考博英语语法重点总结

考博英语语法重点总结考博英语语法重点总结考博英语语法重点总结 本文简介：考博英语语法重点总结（1）独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装独立主格特征1.充当句子的状语。2.有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。3.名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）分词名词（代词）分词(形容词）例：a)Itbeingraining,Idecidedtostayath。考博英语语法重点总结考博英语语法重点总结（1）独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装独立主格特征1.充当句子的状语。2.有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。3.名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）分词4.With名词（代词）分词(形容词）例：a)Itbeingraining,Idecidedtostayathome.b)Speechhavingbeendelivered,discussionstarted.c)heenteredtheroom,withhishandsopen（holdingarifle).真题剖析(1995)45cliffsnolongercrumbling,thebeachesare46ofthematerialwhichwould47feedthem.45.A.ForB.AsC.WithD.Because练习：Dowhatyouneedtodotokeepthewolf_7_fromthedoor,theworld_8_yourthesisadviser,teamleader,orlaboratorydirector.Thenusetherestofyourtime,perhapsatnightorontheweekends,todo_9_youreallywanttodo.8.A.isB.havingC.beingD.be虚拟语气虚拟语气（2）1.（should）动词原形Itbe动词形容词(-able)(essential,odd,vital,absurd,regrettable,desirable)that从句Itbe动词名词(pity,shame)that从句Itbe动词过去分词(ordered,begged,voted,moved)that从句部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等)that从句2.Its(high,about)timethat动词过去式wouldrather动词过去式真题剖析(1997)IwouldntbetruthfulifI47saythatteachingishardwork.47.A.doB.didC.dontD.didnt(1993)TheCaironewspapersthenextdaycarriedbannerheadlinesaboutthestudentdemonstration52,andthey53thattheprofessorbesenthome.53.A.orderedB.pleadedC.decidedD.demanded练习：Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimethatwe_15_thismessagetoheart.15.A.tookB.wouldtakeC.willtakeD.shouldtake()Itisedifying,anditisasourceofinnersatisfactioneven_54_otherfacetsoflifeprovedisappointing.(evenifotherfacetsoflifeshouldprovedisappointing.)shall非谓语动词动名词、分词、不定式。主动或被动。(doing/done,todo/tobedone)发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/havingdone/havingbeendone,todo/tohavedone/tohavebeen)To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。真题剖析(2000)IntheinnercitiesofAmerica,newspapersregularlyreportonnewbornbabies60intogarbagebinsbydrug-addictedmothers.60.A.droppedB.todropC.dropping()Aheroinaddict,forinstance,leadsa59life:hisincreasingneedforheroininincreasingdosespreventshimfromworking,frommaintainingrelationships,fromdevelopinginhumanways.59.A.destructiveB.dissatisfiedC.damagedD.derivative主谓一致1.整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。Howyougottheredoesntconcernme.Growingvegetablesneedsconstantwatering.2.表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。Eighthundreddollarsisenoughtoliveon.3.以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics,economics,measles,diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。4.“分数或百分数主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。Twothirdsofthevillagesareflooded(theareaisunderwater).5.不定代词(one,each,everyone,everybody,everything,noone,nobody,nothing,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something等)作主语，谓语用单数。Everyoneknowsthatyouvecomehere.Ifanybodywantstoseeme,letthemwaittillIcomeback.(-thing的情况例外)6.谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（aswellas,with,alongwith,togetherwith,asmuchas,accompaniedby,besides,but,except,inadditionto,like,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,including等）HenolessthanJohnisinterestedinliterature.7.谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,notbut,partlypartly等)Eithermyfatherormybrothersarecoming.8.each,every,manya,no主语，谓语用单数。ManyastudentandteacherhasbeentotheGreatWall.真题剖析(2000)MexicoCityalready52twentymillionpeopleandCalcuttatwelvemillion.AccordingtotheWorldBank,53ofAfricascitiesaregrowingby10%ayear,54ofurbanizationeverrecorded.53.A.noneB.fewC.anyD.some倒装全部倒装1.“There(Here)be主语”Therestandbigbuildingsinthisdistrict.Hereonthedeskliesapileofbooks.2.单个副词(in,out,now,up,down,away,off,then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如itblewup.)Incametheboss./Aheadsatanoldman.转贴于：考博_考试大【责编:xx纠错】限定词的用法1.Both,each,either,neither(只指两个)2.All,every,each,some,any,no(指两个以上)3.Some,any,more,(the)most,all,alot,lots,enough,none(复数可数或不可数)4.Much,(a)little,agood/greatdeal,less,(the)least(不可数)eg.“Gotanymoney?”“Noneatall.”eg.“Doeseithersideofthisstreetgetmoresunthattheother?”“No,neithersideissunnierthantheother.”从句为考察重点(1999)Theanswersgivenby200womentothoseintimateopen-endedquestionsmademerealizethat51waswrongcouldnotberelatedtoeducationinthewayitwasthenbelievedtobe.51.A.whichB.whatC.itD.that(1998)Theylearnedto51theirfarminghabitstotheclimateandsoil.52theyselectedthefourthThursdayofNovemberfortheirThanksgiving53,theyinvitedtheirneighbors,52.A.WhileB.WhenC.SoD.If(1993)IntheUnitedStatesacommentatorremarkedthat45Japanapparentlystillusedsome“primitivetools”,46aJapanesecommentatorexpressedastonishmentthattheAmericanpenswrotesopoorlytheycouldsafelybeusedonlyonceandthendiscarded.46.A.thoughB.whenC.whileD.andthatomittingthesubjectRatherformaluse让步状语从句以although,though,while,orwhilst开头时通常与主句共享主语,从句谓语用分词形式。Whilsthelikedcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse.Whilstlikingcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse.Boththejournalists,thoughgreetedasheroesontheirreturnfromprison,notlongafterwardsquietlydisappearedfromtheirnewspapers.这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如：Itwasanunequalmarriage,althoughastableandlong-lastingone.Thoughnotveryattractivephysically,shepossessedasenseofhumour.WHILEstayedwithmewhileDadtalkedwithDr.Smith.oftenknitwhilewatchingTV.Ihavesomesympathyforthesefellows,Ithinktheywenttoofar.AND1.oftenusedtolinkclausesIcameherein1922andIhavelivehereeversince.2.Whenyouaregivingadviceorawarning,youcanuse“and”tosaywhatwillhappenifsomethingisdone.Gobytrainandyoullgettherequicker.Doasyouretoldandyoullbeallright.WHERE1.Shewasstandingexactlywhereyouarestandingnow.1963wemovedtoBoston,wheremygrandparentslived.treatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.aresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisiswhereIdisagree.,wherewerewe?Ohyes,weweretalkingaboutJohn.othersmighthavebeensatisfied,Dawsonhadhigherambitions.(difference)WHICH(本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)1.定语从句引导词Didyouseetheletterwhichcametoday?NowtheyweredrivingbythehouseswhichAndyhaddescribed.2.分割句子，补充说明Thehouse,whichwascompletedin1856,wasfamousforitshugemarblestaircase.Hewaseducatedatthelocalgrammarschool,afterwhichhewentontoCambridge.Shemayhavemissedthetrain,inwhichcaseshewontarriveforanotherhour.THAT多用于同位语从句和thing的定语从句中。WHAT(有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)1.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappened.isnotcleartowhatextenttheseviewswereshared.couldgetyouajobhereifthatswhatyouwant.4.Whatthatkidneedsissomeloveandaffection.5.WhatmattersistheBritishpeopleandBritishjobs.AS1.比较Hislastalbumsoldhalfamillioncopiesandwehopethisonewillbejustaspopular./Theywantpeaceasmuchaswedo.2.作为，正如Wedbetterleavethingsastheyareuntilthepolicearrive.David,asyouknow,hasnotbeenwelllately.3.看作，看待Theresultoflastweekselectionwillbeseenasavictory.4.当时候=whileorwhenIsawPeterasIwasgettingoffthebus.5.原因Asitwasgettinglate,Iturnedaroundtostartforhome.6.让步=thoughTryasshemight,Suecouldntgetthedooropen.Thebaghasnarrowstraps,soitmaybewornovertheshoulderorcarriedinthehand.IdbeintroubleifIleton.SoIkeptmum.Whenthemealwasfinished,Rachelwashedupandmadecoffee.IwouldhavelikedtohavelearntFrench,butIwasdenied(=notgiven)theopportunity.Theopportunitywasdenied(to)meatschool.Theprestigeisdenied(to)theclassroomteacher.Theclassroomteacherisdeniedtheprestige.过去分词与形容词的语义差：:causingdamagetopeopleorthingsthedestructivepowerofmodernweaponsDamaged:beinginabadstateemotionallydamagedchildren:admiredbymanybecauseofachievementsHesoneofthemostrespectedmanagersinthegame.Respectful:feelingorshowingrespectTheylistenedinrespectfulsilence.3.Preferred:Herownpreferredmethodsofexercisearehikingandlongcyclerides.Preferable:Abigearthquakealongwayoffispreferabletoasmalleronenearby.Preferential:Bankofficialsdeniedgivingthesenatoranypreferentialtreatment.4.Unimagined:Othersseeanewgoldenageofbusinessandtechnologythatwillliftthemarkettounimaginedheights.Unimaginative:Thatmeansthetraditionalofficelayoutoflined-upcubiclesandworkstationsisseenasrigidandunimaginative.:Shewasadevotedwifeandaverylovingmother.Lovable:asweetlovablechildLovely:Wehadalovelyholiday.6.Tolerated:WhilePatchesaregenerallywelltoleratedtheyarenotalwayssuitableforeveryone.Tolerant:treesthataretolerantofsaltseawindsTolerable:Allinall,itwasbettertohaveatolerabletenementthantheidealwhichnoonecouldafford.虚拟语气非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smokingisprohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbingmountainsisinteresting爬山很有趣。(经验)Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.2不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither-次做两件事等于未做。WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。Toworkmeanstoearnaliving工作就是为了生活。3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。ThefunctionofLouisSullivansarchitecturewastoprovidelargeuninterruptedfloorareasandtoallowamplelightintotheinterior.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemaboutthefutureoftheplant(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Ourworkisservingthepeople我们的工作是为人民服务。Hishobbyiscollectingstamps他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled，fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected(3)分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebodyisinterestedin.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth.isinteresting.这类词常见的有：interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的Travellingisinterestingbuttiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。Theargumentisveryconvincing他的论点很令人信服。Theywereveryexcitedatthenews听到这个消息，他们非常激动。3不定式和动名词作宾语的区别英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语attempt企图enable能够neglect忽视afford负担得起demand要求long渴望arrange安排destine注定mean意欲，打算begin开始expect期望omit忽略，漏appear似乎，显得determine决定manage设法cease停止hate憎恨，厌恶pretend假装ask问dread害怕need需要agree同意desire愿望love爱swear宣誓volunteer志愿wish希望bear承受endeavor努力offer提供beg请求fail不能plan计划bother扰乱；烦恼forget忘记prefer喜欢，宁愿care关心，喜欢happen碰巧prepare准备decide决定learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾choose选择hesitate犹豫profess表明claim要求hope希望promise承诺，允许start开始undertake承接want想要consent同意，赞同intend想要refuse拒绝decide决定learn学习vow起contrive设法，图谋incline有倾向propose提议seek找，寻觅try试图2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词宾语动词不定式ask要求，邀请get请，得到prompt促使allow允许forbid禁止prefer喜欢，宁愿announce宣布force强迫press迫使bride收买inspire鼓舞request请求assist协助hate憎恶pronounce断定，表示advise劝告exhort告诫，勉励pray请求authorize授权，委托help帮助recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍implore恳求remind提醒beg请求induce引诱report报告compel强迫invite吸引，邀请，summon传唤command命令intend想要，企图show显示drive驱赶mean意欲，打算train训练cause引起instruct指示require要求deserve应受leave使，让tell告诉direct指导like喜欢tempt劝诱entitle有资格or