文献阅读与翻译ppt课件

科技文献阅读与翻译 ScientificLiteratureReading Translation 主讲人 许宁云博士副教授 公共邮箱 wxydyfy CourseObjectives 1 Thecourseaimstoprovidethestudentswithcomprehensiveinformationaboutpracticalliteratureanddocumentation helpthembetterunderstandthebasicfeaturesandlanguagerequirementsofvariousdocumentation andfurtherdeveloptheirabilityofinformationacquisition 2 Anotheraimofthecourseistoletthestudentsacquireoverallknowledgeandskillsoftranslation soastoenablethemtotranslateprofessionalmaterialsappropriatelyfromEnglishtoChineseandviceversa Contents Thecourseconsistsof15units coveringalmostallthemajoraspectsofindustrialbusinessandacademicexchanges etc CourseAssessment Finalgradewillbegivenonthebasisof 1 eachstudent sattendanceandtheparticipationinclassroomactivities 2 theunitassignments3 thefinalexaminationofreadingcomprehensionandtranslationpractice Recommended OptionalTextbooks 1 文献阅读与翻译 胡庚生主编 北京 高等教育出版社 2000 2 实用翻译教程 英汉互译 冯庆华主编 上海 上海外语教育出版社 2002 3 英汉翻译教程 张培基主编 上海 上海外语教育出版社 1980 UnitIGeneralDescriptionofLiteratureReadingandTranslation TopicalHighlightsDefinitionofLiteratureClassificationofLiteratureLinguisticFeaturesofScientificLiteratureTranslationSkills ontranslationingeneralandtranslationofspecialliteratureSpecialAttention TheTranslationofDocumentation DefinitionofLiterature Asetofworksonaparticularsubject printedmaterial esp givinginformation thebodyofwritingsonaparticularsubject scientificliterature ClassificationofLiterature TextbooksMonographsPapersEncyclopediasPeriodicalsSpecialDocumentation LinguisticFeaturesofScientificLiterature StylisticallyGrammaticallyMorphologicallyNon verbal TranslationSkills ontranslationingeneralandtranslationofspecialliterature 1 NatureandScopeofTranslationWhatistranslation Translationistheinterpretationofthemeaningofatextinonelanguage the sourcetext andtheproduction inanotherlanguage ofanequivalenttext the targettext or translation thatcommunicatesthesamemessage EugeneA Nida 1914 尤金 奈达 Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguage 接受语 译语 theclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguage 原语 源语 firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle Dynamic EquivalenceTheorybaptismofrepentance repentandbebaptized AlexanderFraserTytler Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition 以上是英国著名翻译理论家泰特勒 1747 1814 于18世纪末在 论翻译的原则 EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation 1791 一书中提出的关于翻译和评判翻译标准的三条基本原则 2 PrinciplesorCriteriaofTranslation 严复 信 达 雅faithfulness expressiveness elegance The threecharacterguide isregardedasaplumb lineoflongstandingtomeasuretheprofessionalleveloftranslating 不爱红妆爱武装facethepowderandnottopowdertheface 3 LiteralTranslationandFreeTranslation LiteralTranslation phonetic morphological syntactic武装到牙齿armedtotheteeth象牙塔 ivorytower趁热打铁strikewhiletheironishot血浓于水Bloodisthickerthanwater 鳄鱼的眼泪crocodile stears 芳芳 白象Fangfangwhiteelephant FreeTranslationastimidasahare胆小如鼠wetlikeadrownrat湿如落汤鸡asstupidasagoose蠢得像猪asstubbornasamule犟得像牛talkhorse吹牛drinklikeafish牛饮 Adam sappleAtsixesandsevensItrainscatsanddogs Don tcrossthebridgetillyougettoit Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye literal doesn tmean word for word 街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生 Womeninthestreetshouldbecalledontodosomecleaning 她一大早起床 进城 见到了她的公爹Shegotupearly wenttothetownandsawherpublicfather 句子比较 Littlefishdoesnoteatbigfish小鱼不吃大鱼胳膊拧不过大腿 free doesn tmean casual Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife Spring thesweetspringistheyear spleasantking T Nash春 甘美之春 一年之中的尧舜 郭沫若 LiteralTranslationorFreeTranslation Don ttakethelow fatlabelasalicensetoeat 不能因为食品标明低脂肪 而敞开食用 别把标有 低脂肪 的标签看成是可 敞开食用 的许可证 Whatprinciplesshouldatranslatorabidebyinapplyingliteralandfreetranslation 4 TranslationTechniques Diction 选词用字 Amplification 增益 Omission 省略 Repetition 重复 Conversion 转换 Rearrangement 词序调整 Negation 正说反译 反说正译 Division 长句拆译 SpecialAttention TheTranslationofDocumentation Treatthetranslationofeachkindofdocumentaryworksdiscriminatingly StandardsStrictwording stylisticformalityPatentdocumentsStereotypedexpression formalpatterns TrademarksNovelty uniquenessCopyrightworksRigidgrammarLegaldocuments contract agreementsStrictgrammar syntax Proposals reportsThematter of factattitudeGeneralknowledgeandknowledgeofthesubjectmatter Practice Itwasthebestoftimes itwastheworstoftimes itwastheageofwisdom itwastheageoffoolishness itwastheepochofbelief itwastheepochofincredulity itwastheseasonofLight itwastheseasonofDarkness itwasthespringofhope itwasthewinterofdespair wehadeverythingbeforeus wehadnothingbeforeus wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven wewereallgoingdirecttheother Agreetingcardcanwarmaheart holdahand lendanear pataback lightupaface tickleafunnybone dryaneye surpriseachild caressasweetheart toastabride welcomeastranger waveagoodbye shoutabravo blowakiss mendaquarrel easeapain boostamorale stopaworryandstartatradition Asanimportantmeansforpreservingknowledge variousliteratureshavebecomepreciousresourcesforthemankind whichhavegreatlycontributedtothesocialprogressofhumanrace Professionalliteratureshavebeenregardedasintangibleassetsofthewholeworldbecausetheyare ononehand thesummary generalization anddevelopmentoftheachievementobtainedonthebasisofpreviousexperiencesorstudies andontheotherhand theyhavebeenaccumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration Inthissense therefore allkindsofliteraturesarerecordsofpreviousresearchfindingsandacademicachievements andcrystallizationofhumancivilization Asanimportantmeansforpreservingknowledge variousliteratureshavebecomepreciousresourcesforthemankind whichhavegreatlycontributedtothesocialprogressofhumanrace Professionalliteratureshavebeenregardedasintangibleassetsofthewholeworldbecausetheyare ononehand thesummary generalization anddevelopmentoftheachievementobtainedonthebasisofpreviousexperiencesorstudies andontheotherhand theyhavebeenaccumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration Inthissense therefore allkindsofliteraturesarerecordsofpreviousresearchfindingsandacademicachievements andcrystallizationofhumancivilization Unit2Standards Linguisticfeaturesof standard 1 FormattedStructure2 FormalWording3 LegalTerm shall 4 FrequentUseofAbbreviations5 MixedwithDrawingsandTables Standard inrelationtocomputers isasetofdetailedtechnicalguidelinesusedasameansofestablishinguniformityinanareaofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedineitheroftwoways Thefirst ahighlyinformalprocess occurswhenaproductorphilosophyisdevelopedbyasinglecompanyand throughsuccessandimitation becomessowidelyusedthatdeviationfromthenormcausescompatibilityproblemsorlimitsmarketability ThistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedbysuchproductsasHayesmodemsandIBMPCs Thesecondtypeofstandardsettingisafarmoreformalprocessinwhichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteranintensivestudyofexistingmethods approaches andtechnologicaltrendsanddevelopments Theproposedstandardsarelaterratifiedorapprovedbyarecognizedorganizationandareadoptedovertimebyconsensusasproductsbasedonthestandardsbecomeincreasinglyprevalentinthemarket Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous includingtheASCIIcharacterset theRS 232 Cstandard theSCSIinterface andANSI standardprogramminglanguages suchasCandFORTRAN ReflectionsandPractice 1 Topicsforgroupdiscussion1 Whatdoesthepassagetellusabout 2 Whatisthedefactostandardsetting 2 Fillineachspacewithoneproperword Standard inrelationcomputers isasetofdetailedtechnicalguidelinesusedasaofestablishinguniformityinanareaofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedinoftwoways Thefirst ahighlyinformalprocess occurswhenaproductorphilosophyisdevelopedbyasinglecompanyand throughsuccessandimitation becomeswidelyusedthatdeviationfromthenormcausescompatibilityproblemsorlimitsmarketability ThistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedbysuchproductsHayesmodemsandIBMPCs Thesecondtypeofstandardsettingisafarmoreformalprocesswhichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteranintensivestudyofexistingmethods approaches andtechnologicaltrendsanddevelopments Theproposedstandardsarelaterratifiedorbyarecognizedorganizationandareadoptedovertimebyconsensusproductsbasedonthestandardsbecomeincreasinglyprevalentinthemarket Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous includingtheASCIIcharacterset theRS 232 Cstandard theSCSIinterface andANSI standardprogramminglanguages suchasCandFORTRAN TranslationSkills Diction用字遣词maritalstatus immigrationstatus cognitivestatus socialstatusTensionisbuildingup 形势紧张起来张力在增大电压在增加压力在增强 SomeTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaGivenEnglishWord 1 DeductionStopoutn U S Astudentwhointerruptshiseducationtopursuesomeotheractivityforabriefperiod 辍学学生ChallengeToquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof sth Orsb 对 表示怀疑 质疑 对 提出异议 2 TransplantSupermarketMicrowaveSplashdown3 ExtensionBottleneckItismorethantransienteverydayness 远非一时的柴米油盐问题 日常状态 柴米油盐 4 SubstitutionTokillsb asanexample杀一儆百5 ExplanationMindlessness思想上的浑浊状态Athrowawaysociety一个大手大脚 浪费成风的社会 6 CombinationSosubtleandcarefulanobserver一位如此精细的观察者AgrimandtragicChristmas一个惨淡的圣诞节7 PictographicTranslationH beam工字梁O ring环形圈U steel槽钢V belt三角皮带 8 TransliterationWallStreetPentiumClone TranslatethePassage Standard inrelationtocomputers isasetofdetailedtechnicalguidelinesusedasameansofestablishinguniformityinanareaofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment 对于计算机来说 标准即是一套详尽的技术指标 它作为一种手段 用来在硬件或软件开发领域建立起统一的模式 Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedineitheroftwoways Thefirst ahighlyinformalprocess occurswhenaproductorphilosophyisdevelopedbyasinglecompanyand throughsuccessandimitation becomessowidelyusedthatdeviationfromthenormcausescompatibilityproblemsorlimitsmarketability 从传统观点来看 计算机标准从两个方面分别得到了发展 第一类 它作为一种极其非正式的工艺过程 出现在个别公司生产某种产品或形成某种理念的时候 由于它的成功和模仿 其标准得到了广泛的利用 其结果是任何背离该标准的行为都会造成兼容性方面的问题 影响其市场销售 ThistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedbysuchproductsasHayesmodemsandIBMPCs Thesecondtypeofstandardsettingisafarmoreformalprocessinwhichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteranintensivestudyofexistingmethods approaches andtechnologicaltrendsanddevelopments 这种事实上的标准设置在诸如Hayes调制解调器和IBMPCs之类的产品上最具有典型性 标准设置的第二种类型是一种要正式得多的过程 在该过程中 由一个合作小组或委员会对现有的各种方法 技术发展及趋势等方面进行仔细研究之后 草拟出一套详细的规格 Theproposedstandardsarelaterratifiedorapprovedbyarecognizedorganizationandareadoptedovertimebyconsensusasproductsbasedonthestandardsbecomeincreasinglyprevalentinthemarket Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous includingtheASCIIcharacterset theRS 232 Cstandard theSCSIinterface andANSI standardprogramminglanguages suchasCandFORTRAN 随后 所提出的标准由公认的机构批准或认可 随着依照标准生产出来的产品在市场上日益流行 逐渐为公众所一致接受 这种更为正式的标准类型为数众多 包括ASCII字符集 RS 232 C标准 SCSI接口 以及诸如C语言和FORTRAN语言之类的ANSI 标准编程语言 Unit3Patents Questions 1 Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout 2 Whyshouldpatentedarticlesbemarkedwithpatentnumber 3 Whatdoes patentpending mean 4 Whatcanbefoundinanissuedpatent TranslationSkill Amplification additionAmatterofprinciple Add subtractmeaning 1 Supplyingomittedwordstoconveytheoriginalmeaning 1 Mattercanbechangedintoenergy andenergyintomatter 物质可以转化为能 能也可以转化为物质 2 Thebestconductorhastheleastresistanceandthepoorestthegreatest 最好的导体电阻最小 最差的导体电阻最大 2 Supplyingnecessaryconnectives 1 Heated waterwillchangeintovapor 水如受热 就会气化 2 Howevercarefullyboilercasingsandsteampipesaresealed someheatescapesandislost 尽管锅炉壳与蒸汽管严密封闭 还是有一部分热会损耗掉 3 Supplyingwordstoconveytheconceptofpluralnouns 1 Notethatthewords velocity and speed requireexplanation 请注意 速度 和 速率 这两个词需要解释 2 Themountainsbegantothrowtheirlongblueshadowsoverthevalley 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影 4 Supplyingwordstomakeanabstractconceptclear 1 Oxidationwillmakeironandsteelrusty 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈 2 Thislackofresistanceinverycoldmetalsmaybecomeusefulinelectroniccomputers 这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对计算机很有好处 5 Dictatedbylogic 1 Airpressuredecreaseswithaltitude 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降 2 Thisshowsthattheresistanceofanelectricconductorisinverselyproportionaltoitscross sectionarea 这表明 导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比 6 Supplyingwordsofgeneralization 1 Thethesissummedupthenewachievementsmadeinelectroniccomputers artificialsatellitesandrockets 论文总结了计算机 人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就 2 Theprincipalfunctionsthatmaybeperformedbyvacuumtubesarerectification amplification oscillation modulation anddetection 真空管的五大主要功能是 整流 放大 振荡 调制和检波 7 Forpurposesofrhetoricorcoherence 1 Thiscomputerisindeedcheapandfine 这台电脑真是价廉物美 2 Heatfromthesunstirsuptheatmosphere generatingwinds 太阳发出的热能搅动大气 于是产生了风 8 Repetition 1 Avoidusingthiscomputerinextremecold heat dustorhumidity 不要在过冷 过热 灰尘过重 湿度过大的情况下使用此计算机 2 Ihadexperiencedoxygenand orenginetrouble 我曾经遇到过 不是氧气设备出故障 就是引擎出故障 或两者都出故障 AmplificationusedinChinese EnglishTranslation 1 Addingnecessaryconnectives虚心使人进步 骄傲使人落后 Modestyhelpsonetogoforward whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind 2 Addingnecessarypronouns交出译文之前 必须读几遍 看看有没有要修改的地方 Beforehandinginyourtranslation youhavetoreaditoverandoveragainandseeifthereisanythinginittobecorrectedorimproved 3 AddingnecessarybackgroundinformationtomaketheEnglishversionclear三个臭皮匠 赛过诸葛亮 ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeLiangthemastermind Translationpractice 1 PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese usingthetechniqueofamplification Historiesmakemenwise poetswitty mathematicssubtle naturalphilosophydeep moralgrave logicandrhetoricabletocontend 读史使人明智 读诗使人灵秀 数学使人周密 科学使人深刻 伦理使人庄重 逻辑修辞之学使人善变 2 PutthefollowingpassageintoChinese Ourpresentinventionrelatestoacircuitarrangementforcompensatingtemperature dependentfrequencyvariationsofanoscillatorofthecrystal controlledtypewhichgeneratesacarrierforthetranslationofmessagesbyfrequencymodulation 本发明涉及一种补偿电路 用以补偿晶体振荡器的频率随温度而发生的变化 这种振荡器产生的载波是用调频方式发送信息的 3 PutthefollowingpassageintoEnglish 美洲第一批发明专利是于1642年由殖民政府发布的 1790年美国的首批专利法根据宪法第一条第八款在国会获得通过 这项法令由一个三人委员会监督实施 这三人分别为美国国务卿 陆军部长和司法总长 InAmerica thefirstpatentsforinventionswereissuedin1642bythecolonialgovernments ThefirstU S patentlawswereenactedbyCongressin1790undertheauthorityofArticle1 Section8 oftheConstitution ThePatentActof1790wasadministeredbyacommissioncomposedofthesecretaryofstate thesecretaryofwar andtheattorneygeneraloftheU S Unit4Trademarks Trademarksoriginatedfromtherulethatnoonehastherighttohaveproductsforsaleunderthepretensethattheyarethegoodsofanotherpersonbyeitherdirectorindirectmisrepresentation Thiskindofunfaircompetitionhasbecomewidespread Somegoodsthathaveeitherlargeorexclusivemarketshavebeencounterfeitedandsoldwithtrademarkssimilartotheoriginals suchastheimprintedgoldinitialsofL ouis V uitton Thelawrecognizestrademarksaspropertyandgrantstothetraderanexclusiverighttouseanindividualmark Thusthetrademarkhasthecharacteristicofaspecialmonopolyrightinthatitpreventsitsuseforanotherperson sorcompany sgoodsinthesamewayitprotectsotherformsofprivateproperty Therighttoatrademarkhastraditionallyarisenoutofactualuseofthemark Mostcountries however demandinadditiontoitsusethatitberegisteredwiththepropergovernmentagency Theeasiestwaytolosetherighttoatrademarkisbyabandoningtheuseofthetrademarkorbyfailingtorenewregistration Incountrieswhereanunregisteredtrademarkhasbeenacquiredbyuse therightcontinuessolongasusehasnotbeenabandoned Lossofatrademarkrightalsooccurswhenitistransformedorwhenitdegeneratesintoahouseholdterm Thishashappenedwithsuchwell knownformertrademarknamesasaspirin cellophane dryice shreddedwheat thermos andothers Questions 1 Whatarethemainpointsofthispassage 2 Whyatrademarkisneeded 3 Inwhatcases thetrademarkrightislost Trademarksoriginated therulethatnoonehastherighttohaveproductsforsale thepretensethattheyarethegoodsofanotherpersonbyeitherdirectorindirectmisrepresentation Thiskindofunfaircompetitionhasbecomewidespread Somegoodsthathaveeitherlargeorexclusivemarketshavebeen andsoldwithtrademarkssimilartotheoriginals suchastheimprintedgoldinitialsofL ouis V uitton Thelawrecognizestrademarks propertyandgrantstothetraderanexclusiverighttouseanindividualmark Thusthetrademarkhasthecharacteristicofaspecialmonopolyrightin itpreventsitsuseforanotherperson sorcompany sgoodsinthesamewayitprotectsotherformsofprivateproperty Therighttoatrademarkhastraditionallyarisenoutofactualuseofthemark Mostcountries however demandinaddition itsusethatit registeredwiththepropergovernmentagency Theeasiestwaytolosetherighttoatrademarkisbyabandoningtheuseofthetrademarkorbyfailingtorenewregistration Incountries anunregisteredtrademarkhasbeenacquiredbyuse therightcontinuessolong usehasnotbeenabandoned Lossofatrademarkrightalsooccurswhenitis orwhenitdegeneratesintoahouseholdterm Thishashappenedwithsuchwell knownformertrademarknamesasaspirin cellophane dryice shreddedwheat thermos andothers TranslationSkill Omission 1 OmissionofthePronounHeputhishandsintohispocketsandthenshruggedhisshoulders 他将双手放进口袋 然后耸了耸肩 2 OmissionoftheArticleAnysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritisasolid aliquid oragas 任何物质 不论是固体 液体或气体 都由原子组成 3 OmissionofthePrepositionThedifferencebetweenthetwomachinesconsistsinpower 这两台机器的差别在于功率不同 4 OmissionoftheConjunctionIfIhadknowntherisk Iwouldnothavejoinedinit 早知危险 我就不参加了 Likechargesrepeleachotherwhileoppositechargesattract 同性电荷相斥 异性电荷相吸 5 OmissionoftheVerbWhenthepressuregetslow theboiling pointbecomeslow 气压低 沸点就低 6 OmissionoftheImpersonalPronoun It Thisformulamakesiteasytodeterminethewavelengthofsounds 这一公式简化了声音波长的测定 C ETranslation 质子带正电 电子带负电 而中子既不带正电也不带负电 Aprotonhaspositivechargeandanelectronanegativecharge butaneutronhasneither 她的朋友听到她家中的困难情况后 都主动伸出援助之手 Afterherfriendsheardaboutherfamilydifficulties theyofferedheranhelpinghand 花园里面是人间的乐园 有的是吃不完的大米白面 穿不完的绫罗绸缎 花不完的金银财宝 Thegardenwasaparadiseonearth withmorefoodandclothesthancouldbeconsumedandmoremoneythancouldbespent TranslationPractice 1 PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese usingthetechniqueofomission 1 Thetruejoyofjoysisthejoythatjoysinthejoyofothers 与人同乐 才是真乐 2 Thesedevelopingcountriescovervastterritories encompassalargepopulationandaboundinnaturalresources 这些发展中国家土地辽阔 人口众多 资源丰富 这些发展中国家地大物博 人口众多 3 TheKODAKFichereader321Aiseasytooperate versatile compactandhasapleasingmoderndesign 柯达321A型微胶片阅读器操作简便 功能齐全 结构紧凑 造型美观 4 Scientificexploration thesearchforknowledgehasgivenmanthepracticalresultofbeingabletoshieldhimselffromthecalamitiesofnatureandthecalamitiesimposedbyotherman 人类对科学的探索