英美散文选读 教参.doc

当代英美散文名篇选读：教师手册 使用说明1 教师手册包括三部分：About the Author （作者简介及课文出处等）、About the Text （难句分析、语言点、修辞等）、Keys to Exercises。2 作者简介及难句分析和语言点的部分内容已收入教材的“注释” （Notes and Commentary），请教师在讲解前仔细核对。3 “练习答案”只提供第二至第五部分（即词汇、完型填空、改错、中译英）习题的答案。第一部分（Questions for Comprehension and Discussion）涉及对课文内容的分析、作者态度或立场的归纳评论、以及修辞手段的运用等，没有标准答案。教师可以在组织学生进行讨论、辩论、角色扮演或提问时灵活处理，适当提供背景知识、相关词汇等，引导学生得出比较合理的结论。4 中译英和英译中的答案仅供参考。5 练习经过多次修改，恐有不少错漏。不便之处，敬请谅解。欢迎使用者批评指正。 编者2000年6月Unit One How To Grow OldAbout the authorBertrand Arthur William Russell, 3d Earl, 1872-1970, British philosopher, mathematician, and social reformer; b. Wales. The grandson of Lord John Russell, the 1st Earl Russell, he succeeded to the earldom in 1931. While teaching at Cambridge Univ. Russell produced his most important works, Principles of Mathematics (1903) and, with Alfred North WHITEHEAD, Principia Mathenetica (3 vol., 1910 13), in which he attempted to show how the laws of mathematics could be deduced from the basic axioms of logic. His work influenced on 20th-cent. symbolic logic, SET theory in mathematics, and LOGICAL POSITIVISM, especially in the work of his student Ludwig WITTFENSTEN. An undogmatic but zealous rationalist, Russell was deeply convinced of the logical independence of individual facts and the dependence of knowledge on the data of original experience. Well known for his social views, he was an active pacifist during World War I. In 1927 he and his wife founded the highly experimental Beacon Hill School. His liberal views on marriage, sex, adultery, and homosexuality made him controversial during most of the 1930s. He abandoned pacifism during World War II in the face of the Nazi threat but reverted to it after the war, becoming a leader in the “ban the bomb” movement to halt the manufacture of nuclear weapons. In the 1960s he and Jean-Paul SARTRE organized European opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Russells radicalism kept him from a traditional academic career, and he supported himself chiefly by his writings, many of them widely read, e.g., Marriage and Morals (1929), A History of Western Philosophy (1945), and his autobiography (3 vol., 1967-69). In 1950 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.Ressell had one of the most widely varied and persistently influential intellects of the 20th century. During most of his active life, a span of 3 generations, Russell had at any time more than 40 books in print ranging over philosophy, mathematics, science, ethics, sociology, education, history, religion, politics and polimic. The extent of his influence resulted partly from his amazing efficiency in applying his intellect (he normally wrote at the rate of 3000 largely unaltered words a day), his memory, and his aristocratic independence, and partly from his deep humanitarian feeling that was the main spring of his actions. His first major undertaking in the field of logic and mathematics had a profound influence upon philosophy in the western world. In his middle years, his books on morals, politics, education, pacifism, and other subjects were an illumination and encouragement to the rebellious layman. Finally, during the last decades of his life (just as he felt himself in danger of becoming respectable by sheer weight of years), he became an inspiration to idealistic youth throughout the world in his active opposition to the manufacture of H-bombs and to the war in Vietnam.“How to grow old” was taken from his book Portraits from Memory, which was published in 1956._About the textTheme of the text:How not to grow oldStructure:Para 1 IntroductionPara 2-5 The way of not getting oldParagraph 6 ConclusionPara 1 In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, - A surprising beginning? A way to attract attention? Or a kind of skill to start a passage in a most direct and straightforward way?My first advice would be to choose your ancestors carefully. - Can you? Please notice the tone (humorous?) in the first part of the paragraph concerned with describing his ancestors.as regards - (also with regard to, in regard to) a phrase indication what one is saying applies to the fact they have just mentionedAs regards the car, I put an advertisement in the paper.With regard to the gas fire, we hardly use it.My upbringing was fairly strict in regard to obedience and truthfulness. was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, - What a metaphor! And the latter part of the sentence is even more unexpected. In the sentence, we also find the use of euphemism (= a polite word or expression that people use when they are talking about something which they or other people find unpleasant or embarrassing, such as death or sex). Some nor examples are given below:l A man is helping the police with inquires. (A suspected criminal is detained by the police and probably under close arrest.)l A large accident (= the explosion of a nuclear power station)l Armed emergency (= a small-scale war in which large numbers of people are being killed, buildings destroyed, etc.)l under-achiever (= a school-child who is backward or merely bore form the neck upwards)l The locus of evaluation (= the classroom)l Lower ability group (= s low learners)l A member of the lower socio-economic bracket (= a poor person)l Terminal illness (= a fatal illness)cut off - stop something, esp. speech or the supply of electricity, gas, water, etc.If this bill is not paid within five days, your gas supply will be cut off.If you speak for too long, the chairwoman will cut you off.If you are having a phone conversation and you are cut off (=lose communication with the person you are speaking to), phone the operator.who was a friend of Gibbon - usually we say “a friend of so-and-sos”. When we want to emphasize the idea that somebody is one of the friends of a famous person, then we say “He is a friend of so-and-so.”Gibbon - Gibbon, Edward, 173494, English historian. He is the author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (6 vol., 177688), one of the most influential historical works of modern times. Gibbon also wrote a subtle and interesting autobiography, Memoirs of His Life and Writings (1796). He served in Parliament from 1774 to 1783.Girton College - The first womens college at Cambridge University, founded in 1896.word - (archaic) speakrelate - (fml or literary) tell (a story) or describe (a series of events)She related the events of the past week to the police.He relates how at the age of 23 he was interned in a prison camp.melancholy - unhappiness or sadness, esp. that which is felt for a long period of time and without any obvious reasona melancholy piece of musicmelancholy autumn daysHe is an actor who is famous for roles full of sentimental melancholy.part from - separate fromTo be parted from him even for two days made her sad.dismal - sad and without hopeThe outlook is dismal - no-one thinks he is going to get better.“madre snaturale” - (Italian) Literally, an unnatural mother. The phrase means here “What an extraordinary mother!”her recipe - her way of doing thingsthe proper recipe for remaining young - that is to keep oneself busy. “Growing old is no more than a bad habit which a busy man has no time to form.” - Andr Maurois (18851967), French author, critic. The Art of Living, “The Art of Growing Old”(1940).still less - (also much less) let alone; not to mention (to make a negative statement stronger)At the age of fourteen I had never even been on a train, still less an aircraft.brevity - lasting only a short time; shortnessThe first of these two poems is an anguished reflection on the brevity of life.(Nor will the old people, once they manage to keep themselves busy with some wholesome things, be haunted by the thought that their days are numbered.)Para 2 As regards health, I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness. - It seems that many others have many things to say about their experience of living a long life. You might try your students to see whether they happen to know any of those different recipes offered by different people on different newspapers, or the same newspaper at different times.on the ground - a phrase used to introduce the reason (cause or argument) based on a (the) fact or belief (that)An EU national could not be deported solely on the ground of his conviction.She is suing the company on the grounds of unfair dismissal.Do you have any ground for suspecting them?We have grounds to believe that you have been lying to us.He refused to answer on the grounds that she was unfairly dismissed.mostly - The word is used to indicate that a statement is generally true, for example, true about the majority of a group of things or people, or true most of the time.The men at the party were mostly fairly young.A rattlesnake hunts mostly at night.Para 3absorption - If you have an absorption in something, you are so interested in it that it takes up a lot of your time and energy.With his new appointment in 1911, his absorption shifted.Her absorption in her work ( = giving of all her attention to it ) is so great that shethinks about nothing else.It does not do to live in memories - For old people, thinking of the past will not bring them any goodness. Compare the idea with the following lines by W. B. Yeats:When you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep Ones own past is a gradually increasing weight - When people are getting old, they tend to spend more time thinking of their past experiences, which will prove to be a big burden for them.If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true. - Self-deceiving (to plug ones ears while stealing a bell) is obviously not to be encouraged, but in some cases, especially for old people, it is not always unhelpful.Para 4clinging to youth - used predicatively, the phrase means showing undue interest in ones children after they have grown up.(If you cling to an idea or a way of behaving you continue to believe in its value or importance, even though it may no longer be valid or useful, e.g. cling to old, inefficient method of doing things)sucking vigour from its vitality - When an old person wants to be young-at-heart by indulging himself in the good old days, he is simply trying to go south by driving the chariot north.callous - unkind or cruel; without sympathy or feeling for other peopleIt might sound callous, but I dont care if hes homeless. He is not living with me.He is so callous about it all.contemplative - “in quiet withdrawal” ? Literally the word means considering (a particular thing) for a long time in a serious and quiet way (e.g. Her mood is calm and contemplative.)philanthropic - showing generosity towards other people and in a sincere way to help them, esp. by giving money (to poor people)Few companies offer money purely as a philanthropic gesture - they re usually after something in return. owing to the length of infancy - because of the fact that human being spends much more time bringing up their offspringPara 5impersonal - not involving or relating to any particular person; not being influenced by personal feelingsThe teachers criticism of the class was impersonal.She mentioned no names in her impersonal criticism of the staff.(cf. Hospitals always seem such impersonal places ( = a place lacking human warmth and interest ) - rows of identical beds in dull gray rooms. She has a very cold and impersonal manner.) wisdom born of experience - wisdom as a consequence of long and varied experience; born of means coming fromHe was born of a noble/wealthy family.Love is born of heart, not mind.His wish to become a doctor was born of a desire to help sick people.exercise - If you exercise authority, rights, responsibilities, etc. you use them well and effectivelyChinese culture used to exercise considerable influence in western countries.They have no intention of exercising restraint.It is a book designed to help you exercise the right to buy your council house.concern oneself with - give ones attention to something, because you think it is importantThe people hope that todays cadres concern themselves as deeply as Jiao Yulu with the well-being of the masses.render - give; provide (assistance, help)Well not forget those who rendered us help in time of need.Para 6In the young there is a justification for the feeling. - It is reasonable and understandable if young people are oppressed by the fear of death . Justification indicates a good reason or explanation for doing something . e.g.We all have justification for what we do.Theres no justification for higher rate interests.( be ) cheated ( out ) of - be unfairly prevented from obtaining or achieving something ( that should belong to one )He thought that he had been cheated of some of his wages by his employer.She claimed that her cousin had cheated her out of her inheritance.The French team feel the weather cheated them of their victory.whatever work it was in him to do - whatever work he had the ability to do.abject - ( of a person or behaviour ) not having any respect for yourself; not proud or bravean abject coward/beggaran abject apology/requestThis policy has turned out to be an abject failure.ignoble - ( esp. of behabiour ) that you should be ashamed of an ignoble action/ideaShe is accused of playing an ignoble part in the plot.until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede - Until gradually a person becomes one with the universe.and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life - 毛主席也说过要把自己有限的生命投入到无限的为人民服务中去。An individual human existence should be like a river - In this and the next sentences, both simile and metaphor are adopted. While the former is an explicit comparison between essentially unlike things, introduced by a connective as , like or than , such as,My heart is like a singing bird.I wonder lonely as a cloud.Im weaker than a womans tear.the latter is that unlike objects are identified with each other for the purpose of emphasizing one or more aspects of resemblance between them, for instance, The camel is the ship of the desert.Life is no more than a walking shadow.the thought of the rest - Here rest is a euphemism for death._TranslationFrom “some old people are oppressed by the fear of death ” to “ and painlessly lose their individual being”有些老年人由于害怕死而感到精神沮丧/闷闷不乐。年轻人有这种感觉是情有可原地。担心会在战斗中阵亡的年轻人，想到自己再也无法享受生活所提供的最美好的东西时，理所当然地感到痛苦。但是对于老年人来说，他经历了人生的酸甜苦辣，自己能做的事情都做到了，再怕死就未免有些可鄙和不光彩了。要克服这种怕死的念头，最好的办法至少在我看来是如此就是使自己关心更多的事情，关心那些不跟自己直接有关的事情，到后来自我的壁垒就会慢慢消失，个人生活也就越来越和社会生活融合在一起。人生应该就像条河流，开头河身狭小，夹在两岸之间，河水奔腾咆哮，流过巨石，飞下悬崖。后来河面逐渐展宽，两岸离得越来越远，河水也流得比较平缓，最后流进大海，与海水浑然一体，看不出任何界线，从而结束其单独存在的那段经历，但毫无痛苦之感。Unit One How to Grow OldKey to Exercise II1. related2. melancholy3. inquire4. dismal5. recipe6. wholesome7. callous8. philanthropic9. justification10. undue11. abject12. contain13. receded14. absorption15. ignoble16. decay17. known18. indifferent19. weariness20. contemplativeKey to Exercise III1. sustained2. life3. retire4. immerse5. activity6. physically7. at8. not9. prolong10. forms11. exercises12. about13. take14. against15. intensive16. fear17. crucial18. past19. extensive20. fun21. favours22. explosive23. disadvantage24. relaxed25. lazy26. idea27. zest28. subjects29. Thinking30. complaining31. criticizing32. funeral33. life-stretcher34. life-shorteners35. But36. overstress37. must38. terms39. may40. way41. concerned42. are43. on44. long-lived45. not46. longevity47. little48. enjoy49. people50. not51. but52. of53. day54. walks55. day56. Over57. that58. the59. feeling60. against61. bore62. more63. laugh64. by65. lifeKey to Exercise IV I am not sure that I can draw an exact line between wit and humor. Perhaps the distinct isso subtle that only those can decidehave long white beards. I am quite positive that of the two, humor ismore comfortable and the more livable quantity. Humorous persons, if their gift isgenuine and not a merely shine upon the surface,are always agreed companions and they sit through evening best. They have pleasant mouths turned up at the corners. These corners the great Master of marionettes has fixed the strings, and he holdsthem in the nimblest fingers to twitch them atthe slightest jest. And the mouth of a witty manis hard and sour until the moment of discharge. Nor is the flash from a witty man ever comforting, whereas a humorous man radiatesgeneral pleasure and is like other candle in the room. I admire wit, but I have not real liking for it.It has had been too often employed against me, whereas humor is always an ally. Because it never points an impertinent finger out into my defects. Humorous persons do not sit as explosives on afus