语法翻译法与直接法

Gramamer TranslationMethodandDirectMethod Contents Gramamer TranslationMethod1 1Objectives1 2Techniques1 3AdvantagesandDisadvantages2 DirectMethod2 1Objectives2 2techniques2 3Advantagesanddisadvantages Gramamer TranslationMethod Fromthe16thcenturyto19thcentury thegrammartranslationmethodisaforeignlanguageteachingmethodderivedfromtheclassical sometimescalledtraditional methodofteachingGreekandLatin ThefounderisH G Ollendoff Theaimofthismethodistobeabletoreadandtranslateliterarymasterpiecesandclassics 1 1Objectives IntheGrammar TranslationMethod theultimatepurposeoflearningaforeignlanguageistoenablethelearnerstoreadandtranslateitsliteratureofthetargetlanguage 1 1 Grammar Translationisconsideredasanecessarypreliminarytothestudyofliteraryworks 2 Studentsarerequiredtomemorizegrammaticalrulesinordertounderstandandmanipulatemorphologyandsyntaxofthetargetlanguage 3 Thestudentswhocantranslatefromonelanguageintoanotherareconsideredsuccessfullanguagelearners 2 Theotherobjectivesofthemethodaretoprovidestudentswithgoodmentalexercisethathelpdeveloptheirminds andtogainabetterunderstandingofthefirstlanguage 1 2Techniques 1 Reading readingpassagesareplannedaroundthesequencedgrammaticalstructuresandvocabularytobestudied Thepassagesmaybeexcerptedfromliteraryworksorcarefullywrittenbyacompiler includingparticulargrammarrulesandvocabulary 2 Translation translationcanbeemployedinpresentinganewgrammaticalitem understandinganewpassage orasexercisesattheendofalesson thematerialsmaybewrittenorspoken Literaltranslationshouldbefollowedbyfreetranslation Sentencetranslationusuallytakesplacebeforepassagetranslation 3 Deductiveteachingofgrammar 演绎法语法教学 grammarrulesaretaughtdirectlybytheteacherwithexceptiontoeachrulenoted Thentheruesarepracticedthroughtranslationexercises 1 2Techniques 4 Analysisandcomparison Inordertoapplyinggrammarrulestospecificexamplesandtounderstandthereadingpassage difficultsentencesreanalyzedindetailandcomparedwiththefirstlanguagesentence Usually thefunctionofeachpartofsentenceisclearlyexplained 5 Memorization oneofthetechniquesisusedintheGrammar TranslationMethod 6 Readingcomprehensionquestions7 Writtenwork 书面作业 1 Fill in the blanksisonekindofwrittenworkwhichrequiresstudentstofillintheblanksinasentenceorinapassagewithnewvocabularyitemsorwithitemsofaparticulargrammartype 2 Usingnewwordstomakeupsentences 3 Composition Studentsareaskedtowriteaboutatopicthatisbaseduponsomeaspectsofthereadingpassageofthelesson 1 4AdvantangesandDisadvantanges 在外语教学里利用文法 利用学生的理解力 以提高外语教学的效果 重视阅读 翻译能力的培养 重视语法知识的传授以及对学生智慧的磨炼 使用方便 只要教师掌握了外语的基本知识 就可以拿着外语课本教外语 不需要什么教具和设备 在外语教学里创建了翻译的教学形式 对建立外语教学法体系做出了重大的贡献 1 Overemphasisontranslationcanneveremancipatethelearnersfromdependenceonthefirstlanguage 2 TheGrammar Translationputstoomuchemphasisonreadingandwritingandneglectslisteningandspeaking Knowingalargenumberofgrammaticalrulescannotensurethatstudentscanusethemappropriatelyinrealcommunicativesituation 3 IntheGrammar TranslationMethod thetextsaremostlytakenformliteraryworks Thelanguagelearnedoftendoesn tmeetthepracticalneedsofthelearners 4 memorizinggrammarrulesandbilingualwordlistsdoesnotmotivatestudentstoactivelycommunicateinthetargetlanguage 2 DirectMethod ThetheoryoflanguageunderlyingtheDirectMethodwasmainlyderivedfromthefollowingviewsproposedbytheinnovationsandreformersofthe19thcentury ItsfounderisF Gouin Objectives 1 TheobjectivesoftheDirectMethodaretofosterthestudents abilitytocommunicateinthetargetlanguage 2 Thegeneralgoalofalanguageprogrammeistoteachconversationalskills 2 1Objectives 3 ThereasonfortheexclusiveuseoftheforeignlanguageintheDirectMethodistoenablethestudentstothinkinthetargetlanguage sothattheycanuseittoexpressthemselvesdirectlywithoutreferringtotheirmothertongue 4 Totrainforbasiclanguageskillsisnotneglected butreadingandwritingexercisesshouldbebaseduponwhatthestudentspracticeorallyfirst 5 Pronunciationispaidattentiontofromthebeginningofacourse Vocabularytakesprecedenceovergrammar 6 Toachievecorrectpronunciation 2 2Techniques 1 Directassociation 直接联系 newlanguageitemsarepresentedbyassociatingmeaningwiththetargetlanguagedirectly 2 Questionandanswerexercises inordertohavethenewly introducedlanguageitemsfullyunderstoodbystudents theteacheranswersstudents questionsandasksstudentstoanswerherquestionsinfullsentences 3 Conversationpractice studentsareencouragedtoaskeachotherquestionsusingthesamegrammaticalstructurestheyhavepracticed 4 Errorcorrection Studentsarenotallowedtomakemistakes Theirmistakesareimmediatelycorrectedbytheteacherorbystudentsthemselves 2 2Techniques 5 Dictation 听写 DictationisanexercisefrequentlyusedinconsolidationwithwrittenworkintheDirectMethod Dictationisusedasameanstoreinforceandtestwhatthestudentshavelearned 6 Inductiveteachingofgrammar Grammarislearnedinductivelythroughlisteningandspeakingactivities 7 Listeningcomprehensiontasks DesigninglisteningcomprehensiontasksisoneofthewaystoestablishafavorbableclassroomclimateintheDirectMethod 8 Gradedcomposition 分级作文 writingcanbeintroducedasameansofconsolidationandevaluationintheDirectMethod Writtenworkshouldbegradedinthefollowingsequence reproductionoffamiliarreadingtexts reproductionofnarrativeorallypresentedbytheteacher freecomposition 9 GradedcompositionisoneoftechniquesoftheDirectMethod 10 Gradationisprinciplebywhichtheorganizationandsequencingwaschosen 11 ClassroomproceduresintheDirectMethodcanberoughlydividedintothreephases presentationbyDirectAssociation Oralpracticeinthetargetlanguage consolidationwithwrittenwork 2 3Advantagesanddisadvantages 采用各种直观教具 广泛运用贴近实际生活的教学方式 激发学生的学习兴趣 积极参与课堂教学活动 有利于培养学生的语音语调 特别是在培养学生的活动能力方面效果明显 强调直接学习和应用外语 促进学生使用所学的语言在课内外广泛开展交际 注重实践练习 培