Advanced-Writing04.ppt

Chapter4ParaphrasingandSummarizing,GeneralguidelinesforParaphrasingandSummarizing:Alwaystrytouseyourownwords,exceptfortechnicalterms.Donottrytoparaphrasespecializedvocabularyortechnicalterms.Includeenoughsupportanddetailsothatthepresentationisclear.Includenothingmorethanwhatiscontainedintheoriginal.(Donotincludeyourowncommentsorevaluation.)Makesurethesummary/paraphrasedversionreadssmoothly.Useenoughtransitiondevicesandsupportingdetail.Youdonnotwantacollectionofsentencesthatdonotflow.,4.1Paraphrase-WriteitinYourOwnWords,Aparaphraseis.yourownrenditionofessentialinformationandideasexpressedbysomeoneelse,presentedinanewform.onelegitimateway(whenaccompaniedbyaccuratedocumentation)toborrowfromasource.amoredetailedrestatementthanasummary,whichfocusesconciselyonasinglemainidea.Paraphrasingisavaluableskillbecause.itisbetterthanquotinginformationfromanundistinguishedpassage.ithelpsyoucontrolthetemptationtoquotetoomuch.thementalprocessrequiredforsuccessfulparaphrasinghelpsyoutograspthefullmeaningoftheoriginal.,6StepstoEffectiveParaphrasing,1.Rereadtheoriginalpassageuntilyouunderstanditsfullmeaning.2.Settheoriginalaside,andwriteyourparaphraseonanotecard.3.Jotdownafewwordsbelowyourparaphrasetoremindyoulaterhowyouenvisionusingthismaterial.Atthetopofthenotecard,writeakeywordorphrasetoindicatethesubjectofyourparaphrase.4.Checkyourrenditionwiththeoriginaltomakesurethatyourversionaccuratelyexpressesalltheessentialinformationinanewform.5.Usequotationmarkstoidentifyanyuniquetermorphraseologyyouhaveborrowedexactlyfromthesource.6.Recordthesource(includingthepage)onyournotecardsothatyoucancredititeasilyifyoudecidetoincorporatethematerialintoyourpaper.(Forbasicskills,seePage25),Someexamplestocompare,1.Theoriginalpassage:Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinalresearchpaper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.Lester,JamesD.WritingResearchPapers.2nded.(1976):46-47.,Aplagiarizedversion:,Studentsoftenusetoomanydirectquotationswhentheytakenotes,resultingintoomanyoftheminthefinalresearchpaper.Infact,probablyonlyabout10%ofthefinalcopyshouldconsistofdirectlyquotedmaterial.Soitisimportanttolimittheamountofsourcematerialcopiedwhiletakingnotes.,Alegitimateparaphrase:,Inresearchpapersstudentsoftenquoteexcessively,failingtokeepquotedmaterialdowntoadesirablelevel.Sincetheproblemusuallyoriginatesduringnotetaking,itisessentialtominimizethematerialrecordedverbatim(Lester46-47).,Anacceptablesummary:,Studentsshouldtakejustafewnotesindirectquotationfromsourcestohelpminimizetheamountofquotedmaterialinaresearchpaper(Lester46-47).,2.OriginalTextOfthemorethan1000bicyclingdeathseachyear,three-fourthsarecausedbyheadinjuries.Halfofthosekilledareschool-agechildren.Onestudyconcludedthatwearingabikehelmetcanreducetheriskofheadinjuryby85percent.Inanaccident,abikehelmetabsorbstheshockandcushionsthehead.(53words),ParaphrasedTextTheuseofahelmetisthekeytoreducingbicyclingfatalities,whichareduetoheadinjuries75%ofthetime.Bycushioningtheheaduponimpact,ahelmetcanreduceaccidentalinjurybyasmuchas85%,savingthelivesofhundredsofvictimsannually,halfofwhomareschoolchildren.(48words)(Formoreexamplesandexercises,seePage26),4.2Summarizing,4.2.1ThreePrincipalrequirementsforagoodsummary:1.Itshouldofferabalancedcoverageoftheoriginal.2.Itshouldpresentthesourcematerialinaneutralfashion.3.Itshouldcondensethesourcematerialandbepresentedinyourownwords.,(Abetterbutmoredifficultstrategyforsummarywritingwouldbetocarefullyconsidertheelementsyouconsiderimportant,puttheoriginalaway,andwritedownwhatyouhaveunderstood.Thismayallowyoutocondensetheideasinthesourceevenfurther.),4.2.2StepsinWritingaSummary,Alltheguidelinesprovidedforparaphrasingalsoapplyforsummarizing.Herearesomepreliminarystepsinwritingasummary:1).Skimthetext,notinginyourmindthesubheadings.Iftherearenosubheadings,trytodividethetextintosections.Trytodeterminewhattypeoftextyouaredealingwith.Thiscanhelpyouidentifyimportantinformation.2).Readthetext,highlightingimportantinformationortakingnotes.3).Inyourownwords,writedownthemainpointsofeachsection.Trytowriteaone-sentencesummaryofeachsection.4).Writedownthekeysupportpointsforthemaintopic,butdonotincludeminordetail.5).Gothroughtheprocessagain,makingchangesasappropriate.(Formoreadvice,pleaseseePage27),Example:SeePage30,Practice15Taskone:Readthispassageandunderlinetheinformationyouthinkissignificantandshouldbeincludedinasummary.,TaskTwo:Nowtakealookatsomeattemptsatsummarizingsomeofthedetailsinthethirdparagraph.Whichsummaryprovidestherightamountofdetail?,4.2.3LanguageFociinSummaryWriting,ThefirstSentenceinaSummaryForinstructions,seePage27Forpractices,seePage30-31,Practice17,ExtraPractice:Herearesomeintroductorystatementsthatstudentswroteforasummaryforthe“Nile”passageinPractice15.Which,ifany,wouldyouprefertohavewritten?Why?Edittheweakersentences.,1.AuthorStevenGoodmanin“TransformationoftheNileRiverBasin”statesthathowtheregionhaschangedasaresultofcontinuousirrigation.2.“TransformationoftheNileRiverBasin”byStevenGoodmanclaimsthatchangesinirrigationhaveledtoanincreaseinpopulation.3.Accordingto“TransformationoftheNileRiverBasin”,StevenGoodmansuggeststhattheNileRiverbasinhasbeenchanged.4.Goodmanin“TransformationoftheNileRiverBasin”mentionsthatirrigationhashadanimpactontheenviromentandthepopulation.5.InGoodmans“TransformationoftheNileRiverBasin”,theNileRiverbasinhasbeentransformedbytheintroductionofperennialirrigation.,SummaryReminderPhraseForinstructions,seePage29.,Practice:Herearesomesummaryremindersentenceswrittenbyourstudents.Which,ifany,wouldyouprefertohavewritten?Trytoimprovetheweakersentences.1.Harmonfinallysayspeoplearemakingabigfussoverthenuclearwasteproblem.2.Inaddition,thearticlealsodiscussesaboutthedangersofcurrentdisposalmethods.3.InSaleskasarticle,healsopointsoutthatlow-levelradioactivewastecanbeharmful.4.Harmonconcludesthatcurrentregulationsneedtobereexamined.5.Saleskaconcludesaboutthecurrentchangesinregulations.,Nominalthat-clausesInformalacademicEnglish,manyreportingverbsarefollowedbyathat-clausecontainingbothasubjectandaverb.SeePractice17again.Canyoudecidewhichverbsinthetablearenotfollowedbythat?,ComparativeSummariesInacomparativesummary,youneedtoinferand