城市设计理论三d

.,城市设计中的功能主义（Functionalism）和经验主义（Empiricism）,.,.,对环境（Environment）的分类,TerrestrialenvironmentAnimateenvironmentSocialenvironmentCulturalenvironment,.,.,Terrestrialenvironment+animateenvironment=biogenicenvironmentThebiogenicenvironmentprovidesthesetting,orphysicalframe,forhumanlife.Socialenvironment+culturalenvironment=sociogenicenvironmentThesociogenicenvironmentreferstothesocialsystemwherepeopleexist.,.,TheNatureofEnvironmentalExperience,.,.,MotivationsandNeedsPerceptionCognitionandAffectActions,.,MotivationsandNeeds,.,MaslowsHierarchicalModelofBasicHumanNeeds,SurvivalSafetyandsecurityAffiliation(Belonging)EsteemSelf-actualization,.,Perception,Perceptionistheactiveandpurposefulprocessofobtaininginformationfromtheenvironment.,.,CognitionandAffect,Cognitionistheprocessofthinkingwhichinvolveslearningandremembering(orforgetting),generalizing,feelingandattitudeformation,likinganddisliking.,.,GeneralizingResponsegeneralizingthesameresponseisgiventodifferentstimuliStimulusgeneralizingdifferentresponsesaregiventothesamestimulusatdifferenttimes,.,.,TheRoleoftheBuiltEnvironmentinHumanLives,TheconceptofaffordanceTheconceptofhabituationTheconceptofcompetenceTheconceptofPredisposition(inclination）TheconceptofcostsofrewardsEnvironmentaldesignasenvironmentaladaptation,.,AffordanceTheaffordanceofanything,materialornonmaterial,arewhatitoffersaspeciesintermsoftheactivitiesandmeaningsitallowsbecauseofitscharacteristics.,.,.,CompetenceEverybodyhasalevelofcompetence,ability,skill,orexpertiseindealingwiththebiogenicandsociogenicworldsandthusthebuiltenvironment.,.,.,.,CostsandrewardsOurperceptionofthequalityoftheelementsofthebuiltenvironmentdependsonourperceptionsofthecostsandrewardsassociatedwiththem.Indeed,allactivitieshavecostsandrewardsassociatedwiththem.,.,.,TheUrbanDesignerasDesignerofGuidelinesforDesign,.,PrescriptiveandPerformanceGuidelines,Prescriptiveguidelinesestablishthelimitorframeworkwithinwhichbuildingsmustbebuilt.Performanceguidelinesprovidethedesignerwiththecriteriawherebytheimpactofanyproposalwillbeassessed.,.,TheUseofGuidelines,DefininganddesigningthepublicrealmSpecifyingand/orrestrictingcertainusesandbuildingformsStimulatingtypesofdevelopmentPreservingexistingurbanenvironmentsSpecifyingthenatureandlocationofpublicart,.,Specifyingand/orrestrictingcertainusesandbuildingformsZoningcontrolTransferofdevelopmentrightsPhysicalformandpatternguidelinesAestheticregulationRestrictivecovenants,.,.,DesignPrinciples,ThecitybeautifulandthegrandideaEmpiricismandrationalism:lookingbackandlookingforwardAsetofgenericsolutionthedesignofnewtypesFunctionalismHumanneedsasabasisoffunctionaldesignSocialconcernDesignmethod,.,美国当代城市设计中需要关注的一些问题,.,TheneedforurbandesigntobeseenwithinamoralorderTheneedounderstandurbandesignspotentialcontributioninachangingworldTheneedtodealwithdifferentandchangingmodelsofrealityTheneedtorecognizethepoliticalnatureofurbandesignTheneedtoseeurbandesignasacollaborativeactTheneedforafutureorientationTheneedforanexperientialapproachtourbandesignTheneedforaknowledge-basedurbandesign,.,城市设计中的功能主义（Functionalism）,.,HumanNeedsastheBasisforConceptsofFunctionalism,.,.,.,城市功能和城市（TheFunctionsofCitiesandUrbanPlaces）,.,ManifestfunctionsandlatentfunctionsManifestfunctionseconomic,social,recreational,etcLatentfunctionspsychological,unconscious,abstract,etcPrimaryfunctions,secondaryfunctionsandtertiaryfunctions,.,TheCitysPrimaryFunctions,TheCommunicationFunctionTheTransportationFunctionTheEconomicFunctionTheCognitiveFunctionTheSocialFunction,.,城市设计中的一些要素,.,SubstantiveElementsBehaviorsettingsandarchitecturalpatternsSystemsofbehaviorsettingsEnclosingbehaviorThepublicrealmThemilieuasdisplayThecreationassettings,.,TheElementsoftheBehavioralEnvironment,.,.,TheElementsoftheMilieu,.,SpatialcharacterEnclosingcharacterFurnishingIllumination,.,ProceduralElementsTheelementsofanurbandesignplanMasterplan(illustrativesiteplan)Implementationmechanism(suchasdesignguidelines,policyguidance,policyplan,etc.)TheelementsofthedesignprocessfortotalurbandesignsThemechanismofpublicsectorcontrolTheissuesofconcern,.,.,城市设计中的基础设施设计,.,TransportationsystemsPedestriannetworksMasstransitsystemsWastemanagementsystemsEnergysupplysystemsPublicfacilitiessystems,.,MeetingPsychologicalNeeds,.,.,人类心理需求的等级序列,SurvivalHealthDevelopmentComfort,.,针对人类心理需求的设计,DesignforaccessTransportationsystemsBarrier-freedesignDesignforactivitiesDesignforshelterandcomfortVisualqualityandcomfortThesonicenvironmentandsoniccomfortOlfactorycomfortMetaboliccomfort:temperature,humidity,airmovement,.,MeetingSafetyandSecurityNeeds,.,.,SourcesofPsychologicalInsecurity,HarmfulbacteriaandpollutantsNaturalDisastersPatternsandmaterialsofthebuiltenvironmentMachinesThesociogenicenvironment,.,提供心理安全感的要素,ThesegregationofincompatibleusesThenatureofsurveillanceTheroleofprivacyandcommunityinattainingsecurityThemeaningoforientationinspaceandtime,.,提供心理安全感的设计要素,PsychologicalformandpsychologicalsafetyneedsPhysicalform,privacyandterritorialbehaviorinthepublicrealmThephysicalformofthepublicrealmandorientationPhysicalformandasenseofplace,.,Orientation,OrientationinacosmologicalsystemOrientationingeographicspaceOrientationintime,.,MeetingAffiliationNeeds,.,.,心理归属感,BelongingtoafamilyandakinshipsystemBelongingtoanonkinshiporganizationBelongingtoapeopleBelongingtoaregionaljurisdictionandnationBelongingtoaplace,.,提供心理归属感的要素,SustaininghumancontactHomogeneityorheterogeneityofpopulationSociallyhierarchicalsociety,.,提供心理归属感的设计要素,Nodes,boundariesandasenseofplaceThelocationsandscaleofinstitutionsandfacilitiesThedealingwithchangesLinksandplacesofthepublicrealmThesymbolsofaffiliationTheaffiliationofplacewithitssurroundings:contextualism,.,MeetingEsteemNeeds,.,.,提供心理尊重感的要素,ThedevelopmentofcompetenceDisplayingskillsDisplayingstatusBehaviorsettings,landusesandself-esteemStatusdifferentiationthroughdesignControllingdesignandthedesignprocess,.,提供心理尊重感的设计要素,ThedevelopmentanddisplayofcompetenceThesymbolicaestheticsofstatusThespatialconfigurationofcitiesandtheirprecinctsThecharacterofopenspaceLanduses,activitypatternsandstatusDesignforgoodmaintenance,.,MeetingSelf-actualizationNeeds,.,.,MeetingCognitiveNeeds,.,.,提供心理认知的要素,PhysicalformandformallearningThechildandthecityTheenvironmentofadulthoodTheparticularneedsofadolescentsThemaintenanceofcognitionOpportunitiesofexpression,.,MeetingAestheticNeeds,.,.,EnvironmentalAesthetics,SensoryaestheticsFormalaestheticsThesequentialexperiencingoftheenvironmentTheexpressivemeaningoflineandformSymbolicaestheticsIntellectualaesthetics,.,IntellectualAesthetics,ThefitbetweenthebuiltenvironmentandtaskfunctionsTheenvironmentasaworkofartTheenvironmentasacontainerofworksofartUrbandesignideologies,.,提供审美感的设计要素,BehaviorsettingsThemilieuSensoryaestheticsFormalaestheticsSymbolicaestheticsIntellectualaestheticsExpressiveaesthetics,.,.,.,.,.,.,城市设计理论概述,.,一、古代西方城市设计,.,起源巴比伦空中花园（TheHangingGarden）,.,欧洲国家,.,欧洲国家,.,突尼斯,.,突尼斯,.,南美印加帝国,.,南美印加帝国,.,二、现代西方城市设计理论的起源,.,空想社会主义与城市设计工业革命与城市设计城市空间感知与城市CamilloSitte1889,.,当代西方城市设计理论的分类,.,城市设计理论的哲学基础,.,经验主义（Empiricism）,Locke,Berkeley,Hume“Lookingback”通过实证研究归纳过去和已有的设计经验、城市物质环境的规律和特征、研究者的观察分析结果以指导城市设计Sitte(1889),Lynch(1960),Cullen(1961),Bacon(1976),.,理性主义（Rationalism）,Descartes“Lookingforward”基于对未来城市的理性或主观分析推理而提出的各种城市设计理论霍华德的“田园城市”，柯布西埃的“光辉城市”，莱特的“广亩城市”,.,实用主义（Pragmatism）,Pierce,James,Dewey主要见于北美学术界强调城市设计的适用性，即城市设计对于改造城市环境以及相关的社会、经济、生态等方面所产生的效果,.,功能主义（Functionalism）,Lang（1994）总结源于现代主义的建筑设计思潮设计的目的是为了满足人类的各种需要，首先要满足个人和社会的功能需求实质是实用主义的哲学基础结合了经验主义的城市设计分析方法,.,城市设计理论的主要研究领域（认识论）,.,景观视觉领域,19世纪末20世纪初起源于传统的景观和建筑美学的研究CamilloSitte(1889)和RaymondUnwin(1909)研究城市物质环境所形成的景观和视觉特征研究者对城市环境作主观的观察、分析和评价来总结出城市环境景观的规律和范例以解决现有问题和指导未来的城市设计缺乏系统、客观、能被普遍认同和重复验证的方法论研究结果与普通大众的观点经常不同经验主义为基础：以过去的经验指导将来的城市设计；建立在研究者自身的主观经验上,.,认知意像领域,19401950年代将城市设计的研究领域从传统的单一的客观城市环境拓展到了人与环境的二维领域Kepes(1944),Lynch(1960)研究人对环境的认知结果分析掌握影响人们认知的环境（要素）及其特征，以指导城市设计，改善/创造城市环境使之接近/符合人们的认知规律以案例研究为基础的实证研究景观视觉领域的继承和拓展，社会学、心理学和城市设计的结合经验主义为基础，应用了社会学的理性和系统的分析方法，因此也具有理性主义的成分,.,环境行为领域,1960年代在认知意像领域研究的基础上对人对环境的认知和反应的更深层次的研究Lynch(1960)，Appleyard(1976,1981),Rapoport(1977)研究人对环境的认知和反应，包括人、环境和他们之间的相互关系研究人的环境认知、反应的规律及其特征，并以此指导城市设计以创造符合人认知和反应规律的城市环境社会学和心理学的研究方法，以实证研究和理性的系统分析为主从人类的生理、心理、社会属性上分析和解释人类环境认知和反应的本质和原因经验主义、功能主义和实用主义为基础,.,社会领域,19501960年代多学科/跨学科研究：社会学、人类学、城市/社会/人文地理学Mumford(1961),Jacobs(1961)研究个人、不同的社会群体、全社会/公众所形成的社会问题与城市环境之间的相互关系通过研究和理解社会问题、社会需求和城市环境之间的关系以指导城市设计改善城市环境，进而解决相应的社会问题研究方法与社会学、人类学、地理学相似，以实证研究为主人/社会对环境的需求，环境对于人/社会的功能，人/社会对环境的改造实证研究，