霍桑红字ppt课件

NathanielHawthorneJuly4 1804 May19 1864 Idonotwanttobeadoctor andlivebymen sdiseases noraministertolivebytheirsins noralawyerlivebytheirquarrels SoIdon tseethatthereisanythingleftformebuttobeanauthor BriefIntroduction Bornin1804inthecityofSalem Massachusetts 马萨诸塞州 EnteredBowdoinCollegein1821andgraduatedin1825 Publishedhisfirstworkanonymously 不具名地 anoveltitledFanshawe 范肖 in1828 HeworkedataCustomHouse 海关 andjoinedBrookFarm atranscendentalistcommunity beforemarringPeabodyin1842 PublishedTheScarletLetterin1850 DiedonMay19 1864 MajorWorks主要作品 1828Fanshawe长篇小说 范肖 1837TheMinister sBlackVeil 教长的黑纱 1850TheScarletLetter长篇小说 红字 atreatmentoftheeffectsofsinonthehumanspirit 1851TheHouseofSevenGables 有七个尖角阁的房子 1852TheBlithedaleRomance 福谷传奇 1860TheMarbleFaun 玉石雕像 theSalemWitchTrials 塞勒姆女巫审判案 TheSalemwitchtrialsoccurredincolonialMassachusettsbetween1692and1693 Morethan200peoplewereaccusedofpracticingwitchcraft theDevil smagic and20wereexecuted Eventually thecolonyadmittedthetrialswereamistakeandcompensatedthefamiliesofthoseconvicted Sincethen thestoryofthetrialshasbecomesynonymouswithparanoiaandinjustice anditcontinuestobeguilethepopularimaginationmorethan300yearslater Hawthornechangedthespellinginhisname addingthe W tohislastnameanditissaidthathedidthisbecausehedidnotwanttobeassociatedwiththeSalemwitchtrialsthathisfatherhelpedpresideover Hisancestors WilliamHathorne whoemigratedfromEnglandin1630 wasthefirstHawthorne sancestorstoarriveinthecolonies Afterarriving WilliampersecutedQuakers William ssonJohnHathornewasoneofthejudgeswhooversawtheSalemWitchTrials HawthorneandAmericanPuritanism Puritanswasthenamegiveninthe16thcenturytothemoreextremeProtestants 新教徒 基督教徒 withintheChurchofEnglandwhothoughttheEnglishReformation 英国宗教改革 hadnotgonefarenoughinreformingthedoctrinesandstructureofthechurch TheywantedtopurifytheirnationalchurchbyeliminatingeveryshredofCatholicinfluence 加尔文教势力残余 Inthe17thcenturymanyPuritansemigratedtotheNewWorld wheretheysoughttofoundaholyCommonwealthinNewEngland Puritanismremainedthedominantculturalforceinthatareaintothe19thcentury PuritansbelievedthathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn SomewereGod schosenpeople God select上帝的选民 whileotherswerepredestinedtobedamnedtohell Thesuccessofone sworkortheprosperityinhiscallinggivenbyGodwasthesignofbeingGod select Therefore everyonemustworkhard spendlittleandinvestformorebusiness Workinghardandlivingamorallifeweretheirethics TheyregardedBibletobetheauthorityoftheirdoctrine TobeabletoreadtheBibleandunderstandGod swill educationwasessentialforPuritans PuritanisminNewEnglandmadeagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture ThePuritanshopedtobuild acityuponhill anidealcommunity NewEnglandalsoestablishedanotherAmericantradition astrainofoftenintolerantmoralism ThePuritansbelievedthatgovernmentshouldenforceGod smorality Theystrictlypunisheddrunks adulterers violatorsoftheSabbath 安息日 andotherreligiousbelieversdifferentfromthemselves TheAmericanvaluessuchasindividualism hardwork andrespectofeducationoweverymuchtothePuritanbeliefs AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature Ithasbecome tosomeextent somuchastateofmind ratherthanasetoftenets somuchapartofthenationalculturalatmospherethattheAmericansbreathe WithoutsomeunderstandingofPuritanism therecanbenorealunderstandingofAmericancultureandliterature HawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanismdeeply Heisnotapuritanhimself buthewasgreatlyinfluencedbyhisPuritanancestorswhoplayedimportantroleinhislifeandworks andwasdifferentfromhisancestors hehadafeelingtosomeextentsofPuritanismasbeingintolerantandcruel HeoftenexaminedandanalyzedsocialphenomenonintheviewofPuritanism buthedetestedtherigidityofPuritanism Melville 霍桑描写黑暗的巨大力量 是由于受到加尔文派交易关于与生俱来的堕落与原罪思想的影响 没有一位思想深邃的人能摆脱这种思想所发生的各种形式的影响 Hawthorne评价Melville 他即不肯信教 又对自己的不信感到惶恐不安 对霍桑同样适用 Hawthorneandtranscendentalism NathanielHawthornewasoneofthemostoutstandingromanticistsinthenineteenthcentury Hiscreationwascloselyrelatedtothephilosophicalinhistime transcendentalism Ononehand asdisplayedinsomeofhisworkstheideaofself examination自省 self reliance自恃 breakingthetheologicaldisciplineslikethetheoryofdestiny 命运 andthewidelyusedtechniquesymbolismembodiedtosomeextenttotheconnotationoftranscendentalism Ontheotherhand Hawthornewasnotatranscendentalistanddidnotwhollyembracetranscendentalism Hehadquiteoppositeopinionwiththetranscendentalistsoverwhetherhumannatureisgoodorevil andhaddifferentviewsonwayofcommunicationbetweenhumanandGod Evenonself reliance Hawthornewasnotasthoroughasthetranscendentalists However Hawthornehadagreatdealtodowithtranscendentalism Identifywithtranscendentalismshowedtheimpactoftranscendentalism whilecriticismmeantoppositestandagainsttranscendentalism Inthisway wecanconcludethatHawthornewasinfluencedbytranscendentalism heidentifiedandacceptedsomeideasoftranscendentalism andatthesametimenegatedandopposedothers ContrastHawthorneandEmerson Similarity theyareboththerepresentativewritersintheperiodoftranscendentalist andtheyareneighborsandfriendswholivedinNewEngland Concord inthe19thcentury theyhavethesametimebackground thesimilarlivingenvironment andtheywereaffectedbythesamereligiousculture 他们身处相同的时代背景 相似的生活环境 并且受相同的宗教的影响 但是却有着思想上的许多不同点 Differences Abouthumannature 关于人性 theformerwaspositive hebelievedthatallthingsareconnectedtoGodand therefore allthingsaredivine Inhisopinion peoplehaveanuglysideofevil andalsohaveagoodsideofgoodness ItisinevitablethattheGoodandevilexistsidebyside Itstressedthepowerofintuition believingthatpeoplecouldlearnthingsbothfromtheoutsideworldbymeansofthefivesensesandfromtheinnerworldbyintuition 爱默生 对于人性 爱默生持积极态度 认为人既有邪恶丑陋的的一面也有善良美好的一面 善恶并存是不可避免的 双重性 是一切事物的本质 人也一样 但人的这种 恶 并不是与生俱来的 是由于人与人之间不恰当的关系所造成的 而不是违反神意所致 他进一步认为 人有神性 上帝与我同在 人人心中见上帝 并认为人能通过 理解力 了解自然 通过 直觉 了解神的旨意 从而达到 天人合一 的状态 在实现人性的超越方面 他认为要依靠人自身的修养和努力来实现 既不仰仗上帝也不依赖他人与社会 因为人 自身就是一个在有限范围内的创世者 是世界的主人 自然的统治者 更是自己命运的主宰 他反对权威 主张人凭借自己的智慧和理解力就能直接得到知识 即自觉 自助 精神 Theletterwasnegative hethinksthattheevilexistineverywhereandeverybody 霍桑 持消极看法 认为人皆有罪孽 认为爱默生所持的超验主义是一种盲目的乐观主义 它并不承认人心的罪恶面 认为人没有必要为原罪 邪恶的存在而苦恼 这种对于人性的理解是肤浅的 远不如清教的深刻 而关于实现人性的超越的方式 他认为过度沉溺与自我阻碍而不是促进自我发展 只会让人与世隔绝 无益于培养更高的品质 他主张通过善行和自忏来洗刷罪恶 净化心灵从而得到拯救 conceptionofnature 自然观 Emerson HetooknatureassymbolicofspiritofGod Allthingsinnatureweresymbolsofthespiritual ofGod spresence Naturewasalive filledwithGod soverwhelmingpresence Everythingintheuniversewasviewedasanexpressionofthedivinespirit Behindphysicalobjectswasauniversalsoul NaturewasGod senlightenmenttowardshumanbeings Therefore itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanmind 在爱默生眼中 大自然是充满灵性的美的生命 是神对人的启示 人只需要向自然界请教就能得到指导自己行动的真理 人通过努力是可以认识自然界的 而且人必须积极认识和掌握自然界 Hawthorne hedoubtedthatwecanunderstandthenatureanddeniedtheprogressofscienceandtechnologyandtheabilityofhumantoconquerthenature 霍桑对于人能认识自然界 掌握自然界的能力持怀疑态度 否定科学技术的进步 把工业的巨大发展看作一种邪恶的势力 他总是力图表面 人类征服自然界就是违背自然 不仅徒劳无益 还可能带来可怕的后果 LiteraryFeatures NathanielHawthorneisanAmericannovelistandshortstorywriterinthe19thcentury HisfictionworksareconsideredpartoftheRomanticmovementand morespecificallydarkromanticism 黑色浪漫主义 themasterworkisTheScarletLetter LiteraryFeatures TheoutstandingcharacteristicoftheworksofHawthorneisdescribethedarksideofsocietyandhumannature Hawthorneisthepioneerofpsychologicalnovel 心理小说的开创者 hisworkisknownas Romanceofthesoul 心灵的罗曼史 Heisgoodatanalysisofthe heart ofpeople Hefocusontheproblemofmoralandevil advocatespeopletowashsin purifythemind andsavethemselvesthroughthebenefactionandtheselfconfessing However heisnotwritetheevilanddarknessallthetime Herevealedthesocialandthehuman sevilsandatthesametime giveagreatsympathyformanykind heartedleadingcharacters HawthornemadeagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofAmericanliterature 作品特点 描写社会和人性的阴暗面是霍桑作品的突出特点 霍桑是心理小说的开创者 他的作品被称为 心灵的罗曼史 他擅长剖析人的 内心 他着重探讨道德和罪恶的问题 主张通过善行和自忏来洗刷罪恶 净化心灵 从而得到拯救 然而霍桑并非全写黑暗 他揭露社会罪恶和人的劣根性的同时 对许多善良的主人公寄予极大的同情 霍桑对美国文学的发展做出了很大的贡献 霍桑的作品想象丰富 结构严谨 他除了进行心理分析与描写外 还运用了象征主义手法 他的构思精巧的意象 增添了作品的浪漫色彩 加深了寓意 但他的作品中也不乏神秘晦涩之处 TheScarletletter 红字 background ThesettingofTheScarletLetterisBostoninthe1640s Persecuted 迫害 inEngland thepuritanscametoNorthAmericatoformtheirnewcommunities LifeintheColonieswasharsh 严酷的 butwhichgavethePuritanstheopportunitytoformasocietybasedontheirreligiousideals Puritanssoughtthefreedomtolivebytheirbeliefs Theypaidattentiontoreason rejectedfeeling praisedidealandprohibiteddesire Butwiththeirdevelopment theynotonlypersecutedheresy butalsoimprisonedthewomenwhosmiledonthestreet TheScarletLetternarratedalovingtragedyunderthepuritancolonialrule introduction TheScarletLettertoldastoryofapuritanwomanHesterPrynnewhowaspunishedtowearascarletAwhichstoodforthecrimeofadultery TheprettyyoungladytriedtosettledowninBostonwithheroldanduglyhusbandChillinggworth Butthelatterdidnotappearforyears Duringthistime HestercommittedadulterywithalocalministerDimmesdale andgavebirthtoagirlPearl Facingtheterriblepunishment Hesterrefusedtogiveherlover snameawaytoprotecthimandtriedherbesttoraiseherdaughter ButDimmesdalestilllivedasauprightminister Yearslater thehusbandChillinggworthcametothetownandfoundoutthewholetruth andheoperatedanhorrorrevengeonDimmesdale withhidinghisowntruename Yet astheendofthestory theministerdiedduetotheguiltanddisease admittinghiscrimeofadultery Hesterchangedthemeaningof A from Adultery to Able and Angle byherqualityandbehavior HesterPrynne ArthurDimmesdale minister RogerChillingworth doctor scholar husband Pearl daughter Crime Atonement Renascence Sin struggle extricate Relationshipsbetweencharacters ChapterOne ThePrisonDoorChapterTwo TheMarketPlaceChapterThree TheRecognitionChapter4 TheInterviewChapter5 HasteratHerNeedleChapter6 PearlChapter7 TheGovernor sHallChapter8 TheElf ChildandtheMinister Chapter24 conclusion Thestorystartsduringthesummerof1642 nearBoston Massachusetts inaPuritanvillage Ayoungwoman namedHesterPrynne hasbeenledfromthetownprisonwithherinfantdaughterinherarms andonthebreastofhergown aragofscarletclothassumedtheshapeofaletter A Itistheuppercaseletter A TheScarletLetter A representstheactofadulterythatshehascommittedanditistobeasymbolofhersin abadgeofshame Onthisday Hesterisledtothetownscaffoldandquestionedbythetownfathers butsheagainrefusestoidentifyherchild sfather Thebeginning Hester shusbandwhowasregardeddeadappearedamongtheonlookers AndheisnowpracticingmedicineandcallinghimselfRogerChillingworth Later ChillingworthmedicatesHester sdaughterPearlandliveswithDimmesdaleashisprivatedoctorwhenDimmesdale spsychologicalpaindeepens Actually Chillingworthsuspectsthattheremaybeaconnectionbetweentheminister stormentsandHester ssecret andhebegintotestDimmesdaletoseewhathecanlearn AndlaterhefindsthatDimmesdaleisPearl sfather Theprocessofdevelopment Severalyearspass Hestersupportsherselfbyworkingasaseamstress 女裁缝师 andherdaughter Pearl growsintoawillful impish 顽皮的 child andissaidtobethescarletlettercometolifeasbothHester sloveandherpunishment Theyliveinasmallcottageontheoutskirts 市郊 ofBoston CommunityofficialsattempttotakePearlawayfromHester butwiththehelpofArthurDimmesdale themotheranddaughtermanagetostaytogether Dimmesdale however suffersfrommysterioushearttrouble seeminglycausedbypsychologicaldistress The process of development Onenight whenPearlisaboutsevenyearsold sheandhermotherarereturninghomefromavisittothedeathbedofJohnWinthropwhentheyencounterDimmesdaleatopthetownscaffold tryingtopunishhimselfforhissins HesterandPearljoinhim andthethreelinkhands AndlaterHesterandPearlcoincidewithDimmesdaleintheforestandHesterinformshimofthetrueidentityofChillingworth TheydecidetotakeashiptofleeEurope wheretheycanlivewithPearlasafamily However theplanisdestroyedbyChillingworth Theprocessofdevelopment Thedaybeforetheshipistosail thetownspeoplegatherforaholidayinhonorofanelectionandDimmesdalepreacheshismosteloquentsermonever Dimmesdale leavingthechurchafterhissermon hemountsthescaffoldwithhisloverandhisdaughter andconfessespublicly exposingthemarksupposedlysearedintothefleshofhischest HediesinHester sarmsafterPearlkisseshim Theend Frustratedinhisrevenge Chillingworthdieswithintheyear HesterandPearlleaveBoston andnooneknowswhathashappenedtothem Manyyearslater Hesterreturnsalone stillwearingthescarletletter toliveinheroldcottageandresumeshercharitablework Thereisasenseofliberationinherandthetownspeople especiallythewomen whohadfinallybeguntoforgiveHesterofhertragicindiscretion 言行失检 Theend Themaincharactersofthefourmajorroles Hester beautiful Theyoungwomanwastall withafigureofperfectelegance strongwillandendurance Iwillnotspeak Itistoodeeplybranded Yecannottakeitoff AndwouldthatImightendurehisagony aswellasmine ArthurDimmesdale weakcowardanddeceptive ThatthereverentMasterDimmesdale hergodlypastor takesitverygrievouslytoheartthatsuchascandalshouldhavecomeuponhiscongregation RogerChillingworth cool heartlessandmerciless hismisshapenbodyreflectsorsymbolizestheevilinhissoul whichbuildsasthenovelprogresses Symbolisminthenovel NathanielHawthorneisamasterofsymbolism TheScarletLetteristhefirstsymbolicnoveltobewrittenintheUnitedStates Inthenoveltherearesymbolismofthenames symbolismoftheletter A andthesymbolismofcharacters SymbolsofTheScarletLetter A 1 A firstlystandsforthecrimeAdultery tothepuritansitisasymbolofjustpunishment toHester adeviceofunjusthumiliation toDimmesdale apiercingreminderofhisguilt toChillingworth aspurtothequestofrevengetoDimmesdale abrightandmysteriouscuriosity 2 A variesitsmeaningasthedevelopmentofthestory Adultery AloneandAlienation Able AngelandAwardandAble Symbolsofthenames HesterPrynne1 HestiaThevirgingoddessinGreekmythologysymbolofbeautyandvirtueshowingtheauthor spraisetoHester sbeautyandsaint goddess likebeauty 2 HastierhermarriagetoChillingworthishasty herlovewithDimmesdaleishasty herjoywithDimmesdalethepriestishasty HesterPrynne1 prurient desireforphysicallove whichisconsideredastherootofsinandcrime 2 Prune purityorgetridof whichforeshadowsHester sself savefromthesinorcrime 3 Pry probeinto probeintothehumannature sin ArthurDimmesdaleTheinitials AD arethebeginningof Adultery Dim meanslackoflight dale meansvalley Itsymbolizestheminister sdiminteriorworldofhisloveandtheshadowofsinandguiltofhismind RogerChillingworthJollyRoger 海盗旗 Pirates natureistoexploretreasuresandrevenge Chillingworth sacttohiswifeandtoDimmesdale RogerChillingworth Chilling meanschilly Heisamandeficientinhumanwarmth Heisacruelandcold bloodedman PearlPrynneTreasure thetreasuretohermotherComesoutofanuglyshellbutisbeautifulComesoutofantorturingprocess Symbolofthecharacters 1 HesterPrynne exposedsin 有形的红字 Hester ssinisrevealed 2 ArthurDimmesdale concealedsin 无形的红字 Hishumanityisbeenconstrainedbythepuritansociety Hissinisnotadulterybutnothavingthecouragetoadmitthathehadadulterated 3 RogerChillingworth truesin 红字的制造者 Heisamercilessavenger Therealsinnerofmoralityinthisnovel 4 Pearl thehumansymbolofthesin 活的红字 ThehumansymbolofthesinoftheadulteryinthefactthatsheleadsHesterPrynneandArthurDimmesdaletoacceptandadmittotheirsin Sheisalsothelivingsymbolofthescarletletter Hawthorne TheScarletLetterinanotherform thescarletletterendowedwithlife Hawthornewasborninacomplicatedfamilyandage whichledtohismind scomplexity Theperplexity complexityandcontradictionofHawthorne thoughtsdeterminedhisfictioncoversomesubjectswithmorecontradictoryandcompleximplicationsbesidesthosegeneralones TherearemanycontradictioninthemaincharactersinTheScarletLetter Shetookthebabyionherarm and withaburningblush andyetahaughtysmile andaglancethatwouldnotbeabashed lookedaroundathertownspeopleandneighbors 于是 索性用一条胳膊架着孩子 她的面孔红的发烧 却露出高傲的微笑 用毫无愧色的目光环视着她的同镇居民和街坊邻里 Inthissentence theauthordescribedHester sbehaviorwhenshefacedthepunishmentofthepublic ItisnotdifficultforustoseethatHawthorneappreciatedthewoman Becauseheractionsaremarkedwithnaturaldignityandforceofcharacter Eventhoughatthewhimofothers heractionsaredescribedasappearingtobeofherownfreewill Heappreciatedherbehaviorofresistingthepuritan inhumanemanagement 一天下午 有些孩子正在那茅屋的近旁玩耍 他们忽然看见一个身穿灰袍的高个子女人走进了屋门 这些年来 屋门从来没有打开过 不知是那女人开了锁 还是那腐朽了的木头和铁叶在她手里散落了 或是她像影子一般穿过着重重障碍 反正她是进了屋 Thissentenceisintheendofthenovel HefinishedthenovelwiththereturningofHesterandherrealizingofhersinaboutadultery whichshowedHawthorne scontradictorythought Althoughhewasopposedtotheinhumanemanagementofthepuritans heisalwaysinfluencedbythenotionofthepuritansthatadulteryisasinwh