微观经济学英文版ppt课件

Microeconomics YanYAN Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics A Introduction Youwanttobuyaclockinthegrocerynearthecampus Thepriceis 20 Afriendtellsyouthatitis 10inthesupermarketindowntown Wouldyoubuytheclockinthesupermarket Youwanttobuyacomputerwhichis 2510 whileitis 2500inthesupermarketindowntown Whereveryoubuythecomputer itwouldreturntotheproducerifthereisanyproblem Wherewouldyoubuyit Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics A Introduction 1 1ScarcityandEfficiencyWhatiseconomics Economicsisthestudyofhowsocietiesusescarceresourcestoproducevaluablecommoditiesanddistributethemamongdifferentpeople Whatisefficiency Efficiencydenotesthemosteffectiveuseofasociety sresourceinsatisfyingpeople swantsandneeds Ineconomics wesaythataneconomyisproducingefficientlywhenitcannotmakeanyoneeconomicallybetteroffwithoutmakingsomeoneelseworseoff Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics A Introduction 1 2MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomicsWhatisMicroeconomics Itisconcernedwiththebehaviorofindividualentitiessuchasmarkets firmsandhouseholds Founder Adamsmith WhatisMacroeconomics Itisconcernedwiththeoverallperformanceoftheeconomy Funder JohnMaynard Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics A Introduction 1 3ThelogicofeconomicsTheposthocfallacyItinvolvestheinferenceofcausality Itoccurswhenweassumethat becauseoneeventoccursanotherevent thefirsteventcausedthesecondevent 广东省的人口死亡率为5 4 是全国最低的省份 由此我们就推定生活在广东一定有利于身体健康 FailuretoholdotherthingsconstantItreferstothefailuretoholdotherthingsconstantwhenthinkingaboutanissue 税率对收入的影响FallacyofcompositionWhenyouassumethatwhatistrueforthepartisalsotrueforthewhole youarecommittingthefallacyofcomposition 一个农场主丰收VS 所有农场主都丰收 Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics B TheThreeproblemsofeconomicorganization Therearethreeproblemsofeconomicorganization Whatcommoditiesareproducedandinwhatquantities Howaregoodsproduced Forwhomaregoodsproduced Therearethreetypesofeconomies MarketeconomyCommandeconomyMixedeconomy Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics C Society stechnologicalpossibilities 1 4inputsandoutputsInputsarecommoditiesorservicesthatareusedtoproducegoodsandservices Outputsarethevarioususefulgoodsorservicesthatresultfromtheproductionprocessandareeitherconsumedoremployedinfurtherproduction 饺子的投入与产出 投入 面粉 肉 蔬菜 调味品 包饺子的技术 擀面杖 产出 饺子 Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics C Society stechnologicalpossibilities Factorsofproduction AnothernameforinputsItcanbeclassifiedintothreeboardcategories land laborandcapitalLand naturalresource representsthegiftofnaturetoourproductiveprocess Labor consistsofthehumantimespentinproduction workinginautomobilefactories tilingtheland teachingschool orbakingpizzas Capitalresourcefromthedurablegoodsofaneconomy producedinordertoproduceyetothergoods 建造房子需要什么生产要素 Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics C Society stechnologicalpossibilities 1 5TheProduction PossibilityFrontierSupposetheincomeisfixed wecanchoosetoproducegunorbutter showninthechart Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics C Society stechnologicalpossibilities Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics C Society stechnologicalpossibilities Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics C Society stechnologicalpossibilities Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics C Society stechnologicalpossibilities 1 6OpportunitycostThecostoftheforgonealternativeistheopportunitycostofthedecision Howtocalculateopportunitycost Supposethecountrydecidetoincreaseitsgunpurchasefrom9000gunsatDto12000unitsatC whatistheopportunitycostofthedecision 1millionbutter Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics Exercise DiscussionAssumethatEconolandproduceshaircutsandshirtswithinputsoflabor Econolandhas1000hoursoflaboravailable Ahaircutrequires houroflabor whileashirtsrequires5hoursoflabor ConstructEconoland sproduction possibilityfrontier Chapter1 TheFundamentalsofEconomics Considerthefollowingproblem afteryour8hoursadayofsleep youhave16hoursadaytodeliverbetweenleisureandstudy LetleisurehoursbetheXvariableandstudyhoursbetheYvariable 1 plotthestraight linerelationshipbetweenallcombinationsofXandYonablankpieceofgraphpaper 2 letussaythatyouabsolutelyneed6hoursofleisureperday nomore noless Onthegraph markthepointthatcorrespondsto6hoursofleisure 3 nowconsideramovementalongthecurve assumethatyoudecidethatyouneedonly4hoursofleisureaday Plotthenewpoint Chapter2 MarketsandGovernmentinaModernEconomy Imaginewhatprocessdoesmeatexperience Whatismarket Itisamechanismthroughwhichbuyersandsellersinteracttodeterminepricesandexchangegoodsandservices Price DemandPrice DemandPrice DemandPricecoordinatethedecisionsofproducersandconsumersinamarket Higherpricestendstoreduceconsumerpurchasesandencourageproduction Lowerpricesencourageconsumptionanddiscourageproduction Pricesarethebalancewheelofthemarketmechanism Chapter2 MarketsandGovernmentinaModernEconomy MarketEquilibriumItrepresentsabalanceamongallthedifferentbuyersandsellers Pleasenotethefollowingquestions 1 Isitalwaystruethatwhendemandisincreasing pricewillalsoincrease AhotelinEgypt2 Isittruethatdemandistheonlyreasonforpriceriseandfall AnexamplefromGolfinUSIsittruethatbuyeristheimportantreasonforprice Anexampleofpriceofpeanutandwineinthebar Chapter2 MarketsandGovernmentinaModernEconomy Homework1 Whatarethemostimportantproblemsineconomics 2 Pleasegivethedefinitionofinputandoutput 3 Intheexampleofbutterandguns assumethattheproductivityofbutterhasdoubledbecauseoftechnologyinnovation whiletheproductivityofgunshasnotchanged PleaseplotthenewpointsandPPFaccordingtothepreviousexample Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand A Thedemandschedule 3 1TheDemandCurve Thereexistsadefiniterelationshipbetweenthemarketpriceofagoodandthequantitydemandedofthatgood otherthingsconstant Thisrelationshipbetweenpriceandquantityboughtiscalledthedemandschedule orthedemandcurve Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand A Thedemandschedule Thelawofdownward slopingdemand 需求向下倾斜规律 Whenthepriceofacommodityisraised andotherthingsareheldconstant buyerstendstobuylessofthecommodity Similarly whenthepriceislowered otherthingsbeingconstant quantitydemandedincreased Whythequantitydemandedtendstofallaspricerises SubstitutioneffectIncomeeffect Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand A Thedemandschedule 3 1 1Forcesbehindthedemandcurve Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand A Thedemandschedule 3 1 2Shiftsindemand Doesthedemandincreaseorfall Willawarmwintershiftthedemandcurveforheatingoilleftwardorrightward Whatwillhappentothedemandforbaseballticketsifyoungpeopleloseinterestinbaseballandwatchbasketballinstead whathappenstothedemandforacollegeeducationifwagesarefallingforblue collarjobswhilesalariesforcollege educatedinvestmentbankersandcomputerscientistarerisingrapidly Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand B Thesupplyschedule 3 2SupplycurveItshowstherelationshipbetweenitsmarketpriceandtheamountofthatcommoditythatproducersarewillingtoproduceandsell otherthingsheldconstant Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand B Thesupplyschedule Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand B Thesupplyschedule Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand B Thesupplyschedule Doesthesupplycurvemoverleftwardorrightward WhatwouldhappentotheworldsupplycurveforoilifarevolutioninIraqledtodecliningoilproduction WhatwouldhappentothesupplycurveforclothingiftariffswereincreasedonChineseimportsintotheUS WhatwouldhappentosupplycurveforcomputersifIntelintroducesanewchipthatdramaticallyincreasescomputingspeeds Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand C Equilibriumofsupplyanddemand 3 3EquilibriumofsupplyanddemandWhatisEquilibriumofsupplyanddemand Supplyanddemandinteracttoproduceanequilibriumpriceandquantity oramarketequilibrium Themarketequilibriumcomesatthatpriceandquantitywheretheforcesofsupplyanddemandareinbalance Attheequilibriumprice theamountthatbuyerswanttobuyisjustequaltotheamountthatsellerswanttosell Whentheforceofsupplyanddemandareinbalance thereisnoreasonforpricetoriseorfall aslongasotherthingsremainunchanged Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand C Equilibriumofsupplyanddemand Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand C Equilibriumofsupplyanddemand Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand C Equilibriumofsupplyanddemand Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand Exercise DiscussionAfreezeinbrazil scoffee growingregionwilllowerthepriceofcoffee X protecting AmericantextilemanufacturersfromChineseclothingimportswilllowerclothingpricesinUS X Therapidincreaseincollegetuitionwilllowerthedemandforcollege X Thewaragainstdrugs withincreasedinterdictionofimportedcocaine willlowerthepriceofdomesticallyproducedmarijuana X Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand Fromthefollowingdata plotthesupplyanddemandcurvesanddeterminetheequilibriumpriceandquantity Whatwouldhappenifthedemandforpizzatripledateachprice Whatwouldoccurifthepricewereinitiallysetat 4perpizza Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand Answer Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand 2 ThepriceofsubstituteandcomplementforCommodityXisrising whichwillmakethequantityofXchanges50and80individually Underthecombinedeffectofsubstituteandcomplement thequantityofXwill A increase30unitsB decrease30unitsC increase130unitsD decrease130units 4 Thedemandfortomatochanges because A consumersthinkthepriceistoohighB thereisharvestoftomatothisyearC consumerspredictthepricewillfallD thetechnologyoftomatoplantingisimproved 1 Whenthepriceofbadmintonracketsfalls holdingotherthingsconstant thequantityforbadmintonwill A decreaseB notchangeC increaseD notbesure 3 Ifthepriceofcarrentingincrease thedemandforpublictransportationis A decreasingB constantC increasingD notsure Chapter3 BasicElementsofSupplyandDemand 5 assumethedemandfunctionofCommodityXisQd 50 5PandsupplyfunctionisQs 10 5P 1 pleasegivetheequilibriumpriceandquantityandplotthedemandcurveandsupplycurve2 becauseoftheincreaseofincome thedemandfunctionchangesintoQd 60 5P holdingotherthingsconstant whatwillbethenewequilibriumpriceandquantity Pleaseplotthenewcurves3 becauseoftheinnovationoftechnology thesupplyfunctionisQs 5 5P holdotherthingsconstant pleasecalculatetheequilibriumpriceandquantityandplotthenewcurves Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand 4 1Priceelasticityofdemandandsupply为什么最近上海房价涨势如此凶猛 还有人会趋之若鹜地购买 4 1 1PriceelasticityofdemandElasticity Thequantitativerelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitypurchased Priceelasticityofdemand alsocalledpriceelasticity measureshowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodchangeswhenitspricechanges Food fuel foodisinelasticEuropeanholidayiselastic Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Economicfactorsdeterminethesizeofpriceelasticitiesforindividualgoods elasticitiestendtobehigherwhenthegoodsareluxuries whensubstitutesareavailable andwhenconsumershavemoretimetoadjusttheirbehavior 4 1 2Caculatingelasticities Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Whena1percentchangeinpricecallsforthmorethana1percentchangeinquantitydemanded thegoodhasprice elasticdemand Forexample ifa1percentincreaseinpriceyieldsa5percentdecreaseinquantitydemanded thecommodityhasahighlyprice elasticdemand Whena1percentchangeinpriceproducelessthana1percentchangeinquantitydemanded thegoodhasprice inelasticdemand Forexample whena1percentincreaseinpriceyieldsonlya0 2percentdecreaseindemand Whenthepercentagechangeinquantityisexactlythesameasthepercentagechangeinprice Inthiscase apercentincreaseinpriceyieldsa1percentdecreaseindemand Thisiscalledunit elasticdemand Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand 1 Isslopeassameaselasticity 2 Forslopeequalsto1 doesitmeanthatelasticityisnotchangeatanypoint 3 isittruethatsteepslopemeaninelasticdemandandflatslopemeanelasticdemand Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand 4 1 3ElasticityandRevenueTotalrevenueisdefinedpricetimesquantity Ifyouknowthepriceelasticityofdemand youknowwhatwillhappentototalrevenuewhenpricechanges Whendemandisprice inelastic apricedecreasereducetotalrevenue Whendemandisprice elastic apricedecreasewillincreasetotalrevenue Intheborderlinecaseofunit elasticdemand apricedecreaseleadstonochangeintotalrevenue Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Exercise1Summericeisaselleroficecream Thebuyersaredividedintochildrenandadult Nowthepriceforicecreamis 2foreach Summericetendstolowerthepriceby 1 thebuyersresponsetothepricefallingisshownbellow Whatisthepriceelasticityoftwokindsofbuyers Ifthepriceis 2foreach pleasecalculatethetotalrevenue Ifthepriceis 1foreach pleasecalculatethetotalrevenue Ifthepriceis 2foradultand 1forchildren pleasecalculatethetotalrevenueIfthepriceis 1foradultand 2forchildren pleasecalculatethetotalrevenueWhatisthebestchoiceandpleaseexplainthereason Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand 4 1 4CrossPriceElasticityCrosspriceelasticity ThepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofGoodsA ThepercentagechangeinpriceofGoodsBIfCrossPriceelasticityispositive thatmeansGoodsAandGoodsBaresubstitutesIfCrossPriceelasticityisnegative thatmeansGoodsAandGoodsBarecomplementsTeaandcoffeeareoftentakenassubstitutes Whichoneisthepossiblecrosspriceelasticityofthem 0 5VS 1 5 Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Example1Supposethecrosspriceelasticityofmovieticketsandpopcornis 0 6 ifpriceofmovieticketsisraised20 thepercentagechangeofpopcornquantitydemandedwill A increase1 2 B increase12 C decrease1 2 D decrease12 Example2Pleasecalculatethecrosspriceelasticityofpizzaandbook Accordingthetheresult arepizzaandbooksubstitutesorcomplements Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand 4 2PriceelasticityofsupplyPriceelasticityofsupplyisthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Exercise2Microlandsupplycurveisshownasfollowed 1 Plotthesupplycurveandsupplyfunction2 ifthepriceis 200perbicycleandloweredinto 100foreach pleasecalculatethepriceelasticityofsupply 3 ifthepriceis 400originallyandraisedto 500 pleasecalculatethepriceelasticityofsupply 4 Istheelasticitythesame Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand 4 3incomeelasticityIncomeelasticity percentagechangeinquantitydemanded percentagechangeinincomeIfincomeelasticityispositive thatmeansincomeispositivelyrelatedtothequantitydemanded Anditisnormalgoods Iftheincomeelasticityisnegative thatmeansincomeisnegativelyrelatedtothequantitydemanded Anditisinferiorgoods Example3SupposetheincomeelasticityofGoodsAislargerthan1 whichstatementistrue A ThepercentageofquantitydemandedislargerthanthoseofincomeB GoodsAarenecessities becausequantitydemandedisraisedwiththeincreasingofincomeC GoodsAareinferiorgoods becausethepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedislagerthanthoseofincomewiththeincreasingofincome D GoodsAareluxuries becauseincomehavehepositiverelationshipwithquantitydemanded Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Example4SupposeyouareacityplannerforSantaFe NewMexico andyouareconcernedaboutthegrowthinthedemandforwaterconsumptionbyhouseholdsinthatraidregion Youmakeinquiresandfindthefollowingdatafor2000 thepopulationis62000 theprojectedgrowthrateofthepopulationis20 perdecade percapitaannualwaterconsumptionin2000was1000gallons percapitaincomesareprojectedtogrowby25 overthenextdecade andtheincomeelasticityofwaterusepercapitais0 5 youthenestimatethewaterneedsfor2010as Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand 4 4ImpactofataxonpriceandquantityEXAMPLESupposethatthegovernmentdecidestodiscourageoilconsumptionbylevyingagasolinetaxof 1pergallon Whowillpayforthistax Itcouldbethattheburdenofthetaxisshiftedforwardtotheconsumers iftheretailpriceofgasolinegoesupbythefuel 1ofthetax Orperhapsconsumerscutbacksosharplyongasolinepurchasethattheburdenofthetaxisshiftedbackcompletelyontotheoilcompanies Chapter4ApplicationofSupplyandDemand Chapter5DemandandConsumerBehavior 5 1ChoiceandutilitytheoryUtilityItdenotessatisfaction Moreprecisely itreferstohowconsumersrankdifferentgoodsandservices Intheoryofdemand wesaythatpeoplemaximizetheirutility whichmeansthattheychoosethebundleofconsumptiongoodsthattheymostprefer MarginalutilityTheincrementtoyourutilityLawofdiminishingmarginalutility Itstatesthattheamountofextraormarginalutilitydeclinesasapersonconsumesmoreandmoreofagood Chapter5DemandandConsumerBehavior Chapter5DemandandConsumerBehavior Chapter5DemandandConsumerBehavior Pleaseassumeeachcustomermaximizeshisorherutility whichmeansthatthecustomerchoosesthemostpreferredbundlesofgoodsfromwhatisavailable Isthelastunitofegghavethesamemarginalutilitywiththelastunitofshoes IfGoodAcoststwiceasmuchasGoodB thenbuyGoodAonlywhenitsmarginalutilityisatleasttwiceasgreatasGoodB smarginalutility EquimarginalpricipleThefundamentalconditionofmaximumsatisfactionorutilityistheequimarginalpriciple Itstatesthataconsumerhavingafixedincomeandfacinggivenmarketpricesofgoodswillachievemaximumsatisfactionorutilitywhenthemarginalutilityofthelastdollarspentoneachgoodisexactlythesameasthemarginalutilityofthelastdollarspentonanyothergood Chapter5DemandandConsumerBehavior Chapter5DemandandConsumerBehavior Pleasenotethepriceis 10perunit Chapter5DemandandConsumerBehavior Exercise1AssumeIncomeandPriceofGoodYarenotchanged ifthepriceofGoodXisraised A theutilityfromconsuminglastunitofgoodXwilldecrease B ThemarginalutilityofspendingthelastunitofGoodYisraised C ThemarginalutilityofspendingthelastunitofGoodXisdecreased D theinterestandpreferenceforGoodXisdecreased Chapter5DemandandConsumerBehavior SubstitutioneffectItsaysthatwhenthepriceofagoodrises consumerswilltendtosubstituteothergoodsforthemoreexpensivegoodinordertosatisfytheirdesiresmoreinexpensively Thesubstitutioneffectoccurswhenahigherpriceleadstosubstitutionofothergoodsforthegoodwhosepricehasrisen IncomeeffectItdenotestheimpactofapricechangeonagood squantitydemandedduetotheeffectofthepricechangeonrealincome Highincomeelasticity suchasthoseforairlinetravel indicatethatthedemandforthesegoodsrisesrapidlyasincomeincreases Lowincomeelasticity suchasforgoodorcigarettes denotesaweakresponseofdemandasincomerises Chapter5DemandandConsumerBehavior Exercise2Whenthepriceofacertaingoodisraisedandthisaccountsalargepartofthetotalincome Thatmeansincomeeffectwillmakeconsumerspoorer becausetheincreasingofprice A loweredtheindividualbuyi