英语常用修辞手法PPT课件

英语常用修辞手段 Rhetoric Rhetoricisanancientbranchoflearning foundedbytheGreekphilosopherAristotle 亚里士多德 soithasahistoryofmorethantwothousandyearsinEurope Atfirstitdealtwiththewaysofpersuadingpeopleinconversationandspeech Latertheemphasisgraduallyshiftedfromspeechtowriting Generallyspeaking rhetoricistheartofeffectivecommunicationbymeansoflanguage ormoresimply itistheartofexpressing bywords preciselywhatwemean 1 RhetoricandGrammarRhetoricbasesitselfongrammar butitisnotgrammar Grammardealswiththemutualrelationsofwordsinasentence whilerhetoricdealswiththechoiceofwordsandthesentencestructuresincomposition Theformerteachesuscorrectspeech thelatterteachesusbetterspeech Grammarispre requisite 必要条件 前提 ofrhetoric 2 HowtostudyRhetoricThefirststepshouldbetolearntorecognizethemostcommonly useddevicesofexpressionandanalyzethedifferenteffectstheyproduce Tobeabletodothis itwillnotbeenoughmerelytolistentoafewlecturesorreadsomebooksonrhetoric Readinggoodauthorswithgreatcareisnecessary Thestudyofrhetoricintheoryshouldpavethewayforitsapplicationinpractice 3 ChapterOne Figureofspeech 修辞格 修辞手段 Thevalueoffigurativeword 修饰性词汇的价值 Wordsusedforwhattheysuggest inasensenotexactlyliteral arecalledfigurativeexpressions Whenwecalladistinguishedpersonastar theworldastage orthemoonthelampofnight Weusethewordsstar stageandlampofnightnotintheirliteralsense butwithafanciful 想象出来的 application Suchlanguagemakesthethoughtmorevividandmorestriking andthereforeattractsmoreofthereader sattention 4 Almosteverynotional 表意的 wordhasbothaliteralandafigurativesense Theverbinventin paperwasinventedinChina and Wattinventedthesteamengine isusedliterally in Whentheteacherasktheboywhyhehadnotcometotheclassthedaybefore heinventedanexcuse and Jimofteninventsastorytoamusethechildren Itisusedinafigurativeorunusualsense Whenastudentspeaksofhammeringaway 连续敲打 刻苦钻研 athisalgebra orsaysthathehasjustsqueezed 挤 压 throughanexaminationinFrench orthatadatehasslippedhis5 mind heisusingafigureofspeech Theexpressionsnotedareclearlymorevividthanifheweretosaythatheisstudyinghardathisalgebra orthathewasbarelypassedtheexamination orforgottenthedate Thegeneralsenseisthesameineithercase butthelanguageintheformerinstancesuggestsalivelierandmorepicturesqueconceptionofthefacts andthereforeattractsandholdsthebearer sattentionmorecertainly Again ifwesay Imperialismisonitslastlegs 奄奄一息 快要结束 Weintendtheexpressiononits ones lastlegstomeannearitsdeathorend Suchafigurativeexpressionwillnot6 onlyexpresstheliteraltruthofwhatwesaid butwill byeffectivelanguage createavividimageinthereader smind Figuresofspeechareofgreatuseiftheyarenotusedtoexcess 过度 andiftheyarenotfar fetched 强词夺理的 牵强附会的 Itwouldbebadtastetomakeeverysentencefigurative Everyfigureweusemustbenaturalandharmoniouswiththeideaitisintendedtosuggest Itshouldnotbeincludedinthesentencejusttoshowone sabilitytouseit Apoorfigureismuchworsethanagoodliteralexpression 7 Figuresofspeecharedifferentkindsoffigurativeexpressions Theyareclassifiedunderthreemainheadings excludingminorfigures Inthischapterthemostimportantkindsoffiguresaregivenundereachheadingforreference Atthepresentstageofourstudyweneednottrytoacquiretheskilltouseeveryoneofthem Itisenoughthatacquaintancewiththemshouldhelpustoappreciategoodliteratureatpresentandtowritebettercompositionsinthefuture 8 FigureofLikeness 相似修辞格 1 SimileSimileisanexpressionofcomparisonbetweentwodifferentthings Itisusuallyintroducedby as or like andsometimesalsoby as so than and resemble asthesigns 标志 ofcomparison Thebestsimilesarethoseinwhichpersonsorthingsunlikeinmostrespectsarecomparedbecausetheyhaveonepointoflikenessinappearance qualities oractions orintheeffectswhichtheyproduce Anall roundlikenessbetweentwothingswillnotofferagoodsimile forthecomparisonisliteral notfigurative Tosayaweakoldmuleislikeadyinghorsedoesnotgiveoneanynewideaaboutthemule Butwhenonesaysthat9 thecapitalistsystemislikeadyinghorse oneisusingsimiletogoodeffect MoreExamples Thepartyislikethesun Theboylookslikehisfather Belowaresomeexamplesofsimile 1 OnNationalDayboysandgirlsareashappyascrickets 蟋蟀 2 Itisfourdegreesbelowzerothismorning Thewindtearsthefleshlikeasaw cutsitlikethebladeofknife stabsitlikeapoisonousneedle twistsitlikepliers 钳子 andburnsitlikefire 3 Asamanwhispers sothebreezemakesalow hissing 发嘶声 sound 10 4 Learningresemblesscaling 攀登 theheights HerearesomesentencesfromJaneEyre 1 Holdherarms MissAbbot She slikeamadcat 2 They hadthrust 猛推 meuponastool Myimpulse 冲动 wastorisefromitlikeaspring 3 Iheardtherainstillbeatingcontinuouslyonthestaircase 楼梯 window andthewindowhowlinginthegrove 小树林 behindthehall Igrewbydegreescoldasastone andthenmycouragesank 11 Heretheappearanceofagirlislikened 把 比做 toaverymadcat theactionofrisingatone simpulse toaspring andtheeffectofcold toastone Suchfigurativesimilesproducedvivid strongimagesinthereader smind Note Thefollowingexpressionsintroducedby like and as arenotfigurative butliteral 1 Acatislikeatiger 2 Acatisasfierceasatiger 12 练习 人们在说话 写作或文学作品中常使用一些修辞手段 StylisticDevicesorFiguresofSpeech 来说明问题 表示强调 渲染气氛 增加色彩等等 使表达形象化 使语言富有美感 修辞手段在语体学中称为修辞格 修辞手段多种多样 可借助语音 语法或词法几种方式 这里主要介绍一些常用的词法修辞手段 一 明喻Simile明喻表明本体 描述的对象 和喻体 用作比喻的事物 两种不同的事物之间的相似关系 常用 as like seem asif asthough 等喻词与另一种具有相同特点的事物加以相比 从而更生动 更形象地对该对象加以刻划 以增强行文的艺术表现力 明喻一般都可采用直译 13 1 Hisfacewasasgreyasashes 他的脸死灰一般白 2 He sroundandsmoothandsharp He smorelikeaspearthananythingelse 他又圆 又光 又尖 比其它任何东西都更象一支矛 3 Isawthemasterlookingabouthimasifhewishestoimpressuponhismindeverythingintheroom 我看到教师在环顾四周 仿佛要把教室里的每一件东西牢牢记在心里 4 Thehairsfelluponher ripplingandshininglikeabrownwaterfall 头发披散在她身上 好象褐色的小瀑布 波汶起伏 光彩照人 14 5 Itlookslikeaterribletiger 它看起来象一只可怕的老虎 6 Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow 他象一只自以为太阳升起来是为了听他唱歌的公鸡 7 Despairsettleddownlikeaheavycloud 绝望的情绪象一片乌云笼罩着人们的心 8 Itisafigurelikeaman 它象一个人的体型 9 Timeflieslikeanarrow 光阴似箭 10 Iwanderedlonelyasacloud 我象一朵浮云象独自漫游 15 除此 尚有很多可以直译的例子 aswhiteassnow雪一样的白asmerryasalark快乐得象云雀asbraveasalion狮子一般勇敢asbusyasabee忙得象只蜜蜂astimidasamouse胆小如鼠asslyasafox狡诈如狐狸asblackasacrow黑如乌鸦但是 有些明喻在直译成汉语时要做些调整 才符合汉语的表达习惯 例如 16 Themoonwasabove coldandbeautiful andthemusicremindedSoapyofthosedayswhenhislifecontainedsuchthingsasmothersandrosesandcleanthoughtsandcollars 一轮皎洁的寒月悬空高照 那悠扬的音乐使他回首往昔 诸如生活中的母爱 爱情 理想和体面的生活 再如 asbitteraswormwood苦似黄莲ashappyasacow快乐得象只百灵鸟asboldasbrass脸皮厚得象城墙asstupidasagoose笨得象猪17 2 Metaphor 暗喻 Ametaphorisanimpliedsimile Itdiffersfromasimileinthatthecomparisonisimplied notexpressed 直接表达地 Inotherwords itcallsonethingbythenameofanother ordescribesonethingwithsomedescriptivetermwhichgenerallygoeswithsomethingelse Thistransference 转换 ispossibleanddesirableonlywhenthetwothingsinquestionhaveastrikinglikenessinaparticularaspect Theimperialistsandallreactionariesarepapertigers isametaphorknownthroughouttheworld Reactionariesandpapertigersaretwoentirelydifferentthings buttheyaresurprisinglyalikeinoneaspect inappearancetheybothlookstrongandterrible butinfacttheyareweakandcanbeeasilycrushed 压坏 打倒 ordefeated 18 Itoftenhappensthatonlyoneoftheobjectscomparedisnamed theotherthingbeinglefttotheimagination Intheexpression Thenighthadathousandeyes Wethinkofthestarsasiftheyweretheeyesofahumanbeing andthisproducesabeautifulpicture Thecomparisoninmetaphormaybeimpliedintheuseofnouns adjectivesorverbs A Nouns 1 Lifeisaleafofpaperwhite whereoneachoneofusmaywrite 2 Alltheworld sastage andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers 19 B Adjectives 1 Therewasastormydiscussionatourlastmeeting 2 Johnhaswongolden veryvaluable opinionsthroughhisjustice C Verbs 1 Abrightideasuddenlystruckme 2 Crowdsofvillagerslined stoodtherejustlikealine thestreettowelcomethedistinguishedvisitor20 练习暗喻Metaphor 暗喻 又称隐喻 它结构不同于明喻 不需要as like之类的比喻词 而是直接把比喻对象和比喻形象 即本体和喻体 联系起来 即 甲是乙 这种基本形式 暗喻是英语中最普通 最基本 也是最重要的修辞格 其含义含而不露 其含义需要想象 其产生的语言效果较之明喻也更强烈 更加深刻 其译法有两种 一为直译 以保持与原文的神似 即 貌离 而 神合 例如 1 Thesocietywashiscollege 社会是他的大学 2 Theboyisonlyskinandbone 这孩子瘦得皮包骨头 3 Theyarebirdsoffeather 他们是一丘之貉 21 4 Heissaidtobearoughdiamond 人们说他是一块浑金璞玉 5 Alltheworld sastage 世界是个大舞台 6 hecalledthem bloodtransfusion 他称之为 大输血 7 Hiscontemptuouseyespassedoverher andoveralltheotherrats 他用他那蔑视的目光掠过她身上 掠过其他所有的耗子 8 Allreactionariesarepapertigers 一切反动派对都是纸老虎 9 Theladyis Ahumanchrysanthemum sir believeme 先生 说真的 她 称得上菊花般的美人 10 Iwasdowninthecellarofsociety downinthesubterraneandepthsofmisery 我生活在社会的底层 灾难的深渊中 22 11 Ifdreamsdie lifeisabroken wingedbirdthatcannotfly 如果没有理想 生活就象是伤了翅膀的小鸟不能飞翔 12 Hereceiveditwithasmile andthenashelookedatthenote hissmilefroze 他面带微笑接过字条 可是当他看着字条时 笑容呆滞了 froze由 冻结 转义作 楞住 23 13 Itisregrettablethatourappealremainedadeadletter 遗憾的是 我们当时的呼吁石沉大海 deadletter由 死信 转义作 石沉大海 14 Becauseofhisone manstyleofoperationKissingerhadbecomeakindofbottleneckinhisownNSCsystem 由于基辛格于独断专行 他已是国家安全委员会工作中的一种障碍 bottleneck 瓶颈 应意译为 障碍 下面再看暗喻中其他一些比喻方式 静物动化法 有时为了使描写生动一些 把本来用于表现动物活动的词用来描述静止的状态 这种修辞现象称为静物动化法 如24 15 Onthetablelaysomedog earedbooks 桌上躺着几本折了角的书 16 Thetreesstoodgreeneraftertherain 雨后的树木更加葱翠 转位修饰法 有些习惯上用来修饰甲事物事词 多为形容词 转用来修饰乙事物 这种修饰法称为转位修饰法 如 17 Aboveushungasullensky 天色阴沉沉的 18 Hewasleftoutsideinthepitilesscold 他被拒之门外 门外寒气逼人 19 Everythingsmiledonhim 一切都朝他微笑 他心情很好 25 3 Personification拟人 Personificationisafigureofspeechwhichrepresentsaninanimate 无生命的 object ananimal oranabstractideaasaperson ascapableofthought feelingandspeech Thisfigureaddsdignity 庄重 animation 生机 活泼 andforce 力度 tostyle Therearethreechiefkindsofpersonification A Thatproducedbytheuseofadjectivesorpronouns Inthisformofpersonification thequalitiesoflivingbeingsareattributed 把 归于 toinanimatethings 1 Lookatthesmilingmoon Howbrightsheis 2 Thethirstysoildrankintherain 3 Themoonpoursherlight 26 B Thatproducedbytheuseofverbs Hereinanimatethingsorabstractideasarerepresentedashavinglife 1 Thewindhowledlastnight 2 Theflowersnoddedtoherasshepassed 3 AstrangecitysleepsunderthehotItaliansun C Thatproducedbytheuseofnouns Herepersonalnounsareusedinconnectionwithimpersonalones 1 theangerofthetempest 暴风雨 2 thesmileofspring 3 thewhisperofleaves27 Thefigureiseasilyconfusedwithmetaphor Whenwespeakofastonyheart weuseametaphor forwemakeanimpliedcomparisonbetweentheheartandthehardstone Ifwesay Theverystonecriedout Weusepersonification forthecomparisonisnotthatofapersontothestone 把人比作石头 butthatofthestonetotheperson Moreexamples 1 Lowspiritsaremytrueandfaithfulcompanions theygetupwithme gotobedwithme makejourneysandreturnasIdo Thepersonificationgivesadelicatelyhumorouseffect 2 Thecloudbringsfreshshowersforthethirstyflowers 28 练习拟人法Personification 拟人是把物 包括动物 物体 思想或抽象概念等 拟作人 使其具有人的外表 个性 情感或动作 拟人可以通过形容词 动词或名词表现出来 拟人法和静物动化法很相似 例如 1 Thewindsighedinthetreetops 微风吹过树顶好象有人在叹息 2 InNovemberpneumoniacametothatpartofthecity 十一月 肺炎来到了那个城区 3 Thegreystonecouldtellterriblestoriesofviolenceandinjustice 那灰色的石头能讲述出无数有关暴力和不义的可怕故事 29 4 HistorywillneverforgetthatitwasherethatThomasMorewasfalselyaccusedandcondemned 历史不会忘记 正是在这里 托马斯 蔓尔 伟大的人文主义者被诬告 被判刑 5 Thesteelyetemperedglanceonye 他们铸的剑在把你们看管 6 elementalforcesspeakinginavoiceoffinality 大自然的威胁力在用决定性的语气说话了 7 Istoodawhilewherenaturesmilestoviewtherocksandstreams 大自然望着岩石和小溪微笑 我站在那里停息片刻 8 Kingofthejungle thelionstrodeacrosstheplain 狮子 林中之王 漫步越过平原 30 9 Thethirstycropsdrinksintherain 干渴的作物吮吸着雨水 10 Nothingcouldcalmtheangerofthestorm 没有什么能使风暴停下来 这里顺便提及与拟人法相反的拟物法 即把人当作一般动物去描写 例如 1 Heisabookworm 他是个书呆子 2 Sheissheddingcrocodiletears 她这是鳄鱼掉泪假慈悲 3 Thespyhadbeendoggingherfortwodays 那密探已跟踪她两天了 31 FiguresofAssociation联想修辞格 1 Metonymy换喻 转喻或借代 Metonymymeansachangeofname Itissomewhatlikemetaphor butitliesinasingleword whereasmetaphorisusuallymoreextended 意义延伸 Metonymyisfoundeduponlikeness ThethingspokenofandthethingmeantarealikeinsomerespectMetonymyisfoundeduponrelation Thethingspokenofandthethingmeantmaybewhollyunlike buttherelationbetweenthemissuchthatthementionofonesuggeststheother Thereareseveralkindsofmetonymy Thefollowingarethecommonones 32 A Thecontainerforthethingcontained 用容器表示里边装的东西 1 Themotherdidherbesttotakecareofthecradle herbaby 2 Thekettle thewaterinthekettle boils B Thesymbolforthepersonorthingsymbolized 1 Thebench judges gaveahearingtothebar lawyers 2 Hesucceededtothecrown becamethesovereignruler in1848 33 C Theinstrumentororganfortheagent 1 Thepenhasmoreinfluencethanthesword Thosewhousethepenhavemoreinfluencethanthosewhousethesword 2 Giveeverymanyourear butfewyourvoice 多听少说 D Acauseforaneffect 1 HereadsShakespeare theworksofShakespeare E Aneffectforacause 1 Afteraday stravelingwetookarestundertheshade tree 34 练习换喻Metonymy 换喻又称转喻或借代 它反映两个密切相关的现实关系 即换一个说法来表现一个事物 换喻与明喻或暗喻不同 不需要两个事物相比 而是表示甲乙两事物在某点上的联系 即提到甲事物就会使人联想到乙事物 换喻可以使表达多样化 使形象具体 生动 例如 1 fromthecradletothegrave从生到死 摇篮cradle表示孩提 坟墓grave表示死亡 2 That showtheterm cat spaw hascomeintouse 这就是 cat spaw 这一术语如何得以使用的 cat spaw 指 被他人利用为工具的人 35 3 Downcamethelongbrownwaves 棕色的波浪 指头发 披落下来 4 Greyhairshouldberespected 老年人应得到尊敬 5 Thekettleboils 壶开了 kettle thewaterinthekettle 6 Thepenhasmoreinfluencethanthesword 笔杆子比枪杆子厉害 thepen thewriter thesword thesoldier 7 Sergeant itcomesintoyourheadsometimes inspiteofyourbeltandyourtunic 警官 尽管你是警察 有时你还是会这么想的 由皮带和警服转指穿戴之人 即警察 36 8 Thestairwayoftimeiseverechoingwiththewoodenshoegoingup thepolishedbootdescending 时代的阶梯一直在发出回响 穿木鞋的人步步登高 穿皮鞋的人逐渐下降 Thestairwayoftime实指history thewoodenshoe代表劳动人民 thepolishedboot指常穿擦得铮亮的皮鞋的富人 9 HiseyesmockedyoungJolyon 他嘲笑地望着小乔里恩 10 TheyserveChinesedishes 他们供应中餐 用容器代所盛东西 37 11 HaveyoureadShakespeare 你读过莎士比亚的作品吗 作家代表其作品 12 Hehasanearformusic 他有音乐欣赏力 器官代替其功能 13 Hispresent isnomorethanPandora sbox 他的礼品是潘多拉的盒子只能给人带来灾害 14 WhiteHouse美国政府 用地点指代住在里面的人或机关 38 2 Synecdoche提喻 Synecdocheisafigurewhichconsistschieflyinputtingapartforthewhole orthewholeforthepart Inthisfigurethewordusedsaysmoreorlessthanwemean Therearesixkindsofsynecdoche A Apartforthewhole 1 Howtoearndailybreadbymypenwastheproblem bread thenecessariesoflife B Thewholeforthepart 1 ChinadefeatedJapan China theChineseplayers Japan theJapaneseplayers 39 C Anindividualforaclass 1 ShanghaiistheNewYorkofChina theNewYork thebusiestcity D Theconcretefortheabstract 1 Itwasthecircumstancesthatdevelopedthepoetinhim thepoet poetictalent E Theabstractfortheconcrete40 1 Hehasdonememanykindnesses kindnesses kindthings善行 好事 F Thematerialforthethingmade 1 Thejudgehasputthecriminaliniron iron ironchains Note Metonymyandsynecdocheareessentiallythesameinprinciple andthereforethedistinctionbetweenthesetwofiguresisnowregardedasoflittlepracticalvalue 41 练习提喻法Synecdoche 提喻和换喻有相同之处 都是不直说某一事物的名称 但两者并不相同 换喻反映两个密切相关的事物的现实关系 主要借助于密切的关系与联想 而提喻是借助事物本身所呈现的各种对应现象来表现 借助于部分相似 提喻总是用局部代替整体 或以整体代替部分 例如用roof表示整个house 用thearmy表示某一个soldier 又称举隅法 例如 42 1 Manyhandsmakelightwork 人多好干活 2 Greatmindsthinkalike 英雄所见略同 3 HeisanotherLeiFeng 他是又一个雷锋式的人 4 Shedidsomesewingtoearnherbread 她做些针线活挣饭吃 5 Twoheadsarebetterthanone 两人智慧胜一人 6 Heisagoodfarmhand 他是一个好农家把式 7 Howaboutthevolleyballmatch Chinawon 排球赛如何 中国队赢了 43 3 Hyperbole夸张 Inhyperbole thingsarerepresentedasgreaterorless betterorworse thantheyreallyare Youmaysaytoyourfriend Ihaven tseenyouforages whileinfactitwasonlytwoweeksagothatyouparted Suchauseofexaggeratedtermscangainartisticemphasis Forexample 1 I mthehappiestmanintheworld 2 Thesunhasroastedhim thecoldfrozenhim 3 TheverynameofMr Grossetseemedtobringupathousandmemories 浮想连翩 思绪万千 44 练习夸张Hyperbole 夸张就是夸大其词或言过其实 是修辞的一种手段 其目的是在于对某种事物或情况的强调 给人以深刻的印象 同是增强语言艺术的感染力 但这不等于有失真实或不要真实 而是通过夸张把事物的本质更好地体现出来 这种修辞多用于口语和文学作品 在要求准确的科技文章中不用 例如 1 Icanwaitallmylife sir 我可以等一辈子 先生 2 GermangunsandGermanplanesraineddownbombs shells andbulletsuntilthelittleboatsseemedtobemovingthroughaseaoffire 德军的飞机大炮雨点般仍然狂轰滥炸 小船象在一片火海中穿行 45 3 Havealittlecompassiononmynerves Youtearthemtopieces 稍许体谅一下我的神经吧 你简直要叫我的神经胀裂了 4 Shewasscaredtodeath 她吓得要死 5 Oh myoldfriend Ihaven tseenyouforages 啊呀 我的老朋友 我好长时间没见到你了 forages 只是强调时间长 其意是 foralongtime 6 I dgivetheworldtoseeher 只要能见到她 我愿放弃整个世界 这个句子只是强调了渴望相见的迫切心情 并不是真要放弃一切 46 7 Thankyouathousandtimes 万分感谢 thousandtimes 是对的 verymuch 的强调 8 Oneortheotherisforeverintheway 你们总是有人挡在路上 forever 是对 always 的强调 9 Hewon tgivehisbookstoyouevenforathousanddollars 你就是给他一千块钱 他也不会把书给你 10 Ihavetoldyoufiftytimes 我对你讲过无数次了 fifty只强调次数多 manytimes 并不是 五十次 的意思 47 4 Apostrophe顿呼语 Apostropheisadirectaddresstotheabsentasiftheywerepresent tothedeadasiftheywereliving ortoinanimatethingsorideasasiftheyhadlife Itthereforeincludespersonificationbesidespossessingthepeculiarproperty 特殊性质 ofaddress 1 Youmoon haveyoudonesomethingwronginheaventhatGodhashiddenyourface 2 Wind Kindlyariseandhelpourvesseltomovequickly 48 5 Vision幻想 Visionisafigurebywhichthewriterorspeakerdescribesthepast absentorimaginaryscenesasiftheywereactuallypassingbeforetheeyes Bythisfigurethewriterorspeakeralwaysusesthehistoricpresenttenseforrhetoricalpurpose Inapostrophewespeaktotheabsentortheinanimate invisionwerepresentourselvesasseeingtheabsentortheimaginary Visionisfrequentlycombinedwithpersonificationandapostrophe 1 Iseebeforemetheslaughteredheapsofcitizens lyingunburiedinthemidstoftheirruinedcountry 2 Iseeaworldwithoutaslave Manatlastisfree 49 6 TransferredEpithet修饰转换 Thetransferredepithetisaqualifyingadjectivetransferredfromapersontoathingorfromonethingtoanother Thisfigureisaweakformofpersonification 1 Thepatientlayallnightonhissleeplesspillow 枕头 i e thesleeplesspatient 2 Thisisthecheapestmarketinthiscountry i e Thisisthemarketwherethethingsaresoldatthecheapestprices 50 FigureofContrast1 Antithesis Antithesisisanoppositionorcontrastofwordsorideasinthesentence Itisemphasizedbycontrastingonethingwithanother ashealthwithsickness warwithpeace richeswithpoverty Inthisfigure verbsshouldbecontrastedwithverbs adjectiveswithadjectives nounswithnouns etc Oftenthereisadoubleorevenatriplecontrastinthesamesentence 51 1 Flatterybringfriends truthbringsfoes 仇人 2 Knowledgemakeshumble ignorancemakesproud 3 Onedayisworthtwotomorrow 4 Toreadwithoutreflectionisliketoeatwithoutdigestion 5 Falsefriendsareworsethanopenenemies 6 Nobees nohoney nowork nomoney 52 练习对偶Antithesis 对偶法是一种在结构上前后对称 在语义上前后对应的修辞格式 一般具有声韵和谐 言简意赅之效果 对偶法与矛盾修饰法不同 对偶旨在显示前后两部分的平行对立 矛盾修饰法旨在突出主从两部分的矛盾统一 1 Socowedwastheircondition andsohardtheirexperienceofwhatsuchamancoulddotothem withthelawandbeyondit 他们的处境如此险恶 他们过去的痛苦经历告诉他们 这种人会以法律的名义或者根本无法无天地姿意蹂躏他们 53 2 Themorebusyweare themoreleisurewehave 人愈忙 闲暇越多 Leisurecanbebetterenjoyedbytho