跨文化交际第五章ppt课件

Chapter5CultureShockinInterculturalCommunication Goals 1 toidentifythe5stagesofcultureshock2 toidentifythedefinitionsofHCandLC CultureShock firstidentifiedin1958byanthropologistKalveroOberg isalongtermpsychologicalstressthatallhumanbeingsexperiencewhentheymovetoacompletelynewculturalenvironment Cultureshockusuallysetsinthefirstfewweeksofmovingtoanewenvironment thoughsometimescantakelongertosurface Cultureshock likeadisease hascauses symptomsandcures 1 CultureShock referstothetraumatic tr m tik experiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture expressesthelackofdirection thefeelingofnotknowingwhattodoorhowtodothingsinanewenvironment andnotknowingwhatisappropriateorinappropriate thephysicalandemotionaldiscomfortonesufferswhencomingtoliveinanothercountryoraplacedifferentfromtheplaceoforigin troublesomefeelingssuchasdepression loneliness confusion inadequacy hostility frustration andtension causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture 2 Symptomsofcultureshock a physicalsymptomsover concernedaboutcleanlinessoffood bedding anddishes extremestressonhealthandsafety fearofphysicalcontactwithanyoneinthenewcountry greatconcernoverminorpainsandskineruptions 出疹 craving homecooking useofalcoholanddrugs andadeclineinworkquality b psychologicalsymptoms insomnia in s mni fatigue isolationandloneliness disorientation frustration criticismofnewcountry depression nervousness self doubt irritability anger andemotionalandintellectualwithdrawal 3 Causesofcultureshock CulturalstressSocialalienationSocialclassandpoverty wealthextremesFinancialmattersRelationshipsandfamilyconsiderations a CulturalStress Enteringanunfamiliarcultureisstressful infact transitionsofanytypearebothpsychologicallyandphysicallystressful Problemswithhousing climate services orcommunicationinanotherlanguagebringadditionalstress b SocialAlienation Anaspectofcultureshockthatcanhaveadverseeffectsuponthenewcomerstoacultureissocialalienationandthefeelingsoflonelinessthatareassociatedwithbeingisolatedfromfriendsandthehomeculture c Socialclassandpoverty wealthextremes Classdistinctionsdoexistinmanycountries butaresocomplicatedandsubtlethatvisitorsfromothercountriesoftenmissthenuances nju ns 细微差别 andeventheexistenceofaclassstructure d Financialmatters Adaptingtoanewcultureandreenteringthehomecultureinvolvefinancialadjustments suchascostandavailabilityofhousing bankingpractices useofcreditcardsandchecks andcostsofschooling e Relationshipsandfamilyconsiderations Problemsrelatedwithrelationshipssuchasfailureofthespouseandotherfamilymemberstoadapttothenewcultureareamajorfactorintheearlyreturnofexpatriates 4 Stagesofcultureshock Thehoneymoonstage Thehostilitystage Therecoverystage Theadjustmentstage Thebiculturalitystage Thefirststageofinitialcontact sometimescalledthe honeymoon stageorinitialeuphoria ju f ri 幸福愉快感 iswhereeverythingisnewandexciting eagertopleasepeoplearound cooperation interestinlisteningtopeople a the honeymoon stage E g AEuropean basedjointventurecompanyhasjusthiredMr Wang Withhisfineuniversityrecord Englishproficiencyandgoodworkrecord hesuccessfullycompetedwithmanyotherapplicantstowintheentry levelposition Thecompanyhasjustbuiltastate of the art 顶尖水准的 factoryintheoutskirtsofhishometown whichmeansthathecangoaheadwithhisplanstomarrywithoutdelay b thehostilitystage thecrisisordisenchantment 失望 stage Thesecondstageischaracterizedbyfrustration anger anxietyandsometimesdepression tiredoflisteningtoandspeakinganotherlanguage difficulttoworkwith tryeveryone spatience E g AWesternerinChinawhosuspectsheisbeingcheatedbyavendormaysimplytosshisbagoffruitbackandwalkaway orhemightstartyellingandaccusinginwhateverlanguageheisabletomanage c therecoverystage thereintegrationstage Thethirdstageischaracterizedbygainingsomeunderstandingofthenewculture anewfeelingofpleasureandsenseofhumor acertainpsychologicalbalance afeelingofdirection E g ThesameWesternerwho6monthearlierwalkedawayfromthestreetvendorinanger nowconfidentlyentersaChinesehotelreadytobargainforareductionintheforeigners roommate d theadjustmentstage Inthefourthstage peoplerealizethenewculturehasgoodandbadthingstooffer Thisintegrationisaccompaniedbyamoresolidfeelingofbelonging doubleortripleintegration feelgood atease successfullyadjustedtothenewculture E g WuLian studyinginAmericanow haslearnedwhichofherclassmatesareworthspendingtimewithandhowtoaskthemtherightquestionstolearnwhatsheneedstoknow Shehasmadenewfriends Bythistimesheisabletoacceptboththesimilaritiesandthedifferencesbetweenhishomecultureandthenewculture Shebecomesmoresensitivetolocalpeopleandasaresult herrelationshipwiththemisbecomingwarmerandmorepersonal Lifeisbecomingmorecomfortable e thebiculturalitystage thefulladjustmentstage Biculturality thehealthyandevenidealstageofadaptationinwhichone soriginalculturalworldviewremainsintactasalternativeculturalframesareacquired Inthefinalstagepeoplebecomeabletocopecomfortablyinbothhomeandnewcultures However fulladjustmentcantakeyears Atthisstagethepersonhasgrownasahumanbeingandhasbeenreplacedbyanewonethatfunctionsatahigherlevelofhumansensitivityandself awareness 5 Reversecultureshock mayoccuruponreturningtothehomecountryifapersonhasadjustedexceptionallywelltothehostculture return reentrycultureshockreturnees Thereareusuallytwoelementsthatcharacterizere entry AnidealizedviewofhomeTheexpectationoftotalfamiliarity thatnothingathomehaschangedwhileyouhavebeenaway Aproblemariseswhenrealitydoesn tmeettheseexpectations Homemayfeelsoforeign Reversecultureshockisusuallydescribedinfourstages DisengagementInitialeuphoriaIrritabilityandhostilityReadjustmentandadaptation 6 Stagesofreversecultureshock Stage1beginsbeforeyouleaveyourhostcountry Youbeginthinkingaboutre entryandmakingyourpreparationsforyourreturnhome Youalsobegintorealizethatit stimetosaygood byetoyourfriendsabroadandtotheplaceyou vecometocallhome Thehustleandbustleoffinals good byeparties andpackingcanintensifyyourfeelingsofsadnessandfrustration Youalreadymissthefriendsyou vemade andyouarereluctanttoleave Or youmaymakeyourlastfewdaysflybysofastthatyoudon thavetimetoreflectonyouremotionsandexperiences Stage2usuallybeginsshortlybeforedeparture anditischaracterizedbyfeelingsofexcitementandanticipation eveneuphoria aboutreturninghome Thisisverysimilartotheinitialfeelingsoffascinationandexcitementyoumayhavewhenyoufirstenteredyourhostcountry Youmaybeveryhappytoseeyourfamilyandfriendsagain andtheyarealsohappytoseeyou Thelengthofthisstagevaries andoftenendswiththerealizationthatmostpeoplearenotasinterestedinyourexperiencesabroadasyouhadhoped Theywillpolitelylistentoyourstoriesforawhile butyoumayfindthatsoontheyarereadytomoveontothenexttopicofconversation Stage3Youmayexperiencefeelingsoffrustration anger alienation loneliness disorientation andhelplessnessandnotunderstandexactlywhy Youmightquicklybecomeirritatedorcriticalofothersandofhomeculture Depression feelinglikeastrangerathome andthelongingtogobackabroadarealsonotuncommonreactions Youmayalsofeellessindependentthanyouwerewhileabroad Stage4agradualreadjustmenttolifeathome Thingswillstarttoseemalittlemorenormalagain andyouwillprobablyfallbackintosomeoldroutines butthingswon tbeexactlythesameashowyouleftthem Youhavemostlikelydevelopednewattitudes beliefs habits aswellaspersonalandprofessionalgoals andyouwillseethingsdifferentlynow Theimportantthingistotrytoincorporatethepositiveaspectsofyourinternationalexperiencewhileabroadwiththepositiveaspectsofyourlifeathome A DefensemechanismsagainstcultureshockrepressionregressionisolationrejectionThesemethodsarenothelpfulbecausetheypreventusfrommakingnecessaryadjustmenttothenewculture 7 Strategiesformanagingcultureshock B Alleviatingcultureshocklearningthroughoutyourstaygetinvolvedastersimpletaskstrytounderstandlearntolivewithambiguitybeempathetic 移情 beflexibleandresourceful 机智的 behumorous InhisbookBeyondCultures publishedin1976byAnchorPress Doubleday inNewYork Halldistinguishesamongculturesonthebasisoftheroleofcontextincommunicationandclassifyculturepatternsintohigh contextcultureandlow contextculture 8 High contextCulture Low contextCulture ContextAccordingtoHall contextreferstothestimuli environment ambience mbi ns 周围环境 surroundinganevent Hallarrangedlow andhigh contextcountriesonacontinuumasfollows GermanNorthAmericanFrenchSpanishGreekChinese German SwissScandinavianEnglishItalianMexicanArabJapanese LCcultures HCcultures 高 日本人 中国人 韩国人 非裔美国人 美国土著人 阿拉伯人 希腊人 拉丁美洲人 意大利人 英国人 法国人 美国人 斯堪的纳维亚人 瑞士人 德国人 低 8 1WhatisHC Hallstates Highcontexttransactionsfeaturepre programmedinformationthatisinthereceiverandinthesetting withonlyminimalinformationinthetransmittedmessage Lowcontexttransactionsarethereverse Mostoftheinformationmustbeinthetransmittedmessageinordertomakeupforwhatismissinginthecontext Lowcontextculture referstogroupsofculturesthatvalueindividualorientationandovertcommunicationcodesandmaintainsaheterogeneousnormativestructurewithlowculturaldemandcharacteristics Highcontextculture referstogroupsofculturesthatvaluegroupidentityorientationandcovertcommunicationcodesandmaintainsahomogeneousnormativestructurewithhighculturaldemandcharacteristics Inhigh contextculturesmostoftheinformationisinthephysicalcontextorisinternalizedinthepeoplewhoareapartoftheinteraction Verylittleinformationisactuallycodedintheverbalmessage Inlow contextcultures mostoftheinformationiscontainedintheverbalmessage andverylittleisembeddedinthecontextorwithintheparticipants 8 2SomeFeaturesofHC LC High contextestablishsocialtrustfirstvaluepersonalrelationsandgoodwillagreementbyrelationsandgoodwillnegotiationsslowLow contextgetdowntobusinessfirstvalueexpertiseandperformanceagreementbyspecific legalisticcontextnegotiationsasefficientaspossible LowContextHighContext 8 3Comparinglow tohigh contextcultures Tendstopreferdirectverbalinteraction Tendstounderstandmeaningatonelevel Tendstopreferindirectverbalinteraction Tendstounderstandmeaningatmanysocio culturallevels Isgenerallylessproficientinreadingnonverbalcues Isgenerallymoreproficientinreadingnonverbalcues Valueindividualism Valuegroupmembership Reliesmoreonlogic Reliesmoreoncontextandfeeling Employlinearlogic Employspirallogic Saysnodirectly Talksaroundpoint avoidsayingno Communicatesinhighlystructured context messages providesdetails stressesliteralmeanings givesauthoritytowritteninformation Communicatesinsimple ambiguous non contextedmessages understandsvisualmessagesreadily Illustrations ContextandChineseLanguagebyEdwardHall 1976China thepossessorofagreatandcomplexculture isonthehigh contextendofthescale OnenoticesthisparticularlyinthewrittenlanguageofChina whichis35hundredyearsoldandhaschangedverylittleinthepast3thousandyears TheneedforcontextisexperiencedwhenlookingupwordsinaChinesedictionary TouseaChinesedictionary thereadermustknowthesignificanceof214radicals 偏旁 部首 therearenocounterpartsforradicalsintheIndo Europeanlanguages Forexample tofindthewordforstaronemustknowthatitappearsunderthesunradical TobeliterateinChinese onehastobeconversant 精通 withChinesehistory Anotherinterestingsidelight 花絮新闻 趣闻 ontheChineseorthographyisthatitisalsoanartform Tomyknowledge nolow contextcommunicationsystemhaseverbeenanartform Goodartisalwayshigh context badart low context CulturaldifferencesattheairportYouwillnoticeaninterestingphenomenonatthearrivalgatesofinternationalairports UsuallythereisagroupoffamilymembersorahostwaitingtomeettheChinese Japanese andotherAsianswhoaregettingofftheairplane OftenthereisnoonewaitingtomeettheWesternerswhoarearriving Theyjustcollecttheirbaggageandthentakeataxiorabustotheirdestination ApparentlytheAsiansthinkthatnoonearrivinginanunfamiliarplaceshouldbelefttofindtheirontheirown Theyneedpeopleatthistime Westernersaremorelikelytoassumethatcertainpredictableserviceswillbeavailablesuchashotelbookingcountersandtransportationservicesandthattheycanfindtheseandthecityandalreadylearnedalotabouttheairport hotels touristsite whatpeoplehewillneedtocontactforparticularpurposesoncehegetsthere wheretogetagooddinner andmore Westerners aslow contextcommunicators lookfor tru