河南科技大学材料专业英语

一、材料科学与工程的介绍 Materials have always been important to the advance of civilization: entire eras are named for them. After evolving from the stone age through the bronze and iron ages , now in the modern era we have vast numbers of tailored materials to make use of. We are really living in the materials age. 材料对文明的发展非常的重要：整个时代因为他们命名,从石器时代经过青铜器和铁器时代，现代我们使用着大量的材料。我们确实是生活在材料时代。Work and study in the field of materials and engineering is grounded in an understanding of why materials behave the way they do, and encompasses how materials are made and how new ones can be developed. For example, the way materials are processed is often important. People in the Iron Age discovered this when they learned that soft iron could be heated and then quickly cooled to make a material hard enough to plow the earth: and the same strategy is used today to make high-strength aluminum alloys for jet aircraft. Today we demand more from our materials than mechanical strength, of course electrical, optical, and magnetic properties, for example, are crucial for many applications. As a result, modern materials science focuses on ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors, as well as on materials, such as metals and semiconductors, as well as on materials, such as metals and glasses, that have a long history of use.在材料科学和工程领域的学习和研究是建立在对为什么材料表现出他们的性质和围绕材料是怎样被制造和如何发展一种新材料的理解的基础上。例如，材料加工工艺方式是非常重要的。在铁器时代，人们发现当他们把生铁加热，然后迅速冷却，使材料可以足够坚硬而用来耕地；同样的方法被用来制造具有高强度的铝合金喷气飞机。如今，除了材料的力学性能之外我们需要更多的性能，当然，例如电学的，光学的，磁性的性能，在许多应用方面都是是至关重要的。因此，现代材料科学聚焦在陶瓷，聚合物，和半导体，以及如金属，玻璃长久被使用的材料。1.1, 材料科学与工程的定义 Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials. 材料科学是研究材料的加工，组织，性能和功能之间关系的科学。（材料科学与工程之间的关系可以用图一的四面体图所示）The discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. 材料科学这一学科主要研究材料的结构和性能之间存在的关系。相比之下,材料工程是基于组织性能的相关性而设计、开发材料的组织来生产出预先制定的性能（书上有译）。The structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative TO one another. The next large structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed microscopic meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally* structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed macroscopic.一种材料的组织往往和它内部组分的排列有关。亚原子结构包含各自原子能的电子和原子核的相互作用。在原子水平，组织包含原子团或分子相对于另一个原子团或分子的关系。下一级尺寸大一些的组织成为“显微组织”，有聚集在一起的大量原子构成，也就是说使用某种类型的显微镜可以直接观察。最后组织元素,可以用肉眼直接观察到的被称为“宏观组织”。Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size. Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories! mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses性能是一种材根据具体给定的影响因素而做出的本质的明显的回应。通常,性能的定义和材料的形状与大小没有关系。实质上根据所有固体材料重要性能，固体材料可以被分成六个不同的范畴：力学的、电学的、热学的、磁性的、光学的和劣化。对于每个范畴特定种类的影响因素能够引发不同的回应。In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, namely processing and “performance”. With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a materials performance will be a function of its properties. 除了组织和性能, 科学和工程中还涉及另外两个重要要素,他们是“工艺”和“功能”。从这四个要的关系来看,一种材料的组织决定着它的工艺。进一步说,材料的功能是它性能的表现。1.2材料的分类Materials are classified into five groups: metals, ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, and composite materials. Materials in each of these groups possess different structures and properties.材料可以被分为五类：金属、陶瓷、多聚物、半导体和复合材料。不同的材料具有不同的组织和性能.MetalsMetals and alloys generally have the characteristics of good electrical and thermal conductivity, relatively high strength, high stiffness, ductility or formability, and shock resistance. They are particularly useful for structural or load-bearing applications. Although pure metals are occasionally used, combinations of metals called alloys provide improvement in a particular desirable property of permit better combinations of properties. 金属和合金一般具有良好的导电导热性、相对高的强度、高刚度、塑性或者说是模锻成形性,和抗冲击性。他们一般被用在结构或承载应用方面. 偶尔才使用纯金属，而把金属组合起来可以获得更好的性能组合，可以使需要的某一特定性能获得提高，这种金属组合成为合金。CeramicsCeramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. The wide range of materials that falls within this classification includes ceramics that are composed of clay minerals, cement* and glass. These materials have poor electrical and thermal conductivity. Although ceramics may have good strength and hardness, their ductility, formability, and shock resistance are poor. Consequently, ceramics are less often used for structural or load-bearing applications than are metals. However, many ceramics have excellent resistance to high temperatures and certain corrosive media and have a number of unusual and desirable optical, electrical and thermal properties. 陶瓷是金属和非金属元素之间的复合物,它们是最常见的是氧化物、氮化物、碳化物。大部分材料都归属于由粘土矿物、水泥和玻璃组合成的陶瓷这一范畴。这类材料有很差的导电导热性. 尽管陶瓷可能具有良好的强度和硬度,但是其塑性、成型性、抗冲击性很差。通常, 和金属相比，陶瓷不用于结构或承载应用方面。但是,许多陶瓷有卓越的耐高温和一些耐腐蚀性介质,还有许多不同寻常的和令人满意的光学的、电学的和热学的性能。PolymersPolymers include rubber, plastics, and many types of adhesives. They are produced by creating large molecular structures from organic molecules, obtained from petroleum or agricultural products, in a process known as polymerization. Polymers have low electrical and thermal conductivity, have low strengths, and are not suitable for use at high temperatures. Some polymers have excellent ductility, formability, and shock resistance while other have the opposite properties. Polymers are lightweight and frequently have excellent resistance to corrosion. 多聚物包括橡胶、塑料、和许多类型的胶。他们是从石油或农产品中获得的有机分子，通过一个成为聚合的工艺生成大分子结构而制造出来的多聚物有低的导电导热性，有低的强度，还不适用于高温下。一些多聚物（热塑性塑料）有良好的延性、成型性、抗冲击性,而其他的多聚物（热固性塑料）有相反的性能。聚合物是轻质的,经常有优异的耐腐蚀性。Semiconductors Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators. Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, which concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions. The semiconductorshave made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and computer industri