国际贸易学第一章ppt课件

InternationalTrade TheoryandPolicy 喻美辞经济管理学院经济贸易系E mail maisieyu 1 1 Chapter1 Introduction 1 3 Preview Whatisinternationaleconomicsabout Whatisinternationaltradeabout Whydowestudyinternationaltrade Howdowestudyinternationaltrade InternationalfinancetopicsInternationaltradevs internationalfinance 1 4 I WhatIsInternationalEconomicsAbout Nationsaremorecloselylinkedthroughtradeingoodsandservices throughflowsofmoney andthroughinvestmentthaneverbefore 随着国际商品和服务贸易的发展 国际间资金的流动 以及跨国投资的发展 各个国家之间的经济联系变得更加紧密 Internationaleconomicsisabouthownationsinteractthroughtradeingoodsandservices throughflowsofmoneyandthroughinvestment 国际经济学研究的是国际商品和服务贸易的发展 国际间资金的流动 以及跨国投资的发展对各个国家的经济影响 国际经济学的一般理论包括国际贸易理论和政策 国际金融理论和国际投资理论等 1 5 WhatIsInternationalEconomicsAbout cont Internationaltradeasafractionofthenationaleconomyhastripled 番了3倍 fortheU S inthepast40years Whilebothimportsandexportshaveincreased importshavegrownmore leadingtoalargeexcessofimportsoverexportswhichiscalledastradedeficit 贸易逆差 Question HowistheUnitedStatesabletopayforallthosetradedeficit ComparedtotheU S othercountriesareevenmoretiedtointernationaltrade 1 6 Fig 1 1 ExportsandImportsasaPercentageofU S NationalIncome Source U S BureauofEconomicAnalysis From1960sto1980 bothexportsandimportsrosesteadilyassharesofU S income Since1980 importshavecontinuedtorise whileexportshavefluctuatedsharply 1 7 Fig 1 2 ExportsandImportsasPercentageofNationalIncomein2005 Source OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment InternationaltradeisevenmoreimportanttomostothercountriesthanitistotheUnitedStates 1 8 II WhatIsInternationalTradeAbout Internationaltradeistheinternationalexchange 国际交换 ofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries Thistypeoftradegivesrisetoaworldeconomy inwhichprices orsupplyanddemand affectandareaffectedbyglobalevents Therearesometypesofinternationaltrade Importtrade exporttrade transittrade 过境贸易 转口贸易 Visibletrade 有形贸易 invisibletradeinter industrytrade 产业间贸易 intra industrytrade 产业内贸易 1 WhatisInternationalTrade 1 9 BasisforTrade WhyTradeOccurs TheMercantilists Views 重商主义 onTradeTradeBasedonAbsoluteAdvantage 绝对优势 theAdamSmithModelTradeBasedonComparativeAdvantage 比较优势 theDavidRicardoModelResourceEndowments 资源禀赋 andInternationalTrade theHeckscher OhlinTheoryEconomiesofScale ImperfectCompetition andInternationalTrade 2 TheTheoryofInternationalTrade 1 10 PatternsofTrade Whosellswhattowhom Thatis whatcommoditiesaretradedandwhichcommoditiesareexportedandimportedbyeachnation DifferencesinclimateandresourcescanexplainwhyBrazilexportscoffeeandAustraliaexportsironore ButwhydoesJapanexportautomobiles whiletheU S exportsaircraft Differencesinlaborproductivity 劳动生产率 mayexplainwhysomecountriesexportcertainproducts Howrelativesuppliesofcapital laborandlandareusedintheproductionofdifferentgoodsandservicesmayalsoexplainwhysomecountriesexportcertainproducts 1 11 GainsfromTrade 贸易利得 收益 SeveralideasunderliethegainsfromtradeWhenabuyerandasellerengageinavoluntarytransaction 自愿参与交易 bothreceivesomethingthattheywantandbothcanbemadebetteroff 国与国之间相互销售自己的产品和劳务通常总对双方都有利 Norwegianconsumerscouldbuyorangesthroughinternationaltradethattheyotherwisewouldhaveadifficulttimeproducing Theproduceroftheorangesreceivesincomethatitcanusetobuythethingsthatitdesires 1 12 GainsfromTrade cont b Tradeispredictedtobenefitacountrybymakingitmoreefficientwhenitexportsgoodswhichintensivelyuseabundantresourcesandimportsgoodswhichintensivelyusescarceresources 如果一个国家出口密集使用其丰富资源的商品 进口密集使用其稀缺资源的商品 那么该国会从这种贸易模式中受益 c Whencountriesspecialize theymayalsobemoreefficientduetolargescaleproduction 当某些国家实现专业化生产时 他们可以从规模化生产中获得收益 1 13 GainsfromTrade cont d Tradeispredictedtobenefitcountriesasawholeinseveralways buttrademayharmparticulargroups 特定集团 withinacountry Internationaltradecanadverselyaffecttheownersofresourcesthatareusedintensivelyinindustriesthatcompetewithimports 与进口产品相竞争的产业密集使用的要素的所有者会因为贸易而受损 Trademaythereforehaveeffectsonthedistributionofincomewithinacountry suchasworkersandtheownersofcapital skilledworkersandunskilledworkers 1 14 FreeTradevs Protectionism HowMuchTrade Themainideaoffreetrade 自由贸易 isthatsupplyanddemandfactors operatingonaglobalscale willensurethatproductionhappensefficiently Therefore nothingneedstoprotectorpromotetradeandgrowthbecausemarketforceswilldosoautomatically Incontrast protectionism 贸易保护主义 holdsthatregulationofinternationaltradeisimportanttoensurethatmarketsfunctionproperly Advocatesofthistheorybelievethatmarketinefficienciesmayhamperthebenefitsofinternationaltradeandtheyaimtoguidethemarketaccordingly 1 15 3 TheEffectsofGovernmentPoliciesonTrade PolicymakersaffecttheamountoftradethroughTariffs 关税 ataxonimportsorexports Quotas 配额 aquantityrestrictiononimportsorexports exportsubsidies 出口补贴 apaymenttoproducersthatexport orthroughotherregulations ex productspecifications thatexcludeforeignproductsfromthemarket butstillallowdomesticproducts Whatarethecostsandbenefitsofthesepolicies 1 16 IV HowDoWeStudyInternationalTrade Readclassicbooksandliteraturesoninternationaltrade understandthemainideaoftheGreatEconomistsinthisfield Matertheanalysismethodsandtoolsofinternationaltrade Attachimportancetoforeignlanguagelearningandtherelevantprofessionalcourses Payattentiontodomesticandworldeconomicdynamics 1 SomeRequirements 2 TheGreatEconomistsinthefieldofInternationalTrade 亚当 斯密 AdamSmith 1723 1790 AbsoluteAdvantageTheory 1776年出版的 AnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations 国民财富的性质和原因研究 简称 国富论 提出了绝对优势学说 大卫 李嘉图 DavidRicardo 1772 1823 ComparativeAdvantageTheory 1817年出版 政治经济学及赋税原理 PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation 一书提出了比较优势学说 1 17 赫克歇尔 E F Heckscher 1879 1952 和俄林 B Ohlin 1899 1979 1933年共同提出了要素禀赋理论 H O贸易模型 他们的代表作是 外贸对收入分配的影响 区间贸易和国际贸易论 俄林1977年获得诺贝尔经济学奖 P A 萨缪尔森 PaulAnthonySamuelson 1915 用数学方法证明了要素价格均等化定理 与斯托尔珀一起提出了Stolper Samuelson定理 1970年获得诺贝尔经济学奖 W 里昂惕夫 W Leontief 1906 1999 建立了投入产出分析模型 提出了里昂惕夫悖论 大大地推动了国际贸易理论的发展 1973年获诺奖 P 克鲁格曼 P Krugman 1953 国际贸易新理论的主要倡导者 2008年获诺奖 1 18 3 AnalysisToolsinTheoryandPolicyofInternationalTrade ProductionPossibilitiesCurve FrontierSupplyCurveandExcessSupplyCurveDemandCurveandExcessDemandCurveProducerSurplus ConsumerSurplus andGainsfromTradeEconomiesofScale DiseconomiesofScale ConstantReturnstoScaleIndifferenceCurve 1 19 4 AnalysisMethodsinInternationalTrade GeneralEquilibriumAnalysisandPartialEquilibriumAnalysis 一般均衡分析和局部均衡分析 EconomicAnalysisofPolitics 政治经济学分析 1 20 1 21 V InternationalFinanceTopics BalanceofPayments 国际收支 ExchangeRateDetermination 汇率的决定 InternationalPolicyCoordination 国际政策协调 TheInternationalCapitalMarket 国际资本市场 1 22 VI InternationalTradevs InternationalFinance Internationaltradefocusesontransactionsofgoodsandservices 商品和服务交易 acrossnations Thesetransactionsusuallyinvolveaphysicalmovementofgoodsoracommitmentofintangibleresourceslikelaborservices Internationalfinancefocusesonfinancialormonetarytransactions 金融或货币交易 acrossnations Forexample purchasesofU S dollarsorfinancialassetsbyEuropeans Intherealworldth