大约180度的可视范围,集中视野角度,大约3度的清晰视野,发呆凝视和专注凝视,避免紧盯同一目标超过2秒,要点3: 视线灵活,要点4 :留有余地,避免在车群中行驶,保持四周合适空间,预估他人的行为,Escape Route逃生路线,An escape zone around the vehicle在车辆周围的逃生区域On all four sides在所有的四周,This is done by:由此到达:Maintaining a proper following distance保持一个正确的跟车距离Watching the side of road观察道路两侧Keep attention to on-coming traffic注意行进中的交通Observe rear view mirror 观察后视镜,Escape Route逃生路线,In town and on the highway, dont let the other driver trap you in, 在城镇和高速公路上,不要让其他司机将你包围.leave yourself an out on all 4 sides将自己四周留有空间If he is matching your speed and runs alongside of your either:如果他跟随你的速度或在你的一侧与你并肩:Speed up or slow down 加速或减速Keep your space and visibility保持你的空间和可见性,Escape Route逃生路线,要点5: 引人注意,目光接触,警告装置,合适时机是关键,What is it?什么是可见性?Communication between you and the other road users在你和其他道路使用者间的沟通It is about seeing and being seen by它是关于看见或被看见Pedestrians行人Children小孩Animals动物Other drivers其他司机,Visibility可见性,How do we do this?如何做到?Use your使用你的Horn喇叭Lights灯光Turn signals转弯信号Hand signals手势Position yourself where you can be SEEN 将你自己放在能被人看见的地方.,Visibility可见性,How to avoid pedestrian collisions 如何避免与行人的碰撞,Friendly tap on the horn 友好的按喇叭Get eye contact保持眼睛的接触Look for feedback寻找反馈Check your rear view mirror检查你的后视镜If in doubt.STOP !如果有疑问停车,Visibility可见性,牢牢记住五大要点:,要点 1: 放眼远方要点 2: 洞悉四周 要点 3: 视线灵活要点 4: 留有余地要点 5: 引人注意,观望15秒后到达之处,至少4秒的跟车距离,每5-8秒扫视侧、后视镜,避免紧盯同一个目标2秒钟以上,在四周留出合适的空间,目光接触,许多车队汇报超过30%的事故发生在倒车时,我们可以避免倒车吗?,安全倒车的五个关键步骤,不必要的倒车盲区车辆的设计缺少练习缺少倒车前的精神准备倒车过程中不充分的信息,Nine rules for safe reversing安全倒车的九条规则Clear the rear 看清后方Sound the horn before you start to move在开始移动前鸣笛Reverse as soon as possible never trust the scene you checked to stay the same将可能快的倒车.从不要相信你检查过的场景会保持不变Back slowly缓慢向后As you back check both side mirrors在你向后时监视两边的侧视镜Dont back further than necessary如果不必要,不要进一步倒车.Always back to the drivers side总是向司机侧倒车Use a ground guide!使用地标作为参考Where possible, park so the first move in the vehicle is forward在可能的地方,将车停止后保持向离开的前进方向.,Not Always Going Forward ! 不一定总是向前进!,如有可能,避免倒车,就到达而言,应优先考虑离开,