新雇员飞机性能知识培训.ppt

,新雇员飞机性能知识培训技术性能室,声明本次教材内容仅供学习，不得用于实际运行,课程内容,海航集团机队简介技术性能室工作简介性能基础知识,机队简介：,B737（97）B767（3）A319（21）A330（4）A340（3）D328（29）ERJ145（13）ERJ190（13）。,技术性能室工作简介：,1、性能分析机场分析：起飞、着陆、EOSID航线、航路性能分析：释压、飘降、ETOPS、二次放行分析载重平衡分析2、技术支援向飞行人员、签派人员、市场部网络中心、及其他与飞行运行相关的人员提供性能支援服务。3、数据维护飞机数据、机场分析数据、航线分析数据、CFP数据等等。,机场分析,九寨跑道长度：3370M机场标高：3447.7M(11311FT),20#,拉萨跑道长度：4000M机场标高：3569.5M（11711FT）,释压分析,单发飘降分析,性能基础知识,LimitationsPerformance,Limitations,Fieldoflimitations,Airworthiness（适航）:Involvingtheaircraftsdesign(limitations,performancedataetc.),inrelationtoJAR25orFAR25.TheAFMisareferencemanual,asitiscertifiedbytheauthorities.Operations（运行）:Involvingthetechnicaloperatingrules(takeoffandlandinglimitations,fuelplanning,etc),inrelationtoJAR-OPS1orFAR121.TheFCOMisanoperationalmanual,evenifitisnotcertified.DatamainlycomesfromtheAFM.,Airworthiness,1.GENERALPrincipleDimensionsKindsofoperationsMinimumflightcrewMaximumoperatingaltitude2.WEIGHTANDLOADINGCenterofgravityenvelopeandstructuralweightlimitationsPerformancelimitations3.AIRSPEEDSANDOPERATIONALPARAMETERSAirspeedsOperationalparametersPerformanceconfiguration4.POWERPLANTEnginesFuelsystem,1.GENERAL,PrincipleDimensions,KindsofoperationsVFR、IFR、IcingConditions、ExtendedOver-WaterMinimumflightcrew:2PilotsMaximumoperatingaltitude:,高高原机场2438M(8000FT)（总计6个）：昌都（ZUBD，4334M）拉萨（ZULS，3569.5M）九寨（ZUZJ，3447.7M）迪庆（ZPDQ，3287.9M）林芝（ZUNZ，2948.9M）格尔木（ZLGM，2841M）高原机场1500M(4922FT)（总计12个）：丽江（ZPLJ，2242.6M7357FT）大理（ZPDL，2155.4M）西宁（ZLXN，2179M）攀枝花（ZUZH，1980.2M）兰州（ZLLL，1947.2M）昭通（ZPZT，1935.7M）昆明（ZPPP，1894.9M）保山（ZPBS，1664.1M）嘉峪关（ZLJQ，1559.1M）西昌（ZUXC，1558M）临沧（ZPLC，1896.5M）文山（ZPWS，1590.4M）,高原、复杂机场概述,关于制定起飞一发失效应急程序的通知AC-FS-2000-2飞机航线运行应进行的飞机性能分析AC-121FS-006航空承运人高原机场运行管理规定AC-121-21特殊机场的分类标准及运行要求AC-121-17CCAR-121-第K章：第121.329条涡轮发动机也能够与生命保障的补充供氧要求；,对飞机性能的影响影响高原机场运行的因素：高度：随着高度升高，空气密度降低温度：随着温度升高，空气密度降低对飞机性能的影响：降低发动机推力增加了起飞、着陆距离。降低了场长、爬升、障碍物限制重量增加真空速TAS增加了地速：降低了轮速、刹车能量限制增加了转弯半径增加了起飞、着陆距离,2.WEIGHTANDLOADING,CenterofgravityenvelopeandstructuralweightlimitationsPerformancelimitations,ThemaximumweightsaslistedintheAFM,andWtandBalanceManual,maybelimitedby:StructuralLimits,CertifiedWeightLimits.MTW:Maximumweightallowedformovementoftheairplaneontheground.(taxingortowing).MTOW:Maximumweightallowedatthestartofthetakeoffrun.(allowfor6fpsrateofsinkwithnostructuraldamage)MLW:Maximumweightallowedforlandingoftheairplane.(allowfor10fpsofsinkwithnostructuraldamage)MZFW:Maximumweightallowedbeforeusablefuelmustbeloadedindefinedsectionsoftheaircraft.,AdditionalWeightLimitationsMINIMUMWEIGHT（FCOM）,平均空气动力弦，是一个假想的矩形机翼的翼弦。这个假想的矩形机翼的面积、空气动力以及俯仰力矩等特性都与原机翼相同。所谓标准平均弦，就是机翼的几何平均弦，它等于机翼面积与翼展之比值。知道平均空气动力弦（CAX或MAC）或标准平均弦（SMC）的位置和长度就可以定出飞机重心的位置。如下图，重心到平均空气动力弦（bCAX）前端的距离为X，占平均空气动力弦的百分之几来表，即：,Centerofgravityenvelopeandstructuralweightlimitations,B737-800,1、重心后限受飞行稳定性和前轮驾驶效能的限制2、主起落架承载能力限制、机身中段载荷限制、平尾效能限制3、机身、起落架和机翼承载能力限制4、前起落架承载能力、机身前段和后段载荷限制、机翼气动力矩限制5、前起落架承载能力、平尾效能限制（重心太靠前，平尾不能提供足够的平衡力矩）、机身后段载荷限制,超过重量限制或重心限制可能的危害：起飞时飞机擦尾，结构损伤，气动不稳定性，地面不稳定性，旅客上下机不安全，耗油增加，疲劳寿命缩短，损伤跑道。配平不正确的危害：驾驶杆杆力不正确，导致飞机起飞擦尾，或过早抬前轮导致俯仰角过大，爬升梯度减小，甚至失速。抬前轮过晚，起飞距离增长，到障碍物的距离缩短，在受近的障碍物限制时，抬轮过早过晚都可能导致飞机撞地。,PerformancelimitationsweightTakeoffperformanceLandingperformance,3.AIRSPEEDSANDOPERATIONALPARAMETERS,AirspeedsOperationalparameterPerformanceconfiguration,Airspeeds,MMO/VMOisnormallyneverreached,unlessincaseofemergency(e.g.pressurizationfailure),VMO/MMOmustneverbeexceededinflight,B737-800,B737-300,Operationalparameters,B737-800,Performanceconfiguration,ShortFieldPerformanceEnhancements,4.POWERPLANT,EnginesFuelsystem,Engines,1磅(lb)=4.448牛顿(N)1磅(lb)=0.4536公斤(kg),Operationatreducedtakeoffthrustbasedonanassumedtemperaturehigherthantheactualambienttemperatureispermissibleiftheairplanemeetsallapplicableperformancerequirementsattheplannedtakeoffweightandreducedthrustsetting.Theamountofthrustreductionmustnotexceed25percentofthefullratedorderatedtakeoffthrust.Useofassumedtemperaturereducedthrustproceduresisnotallowedwhentherunwayiscontaminatedwithstandingwater,ice,slushorsnow.Reducedthrustisallowedonawetrunwayifsuitableperformanceaccountabilityismadefortheincreasedstoppingdistanceonthewetsurface.Assumedtemperaturereducedtakeoffthrustisnotpermittedwithanti-skidinoperative.,Fuelsystem,USABLEFUELTANKQUANTITIES:FUELLOADINGLATERALFUELIMBALANCE,B737-300,B737-800,Performance,1.TakeoffPerformanceDefinitionsTakeoffflightpathTakeoffperformanceImprovedClimbPerformance2.LandingPerformanceDefinitionsLandingperformance3.ReducedThrustAssumedTempDe-rate4.DispatchDeviations5.ContaminatedandslipperyRunways6.Pressurizationfailure7.Drift-downprocedure,1.TakeoffPerformance,DefinitionsTakeoffflightpathTakeoffperformanceImprovedClimbPerformance,Definitions,500ftmin,Takeoffflightpath:4segments,takeoffflightpath,t.o.dist.,climb,Segments:123final,Firstsegment:landinggearretraction,Segments:123final,takeoffflightpath,t.o.dist.,climb,Secondsegment:climbtotheaccelerationheight,Segments:123final,takeoffflightpath,t.o.dist.,climb,Thirdsegment:accelerationandflapretraction,Segments:123final,takeoffflightpath,t.o.dist.,climb,Finaltakeoffsegment:climbto1,500ftatMCT,Segments:123final,takeoffflightpath,t.o.dist.,climb,GrosstakeoffflightpathNettakeoffflightpath,takeoffflightpath,t.o.dist.,climb,grossf.p.,netf.p.,Segments:123final,Netflightpath=Grossflightpath-0.8%climbgradient,-0.8%,Obstacle,takeoffflightpath,t.o.dist.,climb,grossf.p.,netf.p.,Segments:123final,TakeoffperformancePerformanceWeightLimitations:1）FieldLength2）Climb3）Obstacle4）BrakeEnergy5）TireSpeedImprovedClimbPerformanceLimitationsdependon:1）Runwaycharacteristicslength,slope,clearway,stopway，PCN2）Atmosphericconditionspressurealtitude,temperature,wind3）Airplaneconfigurationenginethrustrating,flapsetting,CDL,MEL4）Obstacles5）Runwayconditiondry,wet,contaminated,slippery,FieldLength:,Climb,ObstacleClearance,BrakeEnergy,TireSpeed,ImprovedClimbPerformance,OperationalConsiderationsAnti-skidmustbeoperativeandONFMSV-speedsareNOTvalid,2.LandingPerformance,Definitions,LandingperformancePerformanceWeightLimitations:1）LandingFieldLengthlimit2）LandingClimblimit3）ApproachClimblimit4）QuickTurnaroundlimitLimitationsdependon:1）Runwaycharacteristicslength,slope,clearway,stopway，PCN2）Atmosphericconditionspressurealtitude,temperature,wind3）Airplaneconfigurationenginethrustrating,flapsetting,CDL,MEL4）Obstacles5）Runwayconditiondry,wet,contaminated,slippery,LandingFieldLengthLimit,LandingClimbLimitWeightTheobjectiveofthisconstraintistoensureaircraftclimbcapabilityincaseofamissedapproachwithallenginesoperating.The“Landingclimb”wordingcomesfromthefactthatgo-aroundperformanceisbasedonlandingconfiguration.,Go-AroundClimbGradientThiscorrespondstoanaircraftsclimbcapabilityassumingthatoneengineisinoperative.The“approachclimb”wordingcomesfromthefactthatgo-aroundperformanceisbasedonapproachconfiguration,ratherthanlandingconfiguration,QuickTurnaroundLimit,3.ReducedThrust,ThebenefitsofusingreducedthrustMethodsforreducedtakeoffthrustRegulatoryrequirementsTheassumedtemperaturemethodThederatemethod,Maximumallowableassumedtemperaturedependsonthefollowingfactors:ActualtakeoffweightRunway(length,slope,wind,andobstacles)Airportelevationandpressure(QNH)Runwaysurfacecondition(dryorwet)TakeoffflapssettingTakeoffthrustratingEnginebleedconfiguration,AssumedTempisConservative,4.DispatchDeviations,Therequiredoperationsproceduresmayinclude:Operationsrestrictions/limitationsAirplaneperformanceadjustments,MELdispatchconfigurationmayaffect:EnginethrustAirplanedragFuelburnSystemoperatingtimesBrakingcharacteristics,AntiskidInoperativeThrustReverserInoperativeEnrouteclimblimitedweight,AntiskidInoperativeTakeoffwithantiskidinoperativeisallowedonlyondryrunways.Autobrakesarenotallowedwithantiskidinoperative.ImprovedClimbPerformanceisnotpermittedwithanti-skidinoperative.Assumedtemperaturereducedtakeoffthrustisnotpermittedwithanti-skidinoperative.,ThrustReverserInoperative,Whendispatchingonawetrunwaywithonethrustreverserinoperative,therunway/obstaclelimitedweightandV1mustbereducedtoaccountfortheeffectonaccelerate-stopperformance.Asimplifiedmethod,whichconservativelyaccountsforthis,istoreducethenormalwetrunway/obstaclelimitedweightby2300lbandtheV1associatedwiththereducedweightby2knots.,EnrouteclimblimitedweightClimbPerformance:Constraintsonaircraftclimbperformancearealsospecifiedinthefederalairregulations.Theseincludeaminimumlandingclimbgradientwithallenginesrunning,andminimumclimbgradientswithoneengineinoperativeduringthreetake-offsegments,anapproachsegment,andanenroutecase.,RequiredClimbGradient,高度：16000FT重量：167500LB16000FT=4876M,HAK-PEK2741MPEK-URC4100MURC-KHG5889M,5.ContaminatedandslipperyRunways,DefinitionsDryrunway:Adryrunwayisonewhichisneitherwetnorcontaminated,andincludesthosepavedrunwayswhichhavebeenspeciallypreparedwithgroovesorporouspavementandmaintainedtoretaineffectivelydrybrakingactionevenwhenmoistureispresent.Wetrunway:Arunwayisconsideredwetwhentherunwaysurfaceiscoveredwithwaterorequivalent,withadepthlessthanorequalto3mm,orwhenthereisasufficientmoistureontherunwaysurfacetocauseittoappearreflective,butwithoutsignificantareasofstandingwater.,Contaminatedrunway:Arunwayisconsideredtobecontaminatedwhenmorethan25%oftherunwaysurfaceareawithintherequiredlengthandwidthbeingusediscoveredbythefollowing:Standingwater:Causedbyheavyrainfalland/orinsufficientrunwaydrainagewithadepthofmorethan3mm(0.125in).Slush:Watersaturatedwithsnow,whichspatterswhensteppingfirmlyonit.Itisencounteredattemperaturearound5,anditsdensityisapproximately0.85kg/liter(7.1lb/USGAL).,Wetsnow:Ifcompactedbyhand,snowwillsticktogetherandtendtoformasnowball.Itsdensityisapproximately0.4kg/liter(3.35lb/USGAL).Drysnow:Snowcanbeblownifloose,orifcompactedbyhand,willfallapartagainuponrelease.Itsdensityisapproximately0.2kg/liter(1.7lb/USGAL).Compactedsnow:Snowhasbeencompressed(atypicalfrictioncoefficientis0.2).Ice:Thefrictioncoefficientis0.05orbelow.,2008年1月-南京暴雪,EffectonPerformanceHardcontaminantsare:Compactedsnowandice.Theyreducefrictionforces.Fluidcontaminantsare:Water,slush,andloosesnow.Theyreducefrictionforces,andcauseprecipitationdragandaquaplaning.,Khanty-Mansiysk(USHH)Russia,AllEngineAccelerationCapability130Knots,6mmofslush-10-20%reductioninallengineacceleration,13mmofslush-20-40%reductioninallengineacceleration,EngineOutAccelerationCapability130Knots,6mmofslush-15-50%reductioninengineoutacceleration,13mmofslush-30-110%reductioninengineoutacceleration,OneEngineInoperativeDecelerationCapability130Knots,Dry-AFMperformance-includesmaximumbraking,spoilers,idlethrustSlush-includeswheelbraking,spoilers,reversethrust,andslushdrag,AircraftManufacturerDataNotethattakeoffisnotrecommended,whenconditionsareworsethantheabove-listed.,TakeoffFlightPathIEM-OPS1.495WhentakingoffonawetoracontaminatedrunwayandanenginefailureoccursatV1,thisimpliesthattheaerop