曼昆微观经济学英文版designtaxPPT课件

12 TheDesignoftheTaxSystem Inthisworldnothingiscertainbutdeathandtaxes BenjaminFranklin TaxespaidinBenFranklin stimeaccountedfor5percentoftheaverageAmerican sincome 1789 Inthisworldnothingiscertainbutdeathandtaxes BenjaminFranklin 1789 Today taxesaccountforuptoathirdoftheaverageAmerican sincome Figure1GovernmentRevenueasaPercentageofGDP Copyright 2004South Western 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Revenueas Percentof GDP 1902 1922 1927 1913 1940 1932 1970 1980 1990 2000 1950 1960 Table1CentralGovernmentTaxRevenueasaPercentofGDP Copyright 2004South Western TheFederalGovernment TheU S federalgovernmentcollectsabouttwo thirdsofthetaxesinoureconomy TheFederalGovernment Thelargestsourceofrevenueforthefederalgovernmentistheindividualincometax TheFederalGovernment IndividualIncomeTaxesThemarginaltaxrateisthetaxrateappliedtoeachadditionaldollarofincome Higher incomefamiliespayalargerpercentageoftheirincomeintaxes TheFederalGovernment TheFederalGovernmentandTaxesPayrollTaxes taxonthewagesthatafirmpaysitsworkers SocialInsuranceTaxes taxesonwagesthatisearmarkedtopayforSocialSecurityandMedicare ExciseTaxes taxesonspecificgoodslikegasoline cigarettes andalcoholicbeverages Table2ReceiptsoftheFederalGovernment 2001 Copyright 2004South Western ReceiptsoftheFederalGovernment TheFederalGovernment FederalGovernmentSpendingGovernmentspendingincludestransferpaymentsandthepurchaseofpublicgoodsandservices Transferpaymentsaregovernmentpaymentsnotmadeinexchangeforagoodoraservice Transferpaymentsarethelargestofthegovernment sexpenditures TheFederalGovernment FederalGovernmentSpendingExpenseCategory SocialSecurityNationalDefenseIncomeSecurityNetInterestMedicareHealthOther TheFederalGovernment BudgetSurplusAbudgetsurplusisanexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspending BudgetDeficitAbudgetdeficitisanexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceipts Table4SpendingoftheFederalGovernment 2001 Copyright 2004South Western FederalGovernmentSpending 2001 TheFederalGovernment FinancialConditionsoftheFederalBudgetAbudgetdeficitoccurswhenthereisanexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceipts Governmentfinancesthedeficitbyborrowingfromthepublic Abudgetsurplusoccurswhengovernmentreceiptsaregreaterthangovernmentspending Abudgetsurplusmaybeusedtoreducethegovernment soutstandingdebts StateandLocalGovernments Stateandlocalgovernmentscollectabout40percentoftaxespaid StateandLocalGovernment ReceiptsSalesTaxesPropertyTaxesIndividualIncomeTaxesCorporateIncomeTaxesFederalgovernmentOther Taxes Table5ReceiptsofStateandLocalGovernments 1999 Copyright 2004South Western StateandLocalGovernment SpendingEducationPublicWelfareHighwaysOther Table6SpendingofStateandLocalGovernments 1999 Copyright 2004South Western TAXESANDEFFICIENCY Policymakershavetwoobjectivesindesigningataxsystem EfficiencyEquity TAXESANDEFFICIENCY Onetaxsystemismoreefficientthananotherifitraisesthesameamountofrevenueatasmallercosttotaxpayers Anefficienttaxsystemisonethatimposessmalldeadweightlossesandsmalladministrativeburdens TAXESANDEFFICIENCY TheCostofTaxestoTaxpayersThetaxpaymentitselfDeadweightlossesAdministrativeburdens DeadweightLosses Becausetaxesdistortincentives theyentaildeadweightlosses Thedeadweightlossofataxisthereductionoftheeconomicwell beingoftaxpayersinexcessoftheamountofrevenueraisedbythegovernment AdministrativeBurdens Complyingwithtaxlawscreatesadditionaldeadweightlosses Taxpayersloseadditionaltimeandmoneydocumenting computing andavoidingtaxesoverandabovetheactualtaxestheypay Theadministrativeburdenofanytaxsystemispartoftheinefficiencyitcreates MarginalTaxRatesversusAverageTaxRates Theaveragetaxrateistotaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome Themarginaltaxrateistheextrataxespaidonanadditionaldollarofincome Lump SumTaxes Alump sumtaxisataxthatisthesameamountforeveryperson regardlessofearningsoranyactionsthatthepersonmighttake TAXESANDEQUITY Howshouldtheburdenoftaxesbedividedamongthepopulation Howdoweevaluatewhetherataxsystemisfair TAXESANDEQUITY PrinciplesofTaxationBenefitsprincipleAbility to payprinciple BenefitsPrinciple Thebenefitsprincipleistheideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservices Anexampleisagasolinetax Taxrevenuesfromagasolinetaxareusedtofinanceourhighwaysystem Peoplewhodrivethemostalsopaythemosttowardmaintainingroads Ability to PayPrinciple Theability to payprincipleistheideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburden Theability to payprincipleleadstotwocorollarynotionsofequity VerticalequityHorizontalequity Ability to PayPrinciple Verticalequityistheideathattaxpayerswithagreaterabilitytopaytaxesshouldpaylargeramounts Forexample peoplewithhigherincomesshouldpaymorethanpeoplewithlowerincomes Ability to PayPrinciple VerticalEquityandAlternativeTaxSystemsAproportionaltaxisoneforwhichhigh incomeandlow incometaxpayerspaythesamefractionofincome Aregressivetaxisoneforwhichhigh incometaxpayerspayasmallerfractionoftheirincomethandolow incometaxpayers Aprogressivetaxisoneforwhichhigh incometaxpayerspayalargerfractionoftheirincomethandolow incometaxpayers Ability to PayPrinciple HorizontalEquityHorizontalequityistheideathattaxpayerswithsimilarabilitiestopaytaxesshouldpaythesameamounts Forexample twofamilieswiththesamenumberofdependentsandthesameincomelivingindifferentpartsofthecountryshouldpaythesamefederaltaxes Table7ThreeTaxSystems Copyright 2004South Western Table8TheBurdenofFederalTaxes Copyright 2004South Western CASESTUDY HorizontalEquityandtheMarriageTax Marriageaffectsthetaxliabilityofacoupleinthattaxlawtreatsamarriedcoupleasasingletaxpayer Whenacouplegetsmarried theystoppayingtaxesasindividualsandstartpayingtaxesasafamily Ifeachhasasimilarincome theirtotaltaxliabilityriseswhentheygetmarried TaxIncidenceandTaxEquity Thedifficultyinformulatingtaxpolicyisbalancingtheoftenconflictinggoalsofefficiencyandequity Thestudyofwhobearstheburdenoftaxesiscentraltoevaluatingtaxequity Thisstudyiscalledtaxincidence TaxIncidenceandTaxEquity FlypaperTheoryofTaxIncidenceAccordingtotheflypapertheory theburdenofatax likeaflyonflypaper stickswhereveritfirstlands Summary TheU S governmentraisesrevenueusingvarioustaxes Incometaxesandpayrolltaxesraisethemostrevenueforthefederalgovernment Salestaxesan