中考英语词性复习.doc

第三讲 词性一名词名词专有名词普通名词个体名词可数名词集体名词物质名词不可数名词抽象名词一名词-noun缩写为 n.名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book， milk等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：boy , cat 。2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family ,class。3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：milk ,air。4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work , help。二名词的可数与不可数物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，为不可数名词。 不可数名词前不能加冠词a 或an来表示量， 也没有复数形式。要表示“一个（只，块，张。）”的概念，须加 a piece of , a bowl of , a drop of 等。表示“一些，许多”可用：some, any, a little, little, a lot of ,lots of , much, 等常见的不可数名词有：news work weather paper fruit bread wood air chalk集体名词象people, police,trousers, scissors只有复数形式。有的名词在表示某一词义时是可数名词，而表示另一词义时又是不可数名词。Glass, chicken, paper, exercise, orangeroom 房间（可）； 空间（不） time 次 (可）； 时间（不）glass 眼镜,玻璃杯（可）；玻璃（不）小结：根据以上分析，也就是说，可数名词的单数表示的是单位一，它的前面可以接 a, an, the, this, that, my, his, her, its, Toms 等等这些词。 其复数则一般要在该词后加-s或是其它的变化(我们叫规则和不规则变化)见下文分析: 三名词的数的变化可数名词有复数形式，分为规则和不规则变化，1规则变化 直接加-s 如：book, pen teacher student. Etc加-es 以x, s, (t)ch, sh 结尾的可数名词，如：box，glass, watch, match, dish , wish. 以辅音字母加y 结尾，去y变i 加-es如：story, country, city, factory dictionary family baby.注意：以元音字母加y结尾的则直接加s.如：key, monkey, boy, toy, way, play(戏剧) 以f 或fe结尾，变f为v 加-es 如：knife, leaf, shelf, thief, wife , half.2不规则变化1）child-childrenfoot(脚)-feettooth(牙齿)-teethmouse(老鼠)-miceman-men woman-women 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German(德国人)不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans(Bowman的一家)。2）单复同形如：deer(鹿), sheep(绵羊), Chinese, Japanese li(厘)，jin(斤)，yuan(元)，two li，three mu(亩)，four jin但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars. 总之，中国的单位没有复数而国外的有。3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：people(人)police(警察)cattle(牲口) 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of(一头)cattle。此外， French(法国人)，Chinese，Japanese，Swiss(瑞士人) 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，前面要用the。如：The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。二代词第一人称第二人称第三人称主格I we youShe he it they 宾格 Me us you Her him it them形容词性物主代词 My our your Her his its their名词性物主代词 Mine ours yours Hers his its theirs一 代词的分类1 人称代词的主格和宾格 主格：在句中充当主语。 宾格：在动词或介词后面充当宾语。2 物主代词。包括形容词性和名词性的物主代词。 形容词性的物主代词后面必须有名词，名词性物主代词后面不可有名词，但要注意单复数。例：You have more apples than I, buy mine are better than yours. (此处的mine指my apples,是复数)。3 反身代词，myself, themselves等.特别注意yourself有复数形式是yourselves 例： “Enjoy_(you) ,” He said to the children. 此处用yourselves. 反身代词用于一些固定的短语。如： hurt oneself, enjoy oneself, help oneself to, teach oneself, look at oneself in the mirror, say to oneself. 4 不定代词，all, each, every, both, either, neither，none, one, little, few, many, much，other, another, some, any, no。 由some, any, no, every 等构成的合成代词5 指示代词.表示空间和时间远近关系的代词包括:this/that(单数),these/those (复数)this,these指在方位上较近的人或物，that,those指在方位上较远的人或物例：This is my shirt, thats yours. These TVs are made in China, those are made in Japan.that,those常指前面提过的东西,以免重复例：These boxes are heavier than those on the desk.刚才提到的事情，在英文中用that例：He was ill yesterday. Im sorry to hear that.6疑问代词。用来构成特殊疑问句的代词常见有：who whom whose what which ，通常做主语宾语定语表语例：What makes you think like that ? 做主语 Who(Whom) were you talking with? 做宾语Which bus do I need? 做定语Whats your father? 做表语注意：在口语中，Who和Whom通用，但在介词后只能用Whom例：With whom did he play games?(正)With who did he play games?(错)二人称代词使用时的注意事项：1. 分清its和its : its 它的 例如: The clock has its face. its=it is 例如：Its a toy clock.2. 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词，名词是单数，名词性物主代词为单数，反之为复数。 例如： His brother is a soldier. Mine is a driver and hers is an engineer. I left my clothes on the chair. Where _his? a friend of his/mine/yours= one of hisfriends3. A friend of his /mine=one of his /my friends4. 冠词不能和形容词性物主代词一起连用例如：a my cat(wrong)5. This/that +single noun; these/those + plural noun.6. In the dialogue, it can be used to refer to (this/that), they refer to (these /those)7. That 可用来代替前面提到过的单数名词或不可数名词，those代替复数名词 例如：The weather today is finer than that yesterday. The radios made in Beijing are as good as those made in Shanghai.三It 的用法1、用以指前文提到的物，有时也可指不知性别的婴儿或不确指性别的人 例如：Where is your book? It is over there. The baby is crying. It may be hungry Who is knocking at the door? It must be Li Lei.2. It 也可用来表示天气、时间、距离等例如：It is rainy today. It will turn out fine tomorrow What is the time? It is nine. It is ten minutes walk from here3、作形式主语或形式宾语，没有意义例如：It takes me ten minutes to walk from there.I found it very hard to learn grammar.4、It /that /one 用以指前文提到过的单数名词them/those/ones用以指前文提到过的复数名词四结论1、that, those 后常跟介词短语（that/those +介词短语）前文是不可数名词时只能用that替代2、one/ones 前常有形容词、冠词、数量词、等修饰。3、it 指前文提到的那个名词五other/ another 必背: Each other, (两者) 互相 one another（三者或以上）相互 one after another一个接一个 from one to another从一个到另一个 the other day 不久前的某一天（用于过去时）Another 另一个，泛指众多中的一个，another+单数名词，“再，又”Another+数词+名词复数，相当于：数词+more+名词复数六不定代词1Both, all Both （两者）都all （ 三者或以上）都both 表两者都，all 表三者都Both+可数名词复数；all+可数名词复数或不可数名词both, all +of + 人称代词宾格；of 不能省all both 作副词时，位置在主动词后，行为动词前2Neither, none,no oneneither (两者) 都不，none (三者或以上)都不，no one没人3each, every, either, anyEach: （两者或以上）每一；可作代词、形容词、副词every: （三者或以上）每一的，仅作定语Either: (两者之间) 任何一个 作代词、形容词、副词any: （三者或以上）任何一个，作代词，形容词 三形容词一形容词的位置1形容词在句中be 后常作表语2在名词前叫定语，一般形容词用“的”。二名词化的形容词The + (adj): 表一类人或物。作主语时，谓语动词为复数The rich, the poor, the old, the young等三表语性形容词1只作表语、不能作定语置于名词前但可作后置定语,没有比较级的变化,不用very修饰。这样的形容词多以a开头：alone,afraid,asleep,awake,able,ill,well等例：The baby is asleep. A sleeping baby. Dont wake up the baby asleep The old man is alone. A single man. A lonely man.注意：smell闻起来, taste尝起来, seem似乎, look, sound,听起来，feel感觉也跟形容词。2这些表语性形容词可作状语The man lives alone in a small house四形容词的变化1形容词有时是名词加y变的sun-sunny, ,wind-windy, snow-snowy, rain-rainy, cloud-cloudy, health-healthy, luck-lucky, noise-noisy;2有时又是名词加ful变成形容词use-useful, care-careful, wonder-wonderful, beauty-beautiful,forgetful, help-helpful ,hope- hopeful 3有时动词的过去时，过去分词和形容词一样worry-worried, frighten-frightened, frustrate-frustrated, fry-fried五形容词比较等级的用法、比较级than、the +比较级+ of +the +two 两个当中比较的一位、the +最高级+ of (in) +三者或以上、as+形容词原级+as、not so (as)+原级+as 、the 比较级，the 比较级：越.就越、比较级+ and + 比较级：越来越.、one of the 最高级+名词复数六A=B. A+be/V.+as 原级+ as B. 和 AB. A+be not+as/so 原级+ as+B.A=B. A+be/V.+as 原级+ as B.例：1)Foreign language is as impotant as Chinese.外语和汉语一样难。2)We did as badly as they. 我们做得和他们一样差。 3)He throws as high as I.他扔得和我一样高。AB. A+be not+as/so 原级+ as+B.例：1)This book isnt as/so impotant as that one.这本书没那本重要.=This book is less important as that one.2)I didnt swim as/so well as my brother. 3)She doesnt get up as/so early as I.她没有我起得早。四副词一 副词（在句中有时用在动词后面或前面）1. 它的规则变化是形容词后加lyhelpful-helpfully, careful-carefully, quick-quickly, quiet-quietly, happy-happlily, noisy-noisily, lucky-luckily, heavy-heavily, widely, easy-easily2. 只有三个去e加ly的terrible-terribly, true-truly, possible-possibly 3. 形容词和副词一样的late-late, early-early, long-long, much-much, fast-fast, far, a little, much, deep-deep.例：1)He is late. He comes very late. 2)Our school is quite far. They jumped too far. 二常见副词的用法区别either, also, too, neither before , agohard, hardlytoo, very, muchno more, no longerhow often, how soonAs+副词+as/not so(as)asAlready/yet/everSometime, some time, sometimesEither/also/too: 也例：1、Mary likes collecting stamps. I like collecting stamps, too2、She also went climbing last week.3、Johnson didnt come in the morning and she didnt come in the afternoon, either.结论：Too用于肯定句，放句尾，用逗号隔开。also 放在助动词后，行为动词前。Either用于否定句，放句尾，用逗号隔开。Before/ago例：1I have heard about the UFO before.2I had heard about the UFO ten years before.3I heard about the UFO ten years ago.结论：一段时间+ ago：用于过去时一段时间+before: 用于过去完成时Before: 用于现在完成时或过去时 Hard/hardly例：1、She was very tired after a days hard work.2、Diamond is a kind of hard stone.3、It was raining hard outside.4、She worked hard than any other girl in her class.5、He can hardly read or write his name.6、There is hardly any food left in the fridge.Very,too,much例：1.The box is very heavy.2. The box is too heavy.3. I like my school very much.4. This box is much heavier than that one.结论：Very 只用于修饰形容词或副词very much用于修饰动词Too 修饰形容词时,带否定意思No more/ no longer例：1.The man no longer lives here. He has gone abroad.2.He has no longer(no more ) played for the National Team.3.She said no more about it after she heard that. 4.I have no more time for holidays.结论：No longer 时间上“不再” 只作状语No more 数量上“不再” 可作状语、宾语、定语How long , how soon, how often例：1.How long will the film last? -About two hours.2.How soon will they finish the composition? -In an hour.3.How often do they go shopping? -once a month.结论：How long: 多久，对一段时间提问How soon: 对 “in + 一段时间” 提问How often: 对频率副词提问：twice a week, every other day等三形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(1).比较级加er, 最高级加est,如：fast-faster-fastest, short-shorter-shorest, long-longer-longest(2).以辅音字母加y 结尾时变y 为i加er,est,如：heavy-heavier-heaviest, empty-emptier-emptiest,early-earlier-earliest,hungry-hungrier-hungiest, easy-easier-easiest, tidy-tidier-tidiest.(3).以e结尾的加r, st, nice-nicer-nicest, wide-wider-widest, fine-finer-finest, late-latest(4).双写的有：big-bigger-biggest, thin-thinner-thinnest, fat-fatter-fattest, wet-wetter-wettest,hot-hotter-hotter, red-redder-reddest, (5).部分双音节和多音节的单词比较级加more,最高级加most。careful-more careful-most careful, friendly-more friendly-most friendly, , favourite-more favourite-most favourite, interesting, difficult, dangerous, popular, different, useful, forgetful, wonderful, beautiful注意：所有由形容词加ly变来的副词比较级加more, 最高级加most.slowly-more slowly-most slowly, loudly-more loudly-most loudly, heavily, quickly, quietly, carefully(6).不规则变化:good (well)-better- bestmany (much)-more-most ill-worse-worst far-farther-farthest bad (badly)-worse-worst few few-fewer-fewestlittle-less-least注意：1)比较级前只用a little, much, even 修饰。2)形容词最高级必须加the,副词加不加都行。例：They are the farthest of us. (形容词)They jumped (the) farthest of us. (副词)五、动词一动词包括连系动词、助动词、情态动词、实意动词。其中，常见的系动词包括Be, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, become, get,turn keep, seem. 实义动词包括及物动词和不及物动词.助动词包括do, does, did,is am, are, was, were, have, has, had, 情态动词。情态动词包括can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)等.二常用动词及动词短语1、look, see, watch, readLook: vi. 看（动作）look at/like/after/up/down/over/out of /into.See: vt. 看见 （结果）see a filmWatch: vt. 观看 (动作) watch TV, watch a matchRead: vt.看（书，报等文字的东西）例：1). _out! A car is flying toward you.2). The boy likes to sit by and _ the others play ball games.3). Can you _ a bird in the tree? _, its behind the leaves.4). He often _magazines in the library after lunch.5). He _into the hole but he couldnt _anything.2. Spend, take, costSb spend(s) time or money (in) doing sth./ on sth.It takes sb. time to do sth. Sth. cost(s) sb. time or moneyIt costs sb. time or money to do sth.例：1). She _ two dollars on the book. The book _her only two dollars. And it _her five minutes to read it through.2). Itll _us half an hour _there. So its half an hours walk.3). It _me nothing to make the trip. It was free.4). I spent two hours _sorting out the documents.5). Planting the trees _them two days.3. Take, bring, fetch, carryTake: Take the box thereBring:Bring that box hereFetch:Go and bring the box for me例：1). Please _ the ball to the teachers office, will you?2). Who can _some chalk for the teacher?3). You must _your composition back when you come here next time.4). No one can _the newspaper out of the library.5). Our shop doesnt let people _food in.6). Youd better _your umbrella when you leave.7). He forgot _his textbook again. The teacher was very angry.4. Put on, wear, dress, take off,try onPut on: 穿上（动作） 反意词：take off；wear 穿着（状态）Dress oneself: 给（某人）穿衣try on: 试穿例：1). It is going to rain. Youd better_your raincoat.2). The girl likes _herself like a boy.3). Today Mr. Li _ a red T-shirt and a pair of white trousers.4). You can _the hat before you decide to buy it.5). He _his shoes and crossed the river.6). The baby is too young to _ himself.7). It is cold outside. _your coat when you go out.5. Borrow, lend, keepBorrow: 借进 borrow sth. From sb. (短暂性动词)Lend: 借出 lend sth to sb (短暂性动词)Keep: 延续性动词 How long can I keep the book?例：1). He _some books from the library before the end of the term. 2).May I _your bike, please? -sorry I _it to Lily.3). How long can I _ the book ?4). You can _it for two days.6. Look for, find, find outLook for: 寻找（强调动作）I cant find my bike. Have you see it?Dont look for it any more. The policeman has taken it away.Find: 找到（强调结果） I have looked for my key everywhere but I still cant find it.Find out: 找出查明 （通过调查研究找到事实的真相） The teacher found out who broke the window.7. Turn on/ turn off/turn up/turn downTurn on:开（灯，自来水等）Turn off: 关Turn up: 开大 Turn down: 关小 8. Say, speak, talk, tellSay: vt 说 “什么” say sth.to sb. / Say it again.Speak: vi 讲话，讲（语言） speak English; learn to speakTalk: vi/noun 谈话，谈论（about, with, to）Tell: 告诉（双宾语）tell sb sth/ tell sth to sb/ tell sb to do/tell sb.not to dotell a story/tell the time例：1).He _he was in Class One. / He _me he was in Class One.2). He will give a three minutes _ at the beginning of the class.3). The old man can _seven languages.4). We _about the language of the Inuit tribe in tomorrows class.5). Can you _it again? I didnt hear you clearly.6). Would you please ask him _ louder next time?9. Get to, arrive, reach 到达Get to: I will write to you as soon as I get to New York.Arrive vi: arrive at /in A group of British visitors arrived at our school yesterday morning.Reach: vt When he reaches the school, he will telephone us.注意：There /here/home: 放在get, arrive后不用to, at, inI got home very late last night.They arrived there three minutes later so they didnt seethe sunrise.10. Listen / hear Listen 听,不及物，常与介词to连用例：I listened carefully, but heard nothing.Hear 听到 及物 后直接跟宾语；Hear 听说 后跟宾语从句hear from sb 收到某人的来信例：Jims mother havent heard from him for a long time.hear of 听说例：Have you heard of the news?11. Forget/leaveforget忘了某物例：I forgot to tell you about it.leave把某物忘在某地例：Kate left her key to her room at home. 12. put on/wear/dress put on 穿上（强调动作）例：Its cold outside. Please put on your coat. wear穿着（强调状态）例：Lucy is wearing a blue sweater today. dress打扮，给.穿衣服 dress sb. / oneself 给某人（或自己）穿衣服get dressed 穿好衣服dress up 打扮 穿上盛装” 例：She often dresses up in a red skirt. 13. be, become, get, turn, seem, feel, sound, look, taste, smell, keep1). Link verbs + adj: The mooncake tastes delicious.2). Link verbs + like: look like, feel like, taste like3). Link verbs 在疑问句和否定句中： The mooncake doesnt taste delicious. Does the mooncake taste delicious?4). Look at为行为动词 注意下列两句句子的区别： The little dog looked hopefully at me The little dog looked very sad.14. Pass /pastPass: vt 经过，过去式为： passed Past: adj/prep例1：1)He was the first one to pass the finishing line.2)He passed the final exam.3)He was first past the finishing line.4)The word passed is the past form of “pass”.例2：1)When I _by the shop, I saw some retired ladies dancing waltz.2)Please buy me a handkerchief when you go _the supermarket. 3)The old men like to think about something _while the young men like to look ahead.4)The exam is so hard that few students _it.15. Across/cross/crossing/ThroughAcross: 介词 横穿，穿过Cross： 动词 穿过 cross the street=go across the streetCrossing: 十字路口 Through：（从物体中间穿过，如穿过森林，高楼林立的城市，窗户等 ）16. Asleep, sleepy, sleepingAsleep: 是表语形容词，在句中放在be 动词之后；它不能放在名词之前，如：我们不可以说：Look at the asleep baby. (asleep应改为sleeping) 例：1)She was fast asleep；I couldnt wake her up她睡得很熟，我喊不醒她。2)The old man has fallen asleep那个老人睡着了。请注意: be asleep是指“睡着”的状态，如果表示“入睡”的意味，就要用fall asleep。 Sleeping: 是定语形容词，它放在它所修饰的名词之前，如the sleeping baby。如果放在 verb “to be”之后（He is sleeping)，sleeping 不是形容词，而是动词，is sleeping 是现在进行时。例：Who is that sleeping man？那个在睡觉的人是谁？Keep an eye on the sleeping baby照看好那个在睡觉的婴孩。Let sleeping dogs lie莫惹事生非。sleeping一词有构词能力，它能和另一些词构成复合名词。如：sleeping-bag（睡袋）；sleepingcar（卧车）；sleeping-pill（安眠药）Sleeping有一近义词，即sleepy。sleepy既可作表语，又可作定语。作表语时，means“困倦”、“想睡觉”，用作定语时，means：“贪睡”、“寂静的”。例：The children feel sleepy；put them to bed孩子们困了，把他们放到床上睡吧。17. jobworkjob是可数名词，work是不可数名词，一般表示抽象意义的工作，可用a piece of work修饰。例：1)He is doing an interesting job. 2)He is doing interesting work.18. work hard/hard work/hard workingHard work: 名词 例：1)Hard work and his intelligence make him a popular person in his workplace.2)She finally becomes the best student through hard workWork hard: 动词，不及物。如跟宾语，可用介词 at例：1)The final exam is on its way. He is working hard to pass it. 2)He works so hard at English.Hard working: 形容词 例：We Chinese are hard working people. 六不定式不定式和动词象一对姐妹一样亲密，本不该拆开来讲，可是篇幅有限，只能让他们分开了。不定式的构成非常简单，告诉我是什么？对！是to+动词原形。当然啦，to有时也可以不带。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，可以担当除谓语外的任何句子成分。那什么时候可以不带to呢? Listen to me carefully.