英美司法制度criminal lawppt课件

.,Lecture6CriminalLaw,TheOutline1.Definingcrimes2.SourcesofCriminalLaw3.CategoriesofCriminalLaw4.Elementsofacrime1)wrongfulact(actusreus)2)culpablestateofmind(mensrea)3)causation5.InchoateCrimes6.Defenses7.CriminalSanctions,.,DefiningCrimes,AccordingtoWilliamBlackstone,anEnglishjudgeandauthorofCommentariesontheLawsofEngland,acrimeisawrongcommittedagainstthepublicthatispunishablebyimprisonmentorfine(orboth).awrong-anactthatviolatesthelawasapposedtoviolatingcustoms,religiousstandards.againstthepublicanillegalactagainsttheinterestsofthepublicasawholeasopposedtoanillegalactonlyagainsttheindividualvictim.,.,DefiningCrimes,ThedefiningofcrimesarechangingAsasocietyadvances,itsjudgmentsaboutcrimeandpunishmentchange.e.g.beforetheenactmentofSuicideLaw(1961),Committingasuicideisacrime.maluminsev.s.malumprohibitum,.,ClassifyingCrimes,Variouscriteriaareappliedtoclassifyingcrimes,.,ClassifyingCrimes,IntheU.K.:Accordingtothemodesoftrial,theCriminalLawAct(1977)classifiesthecrimes/offencesinto:(1)summaryoffences;(2)indictableonlyoffences(seriousoffencestriableonlyattheCrownCourt);(3)offencesthataretriableeitherway,thatissummarilyorindictment.,.,ClassifyingCrimes,IntheU.S.felonies(2)theculpablestateofmind(mensrea);(3)causation.1.Thewrongfulact:anunlawfulvoluntaryactavoluntaryactoccurswhentheaccusedcauseshisorherbodytomoveinamannerthatproducesprohibitedconduct.notvoluntaryacts:e.g.(1)areflexorconvulsion(2)abodilymovementduringunconsciousnessorsleep;(3)conductduringhypnosisorresultingfromhypnoticsuggestion.,.,ElementsofaCrime,2.TheCulpableStateofMindanallegedcriminaloffendershouldpossessaguiltymindatthetimeofthecommissionofthewrongfulact.Itisoftendifficulttoprovethatpersonactedwithaguiltymind,andprosecutorsoftenhavetoproveitindirectlyandcircumstantially.TheModelPenalCoderecognizesfourmodesofculpability:(1)purpose,(2)knowledge,(3)recklessness,and(4)negligence.,.,Wrongfulact,Wrongfulact1.crimesofcommission2.crimesofomission,.,ElementsofaCrime,2.TheModesofCulpabilityPurpose:Apersonshehasaconsciousdesiretoengageincertainconductorachieveaparticularresult.Knowledge:Apersonisawarethataprohibitedresultorharmisverylikelytooccur,butdoesnothaveaconsciousdesiretoproducesucharesultorharm.Recklessness:Apersonconsciouslydisregardsthewelfareofothersandcreatesasignificantrisk.(nolaw-abidingpersonwouldhaveconsciouslycreated).Negligence:Apersonunconsciouslydisregardthewelfareofothersandcreatesasignificantriskwhichhe/sheshouldhavebeenaware.,.,ElementsofaCrime,LiabilitywithoutfaultOn3conditions,anactcouldconstitutecrimewithouttheelementoffault:1)publicwelfareoffenses2)vicariousliability(eg.employment)3)corporateliability,.,ElementsofaCrime,TwoexamplesforyouIfapersonsetsabuildingonfire,thepersonmaybeawarethatitisverylikelythatpeopleinsidewillbeinjured,andyethopesthatpersonescapeandthatonlythebuildingisburned.Whenadriverisdrivingonthehighway,sheconsciouslytakehereyesofftheroadtotakecareofacryinginfant.Sheisawarethatthisconductcreatesrisksforotherdriversandpedestrians,andiswillingtoexposeotherstodanger.,.,InchoateCrime,TheCriminallawrecognizessocietysneedtoprotectitselffromdangerouspeoplewhohavenotyetcompletedtheirintendedcriminalacts.Thelawdefinesthepreparatoryactivitiesofsolicitation,attemptandconspiracyasinchoatecrimes.,.,InchoateCrime,SomequestionsonsolicitationSolicitationisaspecificintentcrimecommittedbyapersonwhoasks,hires,orencouragesanothertocommitacrime.Itmakesnodifferencewhetherthesolicitedpersonacceptstheofferornot.Ifapersonsolicitaminortocommitacrime?,.,InchoateCrime,Thecrimeofattemptiscommittedbyaperson(1)whohastheintenttocommitacrime;(2)Whohasdoneanactthattendstorealizetheintent;(3)Undersomecircumstancestheactdoesnotresultinthecompletionofthecrime.,.,InchoateCrime,Thecrimeofconspiracyiscommittedwhentwoormorepeoplecombinetocommitacriminalact.Theessentialofconspiracyistheagreementtocommitacriminalact,coupledwiththecommissionofsomeactsbyoneormoreco-conspiratorsthattendstoimplementtheagreement.Thecrimeofconspiracyisdesignedtoprotectsocietyfromgroupcriminality.,.,Defenses,DefensesThelawrecognizesthatspecialcircumstancesmayexistthatshouldmitigateoreliminatecriminalresponsibility.Defensescouldbebroadlydividedinto2categories:Failure-of-ProofDefenses(举证失败抗辩),AffirmativeDefenses(确认抗辩)2.Defensesusuallyincludeinsanity,intoxication,entrapment,defenseofpersonsandproperty,andduress.,.,Defenses,Failure-of-ProofDefensesinclude:1)mistakeoffact2)mistakeoflaw3)diminishedcapacity4)intoxication,.,Defenses,AffirmativeDefensesinclude:1)self-defense,defenseofothers,defenseofpoverty2)insanity3)Duress,Necessity,.,Defenses,Intoxication(bydrinkordrug)Itisrecognizedasadefenseinlimitedcircumstances.Thereisadivisionbetweenvoluntaryintoxicationandinvoluntaryintoxication.Voluntaryintoxicationisgenerallynotadefense.,.,Defenses,Insanity:theaccusedisnotcriminallyresponsibleforhisorherconductduetoeithermentaldiseaseordefectandiftheaccusedlackedsubstantialcapacitytounderstanditscriminality.,.,Defenses,Entrapmentwascreatedtodeterpoliceofficersfrominducinginnocentpeopletocommitcrimes.Ifanofficerprovidesapersonwhoispreviouslydisposedtocommitacriminalactwiththeopportunitytodoso,thatisnoentrapment.If,however,anofficerplacedthenotionofcriminalwrongdoinginthedefendantsmind,andthatpersonwaspreviouslynotdisposedtocommittheact,entrapmenthasoccurredandthechargeswillbedismissed.,.,Defenses,Defenseofpersonsandproperty(self-defense;defenseofothers)Apersonisentitledtousereasonableforcetodefendhimselforherselffromdeathorseriousbodilyharm.Apersonalsohasarighttousenecessaryandreasonableforcetodefendanotherpersonfromattack.Theamountofforcethatcanbeusedindefensedependsuponthetypeofforcebeingu