英语语言学概论-Chapter-6-Syntaxppt课件

Chapter6Syntax Astudyofsentences sentencestructureandformation 6 1definitionofsyntax howthewordsofalanguagecanbecombinedtomakelargerunits suchasphrases clauses 分句 andsentences Itstudiestheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsofthesentencestructureandtherulesgoverningtheproductionofsentences Finite 有限的 numberofwordsandsmallsetofrulescancreateinfinitenumberofsentencesSyntacticknowledge theintuitionofnativespeakersabouthowwordsarecombinedtobephrasesandsentences 6 2Grammar syntaxandmorphologyGrammarstudiesthemorphologicalandsyntacticrulesoflanguage Itexcludesphonetics phonology semantics Grammarincludesmorphologyandsyntax MorphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandwordformationprocessesSyntaxdealswiththesentencestructuresandproducton Statically 静态的 sentencestructure dynamically sentencegeneration 6 3syntagmatic paradigmaticandhierarchicalrelations 6 3thesyntagmaticrelationshipreferstothelinearrelationshipbetweentheconstituents 成分 syntagmsorsyntagmas组成成分 HeisfromAmericaSetsofsyntagmaticallyrelatedconstituentsarecalledstructure Paradigmaticrelationsorassociativerelationsreferstothesetofrelationsalinguistcunithaswithotherunitsinaspecificcontext ParadigmaticrelationsholdbetweenanitemandsimilaronesthatcanappearinthesamepositioninasequenceParadigmaticrelatonsholdbetweenthelinguisticelementswithinasentenceandthoseoutsidethesentence Classesofparadigmaticallyrelatedelementsarecalledsystem like personsystem 人称系统 I you he we you theylikedtheplay Syntacticcategories 句法范畴 refertothelinguisticformsthathaveparadigmaticrelations Theyincludelexicalcategories 词汇范畴 andnon lexicalcategories Lexicalcategories Noun N book table Verb V hit tellAdjective Adj good badAdverb Adv greatlyDeterminer Det 限定词 a this his Preposition P oninconjunction Conj andifInterjection Int 感叹词 oh ah Phrasalcategories Nounphrase NP abookVerbphrase VP singasongAdjectivephrase AP verygoodAdverbphrase ADVP verywell Auxiliaryphrase AUX 助动词 tense model perf prog be may Prepositionalphrase PP intheroom Hierarchicalstructure 层次结构 refertotheinnerlayering 内部层次关系 ofsentences thatis sentencesconsistingofphrasesandphrasesinturnarecomposedofwords HierarchicalstructurecanbeanalysedbyICanalysis labeledICanalysis phrasemarkersandlabeledbracketing 6 4ICAnalysis ICAnalysisofsentences todividethewordsofasentenceintotwogroups andthendivideeachgroupintosub groupsandsoon untilthesinglewordsofthesentencesareobtained ItisamajorfeatureofBloomfieldianStructuralistlinguistics 布龙菲尔德结构主义语言学的主要特征 SheisfromAmericaShe isfromAmericais fromAmericafrom AmericaImmediateconstituents UltimateconstituentsConstituents alltheformsexcepttheoneatthetop thesentenceitself OneadvantageofICAnalysisistorevealstructuralambiguity 结构性歧义 naughtyboysandgirlsnaughty boysandgirlsboys and girlsnaughtyboysandgirlsnaughtyboys and girlsNaughty boys TheyareflyingplanesThey areflyingplanesare flyingplanesflying planes 这些飞机是正在飞行的飞机 TheyareflyingplanesThey areflyingplanesareflying planesare flying 他们在驾驶或乘飞机 Theyarevisitingrelatives DotheICAnalysisofthefollowingsentences LittleTomrunsveryfast Theseapplesareverysweet Hisbrotherstayedathome HisbrotherbeatlittleJohn LittleTomrunsveryfast LittleTom runsveryfastLittle Tomruns veryfastvery fastThoseapplesareverysweet Thoseapples areverysweetThose applesare verysweetvery sweet Hisbrotherstayedathome Hisbrother stayedathomeHis brotherstayed athomeat homeThatboybeatlittleTonyThatboy beatlittleTonyThat boybeat littleTonylittle Tony AstheICanalysisshowthatthesefoursentenceshavethesamestructuresuperficially ICanalysisshouldbemodified LabeledICAnalysis tolabelthegrammaticalcategoriesofeachconstituentsandthesentences LittleTomrunsveryfast SLittleTom NP runsveryfast VPLittle Adj Tom Nruns V veryfast ADVPvery Adv fast AdvThoseapplesareverysweet sThoseapples NP areverysweet VPThose Det apples Nare V verysweet APvery Adv sweet Adj Hisbrotherstayedathome SHisbrother NP stayedathome VPHis Det brother Nstayed V athome PPat P home NThatboybeatlittleTony SThatboy NP beatlittleTony VPThat Det boy Nbeat V littleTony NPlittle Adj Tony N AstheICAnalysisistooredundant 重复的 andtroublesome thephrasemarkers 短语标记法 areadvanced LittleJohnrunsverfastThoseapplesareverysweet Hisbrotherstaysathome ThatboybeatlittleJohn Labeledbracketing 方括标记法 s NP Detthe Napples VP Vare AP ADVP Advvery Adjsweet ConstituencyandDependency Constituency 成分关系 Itistodivideasentenceintoaseriesofconstituentswhichcanbeanalysedintofurtherconstituentsuntilnofurtherdivisionispossible Constituentsstructureanalysisisahierarchicalanalysisshowingthedifferentconstituentsatdifferentstructurallevels Dependencygrammar 依存语法 asrepresentedbyLucienTesniereistodescribedependencystructuresofsentences thatis thestructureofdependencyrelationsbetweentheelementsofasentence Inasyntacticconnectionbetweentwoelementsoneisthegoverningelement 支配因素 andtheotheristhedependentelement 依存因素 Whenagoverningelementisdependentonanothergoverningelement ahierarchicaldependecystructurewillresults Inasentence theabsolutegovernoristheverb 6 6TGGrammar 转换生成语法 Staticstudyoflanguagedealswithonlysurfacestructure 表层结构 dynamicstudyoflanguagedealswithbothsurfacestructureanddeepstructure Sentencegeneration 句子的生成 alwaysstartswiththedeepstructureandthentransformsitintosurfacestructure Deepstructuresaregeneratedbyphrasestructurerules 短语结构规则 whilesurfacestructuresarederivedfromthedeepstructurebythetransformationalrules Thewholeprocesscanberepresentedby Phrasestructurerules deepstructure T rules surfacestructure Thesamesurfacestructure Theturkey 火鸡 isreadytoeat differentdeepstructure a Theturkeyitselfisreadytoeatsomething turkeyisthelogicalsubjectofeat bTheturkeyasadishisreadyforpeopletoeat turkeyisthelogicalobjectofeat Twosurfacestructuremayhavethesamedeepstructure theboybrokethewindow Thewindowwasbrokenbytheboy Samestructures Theproblemiseasytofollow Diffenrences Surfacestructurescorresponddirectlytothelineararrangementsofsentences whiledeepstructurescorrespondtothemeaningfulgroupingofsentences Surfacestructuresaremoreconcretewhiledeepstructuresaremoreabstract Surfacestructuresgivetheformsofsentenceswhereasdeepstructuresgivethemeaningsofsentences 4surfacesrtucturesarepronounceable havephoneticforms butdeepstructuresarenot 6 6 2phrasestructurerules consistof or isrewrittenas optionalconstituents 可有成分 compulsoryconstituents 要么S NPAUPVPHeisworking NP Det AP NthoseoldbooksAP AP ADVP AdjveryoldVP V NP PP S AP ADVP runfast gettotheschool PP PNPintheboxAUX Tense Modal Perf Prog Tense present past wasisModal can may must will shall could Perf have EN 完成体 Prog be ING 进行体 VPhastwoparts thebaseformandinflectinalendingswhichbelongtotheauxiliaryphrase tense modal perf prog 6 6 3transformationalrules 转换规则 totransformdeepstructuresintosurfacestructures whichinvolvesaseriesofT rules ThemoreT rulesareapplied themoreconcretethestructurebecomesandthecloseritistoitssurfacestructure deepstructure byT rules 1 modifiedstructure 1 byT rules 2 modifiedstructure 2 byT rules n surfacestructure EachT ruleperformsoneortwoofthefollowingthreeoperations rearrangingtheelementsofthestructure addinganewelement deletinganelementfromthestructure Eachtransformationalruleconsistsoftwoparts structuraldescription SD structuralchange SC Inthedescription X Y Zcanbeusedasthevariables 变量 1T Affixhopping 时态词缀跳换 SD XAffixVY1234SC 13242T Passive 被动态转换规则 SD NP1AUXVNP2Y12345SC 42 be en3 by15 3T Agentdeletion 施事删除 SD NP2AUX be ENV byNP1X12345SC 123O54T Negation 否定转换规则 SD XTense modal have be Y123SC12 not3 5T DoinsertionSD XTenseY123 Tenseisnotfollowedby modal have be SC 12 do36T YesorNoquestion 是否问句 SD NPTense Modal have be X123SC 213 7T Wh wordquestion 特殊疑问句 T Wh wordinsertion T YesorNOquestion T Doinsertion T Wh wordswitching T Affixhopping8T Reflexive 反身代词 SD NP1XNP2 NP1 NP2 123SC12Reflexive 9T Imperative 祈使句 SD YPresentVX Y you 1234SC O234OfalltheT rules T Affixhoppingisobligatorywhileothersareoptional Practice Theorderingoftransformationalrules Iftheorderingisnotfollowed thetransformationwillproduceill formedsentencesorbeblockedup 9orders 1T ReflexivemustbeappliedbeforeT imperative 2T PassivemustbeappliedbeforeT Reflexive 3T PassivemustbeqppiledbeforeT Negation 4T passivemustbeappliedbeforeT YesorNoquestion 5T Affixisalwaysfinallyapplied 6T AgentdeletionisalwaysimmediatelyafterTPassive 7T Doinsertionisalways