英语国家概况V. British Education

BritishEducation,Chapter6,Introduction,ThepurposeofBritisheducationsystemisnotonlytoprovidechildrenwithliteracy(“3Rs”:reading,(w)rtingandand(a)rithmetic)andtheotherbasicskillstheywillneedtobecomeactivemembersofsocietybutalsotosocializechildren.,HistoryofEducation,Historically,educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsweresetupbychurches.Theinfluenceofthechurchonschoolingisstrong:religiouseducationwastheonlysubjectwhichthestateinsistedallschoolsteachtheirpupils(othersubjectswereleftuptoschoolstodecideupon).Dailyprayersandsinginghymns(圣歌)isaregularpartofschoollife.,HistoryofEducation,Before1870,only4o%ofchildrenunder10wenttoschoolregularly.Themainreceiversofamoreadvancededucationwerethesonsofthewealthy.In1870,alawwaspassedtocallforgovernmentfundededucation,involvinggovernmentintakingresponsibilitiesfortheeducationofchildren.,HistoryofEducation,By1880,attendanceatschoolforchildrenbetween5and10wascompulsoryratherthanvoluntary.AndbytheendofWWItheschoolleavingagewasraisedto14todissuade(劝阻)childrenfromleavingschoolinordertoworktosupporttheirfamilies.,HistoryofEducation,In1944,EducationActmadeChildrenadmittedtoschoolsnotbecauseoftheirsocialclassortheirparentspossession,butfortheabilitiestheydisplay.Themainconcernwastomakesuremorechildrenhadaccesstoagoodeducation.,HistoryofEducation,Throughanexamcalled“the11-plus”,thegovernmenttriedtoraisedthequalityofeducation1.GrammarSchools-wherethemostacademicallycapablepupilsweresenttobepreparedforuniversity.2.VocationalSchools-wherelesssuccessfulpupilsweresenttolearntrades.,HistoryofEducation,Inthe1960s,comprehensiveschools（综合学校）wereintroducedalloverthecountry,whichendedthedivisionbetweengrammarschoolsandvocationalschools.Entranceexamswereabolishedandschoolswerenolongerallowedtoletchildrencompeteforplaces.,HistoryofEducation,In1976,theLaborPartystarted“theGreatEducationDebate”-nationalstandardsandstylesofteaching.In1989,theConservativePartyledbyMargaretThatcherintroducedaNationalCurriculum(全国教学大纲)andunified(使统一)subjects.,HistoryofEducation,Nowallchildrenthroughoutthecountrymuststudythefollowingsubjects:English,mathematics,science,religiouseducation,history,geography,technology,music,art,physicaleducation,andamodernforeignlanguage.Theymustalsopassnationaltestsandschoolsarerankedaccordingtothesuccessoftheirpupilsinreachingnationaltargets.,HistoryofEducation,TheNationalCurriculumhasreintroducedcompetitionsbetweenschools.Goodschoolsattractgoodpupilsandthereforeattractmorefunding,whichmeanstheycanhirebetterteachers,buymorebooksandequipmentandthereforeproduceevenbetterstudents.,EducationandSocialClass,Britainisasocietyinwhichsocialclassisstillveryimportant.Ifyouunderstandtheimportanceoftherelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclass,youcanunderstandagreatdealaboutBritishcultureandsociety.InBritain,whereyouareeducatedisstillveryimportanttoyourfuture.,EducationandSocialClass,InBritain,theaccentyouspeakwith,theclothesyouwear,andtheschoolsyouattendareallmarkersthatidentifyyoursocialclass.Theschooltieisaclearmarkerofsocialclass.Evenoninformaloccasionsyouwillsometimesseemenwearingtheirschooltiesasbeltstoholduptheirtrousers-proudlydisplayingtheirattendanceatacertainschool.,EducationandSocialClass,“Theoldboysnetwork”referstotheelite（社会精英）groupsofmenwhowenttopublicschools(私立学校)likeEtonandWinchester;andprestigiousuniversitieslikeOxfordandCambridge(Oxbridgewhichisstillthebestwaytoguaranteeasuccessfulcareer).Theydominategovernment,andareinfluentialinbanking,themedia,theartsandeducation.,EtonCollege,northofWindsorCastledistinguishedformerpupilseighteenformerBritishPrimeMinistersmembersofBritishandoverseasroyalfamiliesthemostfamouspublicschoolintheworldaboutathirdofitsgraduatesgotoOxfordorCambridgefamousforitshighqualityeducationanduniquetradition,uniform,languageandgamesqualificationsforadmission:moneyby1990itwas1in5;by2000itwas1in3.,HigherEducation,Britishuniversitiesarepublicbodieswhichreceivefundsfromcentralgovernment.TheUKhasonlyoneprivatelyfundeduniversity-theUniversityofBuckingham.白金汉大学创建于1976年。该大学不依靠政府拨款办学，因此可开设创新性的课程，根据工商企业需求的变化调整教学内容。,HigherEducation,OpenUniversity(开放大学)-andopeneducation-wasfoundedinBritaininthe1960sforpeoplewhomaynotgettheopportunityforhighereducationforeconomicandsocialreasons.ItwastheOpenUniversitywhichprovidedtheinspiration(启示)forthefoundingofChinasTVandRadioUniversity.,HigherEducation,Itsopentoeverybodyanddoesntdemandthesameformaleducationalqualificationsastheotheruniversities.Universit