语言学-同义词与反义词ppt课件

.,AntonymSynonym,.,Definition,Antonym(反义词)Awordthatmeanstheoppositeofanotherword,suchasemptyisanantonymoffull.Synonym（同义词）Awordthatmeansthesameornearlythesameasanotherword,suchasbucketandpail.,.,Content,1.Threemainsub-types:-GradableAntonym-ComplementaryAntonym-ConverseAntonymTheusageofAntonym2.Twomainsub-types:-AbsoluteSynonym-RelativeSynonym,.,(1)Gradableantonym等级反义词,Featuresofthem:First,GRADABLE.Thatis,themembersofapairdifferintermsofdegree.每对的成员在程度上有区别。（1）Thedenialofoneisnotnecessarilytheassertionoftheother.对一方的否定并非是对另一方的肯定。(2)canbemodifiedby“very”(3)havecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees(4)intermediatedegreesmaybelexicalized(sometimes),.,这样一对反义词在语义的直线坐标上离开中点距离应是相等的，但是可以有它们的内项，也可能有它们的外项。例如以hot(热的)和cold(冷的)这一对反义词来看，它们可以有内项warm(温的)和cool(凉的)又如，以good(好的)和bad(坏的)这一对反义词来看，它们可有外项excellent(极好的)和terrible(极糟的),.,Second,antonymsofthiskindaregradedagainstdifferentnorms.这种类型的反义词以不同的规范划分等级Criterionvarieswiththeobjectdescribed.Forexample:thecomparisionbetweenabigcarandasmallplane.,.,Third,onememberofapair,usuallythetermforthehigherdegree,servesasthecoverterm.一对反义词中，通常那个较高程度的词用作覆盖整个量级的术语。Thecovertermiscalled“unmarked”i.e.usual覆盖性词称为“无标记词”，即一般词汇。Thecovered“marked”被覆盖的词语称为“标记词”。Unmarkedmarked名词：manwomanauthorauthoresslionlioness形容词：oldyoungwidenarrowdeepshallow名词：length长度height高度width宽度Examples:Howoldareyou?Howtallishisbrother?Howdoyoulikeyourfood?,.,(2)Complementaryantonym互补反义关系,Threefeatures:First,Themembersofapairarecomplementary.每对之间互补。(1)Theassertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother,andthedenialofonemeanstheassertionoftheother.(2)cantbemodifiedby“very”(3)Donothavecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees(4)DonothaveintermediatedegreesE.g.alive-deadmale-femalepresent-absenttrue-false,.,Second,thenorminthistypeisabsolute.划分规范是绝对的。Third，thereisnocovertermforthetwomembersofapair.一对成员没有一个覆盖性词语。,.,thegradablevs.thecontrarythecomplementaryvs.thecontradictory,.,(3)Converseantonymy反向反义词,（1）Themembersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition.每对反义词当中的成员并不构成肯定-否定的对立。（2）Theyshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities.表现两个实体之间的一种反向关系。A.reciprocalopposites:buy-sellgain-lossgo-comeB.Spatialopposites:infrontof-behindabovebelowC.Socialopposites:husbandwifeteacher-studentfinance-fiance,.,反义词的应用,把反义词放在一起用，使两个词相得益彰，可产生对比强烈，形象鲜明的效果。英语的成语当中，有一类成对词就是用反义词组成的:firstandlast(总的来说),toplayfastandloose(反复无常)，等等。许多谚语里都成对地使用反义词:“Morehaste,lessspeed”(欲速则不达)，“Unitedwestand,dividedwefall”(团结则存，分裂则亡)，Hopeforthebestandpreparefortheworst(从最好处希望，从最坏处准备)，等等。,.,livingdeath(虽生犹死),visibledarkness(若明若暗),avictoriousdefeat(胜利的失败),acleverfool(聪明的傻瓜)、audiblestillness(听得见的寂静),sweetpangs(甜蜜的痛苦)、painfulpleasure(悲喜交集)、anopensecret(公开的秘密）,.,反义词连用则是英国历代文学家喜欢的修辞手法-矛盾修辞法。下面这一段引自狄更斯(CharlesDickens)所著的小说双城记(ATaleofTwoCities),Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheageofincredulity,itwastheseasonoflight,itwastheepochofdarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehaveeverythinginbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttootherways.“(这是最好的时世，这是最坏的时世;这是智慧的年代，这是愚昧的年代;这是信仰的时代，这是怀疑的时代;这是光明的时节，这是黑暗的时节;这是希望之春，这是失望之冬;我们面前什么都有，我们面前什么都无;我们都在直登天堂，我们都在直下地狱),.,(1)Absolutesynonym绝对同义词,绝对同义词,因为它们的概念意义完全相等,也可以叫等义词,这类词的数量很少,在语言运用中没有积极意义。E.g.word-formation-word-buildingcomposition-compoundingscarletfever-scarlatinaheartdisease-cardiopathy,.,(2)Relativesynonyms相对同义词,相对同义词,这些词在概念意义上基本相同,但在所表达的理性意义、色彩意义和用法方面存在着细微差别,所以也称为近义词。E.g.help-aidcareful-cautiousend-finish-completecare-concern-anxiety-worryable-capable-competent-qualified,.,英语近义词之间的差异,随着英语词汇的增加,英语的近义词越来越丰富,除以上例子外,还有四、五个一组的跳的近义词有jump、hop、leap、spring;语言的有language、dialect、tongue、speech、idiom;狡猾的有sly、cunning、crafty、tricky、foxy、artful;部分的有part、portion、piece、member、division、section、segment、fragment;,.,英语近义词辨析,1.从语义方面辨析1）语义轻重轻fear-horror重disappoint-despairmistake-error2)范围大小大coast-shore小read-skimspeak-talk3)个体与集体个体person-people集体tree-wood,forest,.,2.从色彩方面辨析1）感情色彩不同褒义black-中性Negro-nigger贬义Statesman-politicianSlender-skinny2)语体色彩不同口语tell-inform书面语Answer-replyGodown-decline,.,3.从用法方面辨析1）搭配不同aflockofsheep-aherdofcows-aschool