精读4 the damned human race

Lesson 15Part One Warm-upBackground InformationI. Author Pre-class work: What do you know about Mark Twain? Can you name some books he wrote?Mark Twain (1835-1901) was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens in Florida, Missouri, but lived as a child in Hannibal, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. He took the pen name Mark Twain from the call of the pilots on the river steamers, which indicated that the water was twelve feet deep, a safe depth for a steamer. During his early years, he worked as a riverboat pilot, newspaper reporter, printer, and gold prospector. But then he turned to writing, and became one of the greatest of American writers. His works have been immensely popular, and have brought him an ample fortune, thus enabling him to devote his entire time to literature.Although his popular image is as the author of such humorous works as The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain had the other side that may have resulted from the bitter experiences of his life: financial failure and the death of his wife and daughters. His last writings are savage, satiric, and pessimistic. The present text is taken from Letters from the Earth, one of his later works.l The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country卡拉维拉斯县有名的跳娃l The Innocents Abroad傻瓜出国记1869 A series of newspaper articles after his European trip later was published as this book. It explores the scrupulous individualism in a world of fantastic speculation and unstable values, and gives its name to the get-rich-quick years of the post Civil War era. 傻子出国记为通讯集，是马克吐温的旅欧报道。写天真无知的美国人在欧洲的旅游见闻，滑稽、诙谐，表现出美国人在欧洲封建社会傻子出国记为通讯集，是马克吐温的旅欧报道。写天真无知的美国人在欧洲的旅游见闻，滑稽、诙谐，表现出美国人在欧洲封建社会及其印记面前的优越感。 l The Gilded Age镀金时代l The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆索亚历险记1876本书描写了十九世纪密西西比河畔一个小镇人民的生活，可以说是当时美国社会生活的一个缩影。小主人公汤姆索亚和他的小伙伴幼稚而又认真的言行可以给我们很深的启示他们讨厌牧师骗人的鬼话不喜欢学校枯燥的教育与循规蹈矩的大人和孩子唱对台戏他们聪明活泼正直勇敢尤其是在一些重大事件发生的时候在正义与邪恶一较量中在危机降临的时刻他们能义无反顾地挺身而出。 l The Prince and the Pauper王子和贫儿1882l The Adventures of Huckberry Finn哈克贝利费恩历险记1885 In this book, Finn was a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”.It is one of the best works produced by Mark Twain, and it has always been regarded as one of the great books of western literature and western civilization. Hemingway described it as the book from which“ all modern American literature comes”. 本书讲述的是一个忍受不了“资产阶级生活方式”和酗酒的父亲的毒打而离家出走的白人孩子哈克，和一个逃亡的黑奴吉木，同乘一个木筏，在密西西比河上漂流的见闻和遭遇。全面、彻底地揭露资本主义政治的所谓“自由和民主”的神话。 His writing style: hilariously humorous bitterly satiricalHis language is pure and elevated, except when it is necessary to use the language of classes to represent certain characters. The world is bound to laugh as long as his works are kept in print.Text Appreciation1. Theme Through the analysis of various traits and dispositions human beings as contrasted to the “higher animals”, the author finds that men have descended and degenerated. The author writes about ugly human traits and dispositions. In his opinion, human beings are not ascended from the lower animals but descended from the higher animals. Both as a humorist and as an essayist of serious ideas, Mark Twain is a powerful writer. He is an honest and thorough critic who always brings a fresh perspective to things which are all too often taken for granted. True to this standard, “The Damned Human Race” is wonderfully thought-provoking and humane.To have a better understanding of this essay, it is perhaps necessary to go back to the 1890s, a period which was dark and gloomy for Mark Twain. First of all, because of unwise investment, he went bankrupt. And in order to pay off his creditors, he undertook a round-the-world speaking tour aimed at making some money. He had almost completed it when he learned that his favorite daughter, Susy, had died. This was a terrible blow for him. Before he could recover from this, his beloved wife, who had been his first reader and chief censor for the 34 years of their married life, died too. With her death, writing for him was essentially over. He became more and more bitter and his last writings were savagely satirical.Many believe therefore that this change of mood as reflected in the essay was mainly due to the authors personal tragedies. But there are also serious scholars who think that more important reasons had to do with the whole social backgroundthe three decades after the Civil War of the United States were characterized by cut-throat competition, child labor and sweat shops, robber barons and labor riots, corruption and unethical business practices spread of the jungle law and racial conflicts and imperialist wars. To Mark Twain, who had always been concerned with the problem of the human conscience, these things revealed the terrible deficiencies of the human race. To remedy this deplorable situation, he began to use his pen as a sharp lance first to pierce the boils of human pomposity. However, it is wrong to think that Mark Twain is pessimistic or cynical. He is neither. Behind all the bitterness is a warm and humane heart. Mark Twain does not really believe that human beings are incurably cruel, greedy and wicked. Otherwise he would not have bothered to write those essays. He writes about ugly human traits and dispositions precisely because he thinks human beings are capable of mending their ways if they can open their eyes to their own weaknesses and understand the conditions that give rise to them and nurture them. In other words, his policy is to frighten in order to enlighten.This slightly abridged essay is organized like a paper to report results of a scientific experiment. It has a thesis statement at the beginning and a brief summing-up at the end. The main body is arranged according to the various straits and dispositions of human beings as contrasted to the “higher animals”. However in the second part of the body the author begins to use a polemic tone. He seems to be arguing with people who believe in mans superiority because they can reason, have moral principles and religion, and love their neighbors and country.Notice the way the author achieves humor. Mark Twain in this essay obviously talks tongue-in-cheek about human traits. He pretends to be reporting on a scientific experiment, imitatingindeed, one might even say mimickingthe formal language (big words, long sentences, serious tone, etc) academics are fond of using. 2. StructurePart 1 (Paras. 1-4 ) : The thesis statement and introduction to the scientific experiment.Part 2 (Paras.5-9 ) : The analysis related to various straits and dispositions of human beings as contrasted to the “higher animals”.Part 3 (Paras.10-16 ) : Arguing with people who believe in mans superiority.Part 4 (Para.17 ) : Men have descended and degenerated.Organization of the text: This slightly abridged essay is organized like a paper to report results of a scientific experiment. It has a thesis statement at the beginning and a brief summing-up at the end. The main body is arranged according to the various straits and disposition of human beings as contrasted to the “higher animals”. However in the second part of the body the author begins to use a polemic tone. He seems to be arguing with people who believe in mans superiority because they can reason, have moral principles and religion, and love their neighbors and country.3. Further Discussion Do you have any idea why Mark Twain became more and more bitter in his later years? What is the Darwinian theory? Is Mark Twain serious when he says that he has done many months of painstaking and fatiguing work in the London Zoological Garden? What effect do you think Mark Twain hopes to achieve with this mock seriousness? How does the author contrast human beings with other animals? How would you describe the image of human beings under the authors pen? Would you say that the human race has changed for the better or for the worse? How is this essay organized? Is this article written in a colloquial and informal way?4. Sentence ParaphraseI have been studying the traits and dispositions of the “lower animals”, and contrasting them with the traits and dispositions of man. I find the result humiliating to me. (Para. 1)I have been studying the characteristics of the so-called lower animals in comparison with those of man. The result of this study makes me, as a man, feel terribly ashamed.traits and dispositions: characteristics; features; naturehumiliating: making me feel ashamed; embarrassingNotice the tongue-in-cheek (as a joke, not seriously) way the author expresses his ideas. He makes it sound as if he were conducting and reporting on the result of a scientific investigation. In other words, he is deliberately using a pompous style to achieve humor. For it obliges me to renounce my allegiance to the Darwinian theory of the Ascent of Man from the Lower Animals and to name it the Descent of Man from the Higher Animals.(Para. 1)Because the result of my study forces me to give up (to abandon) my loyalty to (firm belief in ) Darwins theory of evolution and to change the theory of the Ascent of Man from the Lower Animals to the theory of the Descent of Man from the Higher Animals. to oblige sb to do sth: to force sb to do sth; to make it necessary for sb to do sthto renounce: to abandon or give up; to reject or disown allegiance: loyalty, esp. to a nation or a cause That is to say, I have subjected every postulate that presented itself to the crucial test of actual experiment. (Para. 2) In other words, I have put every theory or hypothesis there is to the decisive test of actual experiment.to subject sth/sb to sth: to cause sb/sth to undergo or experience sth unpleasant or difficult and often for a long time, e. g. They were subjected to very cruel tortures.The desertification subjected people living in that area to great hardships.that presented itself: that happens or exists, e. g.When the opportunity presents itself you must seize it at once.I think they are still waiting for a more favorable situation to present itself.Some of my experiments were quite curious. In the course of my reading, I had come across a case where, many years ago, some hunters on our Great Plains organizes a buffalo hunt for the entertainment of an English earlthat, and to provide some fresh meat for his table. Para 3the Great Plains: an area of west central North America between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. Inhabited first by nomadic Indians known as Buffalo Indians, the Plains were settled by white ranchers in the 1860s.earl: a title of British nobility, equal to the French countCompare: duke; marquis; earl (count); viscount; baronthat, and to provide some fresh meat for his table: “That” is in apposition to “for the entertainment of an English earl”.for his table: for his meal5.In order to determine the difference between an anaconda and earlif anyl caused seven young calves to be turned into the anacondas cage. If any: used to suggest there is no difference To cause seven young calves to be turned into : to have seven calves turned into the anacondas cage (implying that it was done by assistants)calf: (plural: calves) a young cow, bull or elephantAlso: lamb (a young sheep); kitten (a young cat); chick (a young chicken or bird); duckling (a young duck); cub (a young wolf, bear or lion); piglet (a young pig);foal/colt (a young horse); gosling (a young goose); kid (a young goat); puppy (a young dog)It also seemed to suggest that the earl was descended from the anaconda, and had lost a good deal in the transition. Para 3It also seemed to show that the earl came from the anaconda and had lost a lot of the anacondas good qualities in the process.to be descended from sb: to be related to sb who lived a long time agoI was aware that many men who have accumulated more millions of money than they can ever use have shown a rabid hunger for more, and have not scrupled to cheat the ignorant and the helpless out of their poor saving in order to partially appease that appetite. Para 4I knew that many men who have more money than they can ever use have shown a mad desire to get more, and they have not hesitated to cheat poor people and their few saving in order to satisfy that desire.rabid: uncontrollable (Note: it is related to rabies, which is an acute, infectious and often fatal disease of dogs, also known as hydrophobia, transmitted by the bite of the infected animal)to have not scrupled to do sth: to be willing to do something even though it may be wrong or may upset people to cheat sb out of sth: to trick or deceive sb in order to get an advantage, e.g.to cheat sb out of his money or job or land,etcthe ignorant and helpless: the uneducated and powerless people; the poor laboring people in generalto appease: to satisfy or relieve (hunger, thirst, desire, etc) among the animals man is the only one that harbors insults and injuries, broods over them, waits till a chance offers, then takes revenge. The passion of revenge is unknown to the higher animals. (Para. 5) among the animals man is the only one that remembers insults and injuries, thinks about them for a long time, waits until a chance comes up and then takes revenge.Cats are loose in their morals, but not consciously so. Man, in his descent from the cat, has brought the cats looseness with him but had left the unconsciousness behindthe saving grace which excuses the cat. Para 7Cats are immoral, but they do not know it. They just cant help it. Man has inherited cats looseness, but not their innocence, which is what excuses the cat for its low morals.to be loose in morals: immoral the saving grace: the one good thing that makes someone or something acceptable His sense of humor was his only saving grace. Indecency, vulgarity, obscenity- these are strictly confined to man; he invented them. (Para 8) These are only mans problems. They are limited to man. They only happen to man No- Man is the Animal that Blushes. He is the only one that does it- or has occasion to. (Para 8) No, man is not the only animal that laughs, but it is true that man is the animal that blushes. He is the only animal that does it or has the need to.to have occasion to do sth: to have the need or necessity to do sth Notice that Mark Twain is saying here that only man needs to blush because he consciously does bad, immoral things. At the head of this article we see how “three monks were burnt to death” a few days ago, and a prior “put to death with atrocious cruelty.” (Para. 9) As this is a slightly abridged version, the part about the three monks is not to be found in the present text.prior: the man in charge of a priory, a house for monks which is smaller and less important than an abbey (Note that it is not to be mixed up with the adjective prior which means before.)to be put to death: to be killedwhen he is King John, with a nephew to render untroublesome, he uses a red-hot iron; (Para. 9)In the case of King John who wanted to get rid of his nephew he used a red-hot iron to torture him.(King Johns throne had been stolen from his nephew. Therefore he thought his nephew posed a threat to him.) King John: was the youngest son of Henry II. During his brother Richard Is absence on the third Crusade, John himself declared king and later held his brother in captivity.He was believed to have murdered his nephew Arthur I of Brittany. This and many other cruel things he did made him extremely unpopular, and finally a civil war resulted during which he died, presumably poisoned. when he is a religious zealot dealing with heretics in the Middle Ages, he skins his captive alive and scatters salt on his back; religious zealot: a religious fanaticthe Middle Ages: the period in European history loosely covers that from the fall of the western Roman empire (395 AD) to the Italian renaissance in the 14th century or to the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Historians call the early Middle Ages the “Dark Ages” because it was a period marked by confusion, disorder, religious persecution and the breakdown of civilization in Western Europe. The truth of course was much more complex. It was also a period of great achievement.in the first Richards time he shuts up a multitude of Jew Families in a tower and sets fire to it;to set fire to: to make sth start burning Notice that it does not mean the same as “to make/light a fire” or “to build a fire”. in our day in England a man is fined ten shillings for beating his mother nearly to death with a chair, and another man is fined forty shillings for having four pheasant eggs in his possession without being able to satisfactorily explain how he got them. (Para. 9)Mark Twain is satirizing the fact that under the English law at that time, a mothers life was worth only one peasant egg because the latter was considered private property.The cat is moderate- unhumanly moderate, she doesnt dig out its eyes, or drive splinters under its nails- man-fashion; when she is done playing with it, she makes a sudden meal of it and puts it out of its trouble. (Para. 9)unhumanly moderate: reasonable, not so violent, not so excessive or extreme, unlike human beings( Unhumanly is not to be mixed up with inhuman. It is actually a word coined by the writer.)man-fashion: like man; as man does to be dong doing sth: to finish doing sthto make a meal of: to eat it upto put sb out of his trouble: to end sbs trouble The higher animals engage in individual fights, but never in organized masses. Man is the only one that deals in the atrocity of atrocities, War. (Para. 10)The higher animals fight as individuals, but unlike man, they never fight wars. (They never organize armies to fight each other.) to