英语是结构性的语言.doc

英语是结构性的语言实词传递结构和意义：名词 动词，形容词，副词（四大核心词）（一）名词语法（Noun-Gram）1.限定词：名词四大块II Noun-Gram 名词的语法限定词限定可数名词的限定词：many , a few , a number of 只限定不可数名词的限定词：much , a little , a large amount of , a great deal of既可限定可数名词又可以限定不可数名词：a lot of , lots of , plenty of , some , all , most some / all / most + of + the + 名词（ 如果some 、all 、most加了of ，后面的名词一定要加the）冠词the , a , an the三大基本用法： 独一无二 例如the sun 第二次出现的名词 带后置定语(短语或从句She is the girl (who is ) from Beijing. the的特殊用法： 节假日：国际通行的节假日前不加定冠词，中国传统的节假日前要加定冠词 国名：有专有名词表示国名不加定冠词，由普通名词演变成的专有名词前要加定冠词 表达肯否定关系out of question 没问题out of the question 不可能地 表达被动关系in charge of 负责，控制，掌管in the charge of 由掌管under the charge of 在掌管下under the control of 在控制下in possession of 拥有in the possession of 被所有This library is in the possession of Guangzhou government.=Guangzhou government is in possession of this library. 表达抽象具体关系go to school 去上学（抽象）go to the school 去这个学校（具体）in office 在上班，在执政，在掌权，在位in the office 在办公室go to church 去做礼拜go to the church 去教堂Tom is in hospital. 汤姆在住院。Tom is in is hospital. 汤姆在医院。on earth 究竟，怎样on the earth 在地球上表示大小范围 in south of China 在中国之外的南方 in the south of China 在中国的南方，强调在中国里面 Guangzhou is located in the south of China. 广州位于中国南方。 in front of / in the front of Mr. Zhang is sitting in the front of the classroom.Mr. Zhang is sitting in front of us.定冠词a , an的用法表示数量概念，表示“一个”泛指，表示“某一类人，某一类物”A student studies English well.（凡是可数名词不可以孤零零出现，前面必须有相应的限定词，或者变成复数）I am anything but a man. 我根本不是人。Attitude is everything. 态度决定一切。名词的数：四大特殊表示法 以“o”结尾的名词 photophotos potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes negro（黑人）negroes zoozoos radioradios kilo kilos volcano, cargo, zero的复数既可以加“s”，又可以加“es”。 规律：hero, tomato, negro, potato, echo（回音，效仿)这个几个名词变成复数加“es”，其他的加“s”古英语 childchildren manmenwomanwomen footfeet复合名词 有核心词看核心词 passer-bypassers-by 路人 looker-onlookers-on 旁观者 mother-in -lawmothers-in law 岳母没有核心词的在后面加“s” grown-up grown-ups 成人 go-between go-betweens 红娘，媒婆good-for-nothing good-for-nothings 一无是处的人表示男女职业变复数时，两个单词都变复数 woman-nursewomen-nurses十大特殊名词 crisis，analysis，basis，diagnosis 变成复数时，把“sis”变成“ses” datum(数据), medium（媒体）, bacterium（细菌）变成复数时，把“um”变成“a” phenomenon（现象），criterion（标准）变成复数时，把“on”变成“a” stimulus复数是stimuli2.数： 四大特殊用法：容易误用为复数：advice, information（three pieces of information）, knowledge, equipment, furniture, cash, progress, work常见8个复数形式单数用法：学科词汇（mathematics, physics, politics等），疾病名词（measles， rickets等），常用个别词如国名和杂志（ the United States, the UN, Times, News, Philippines ）E.g.: The United States is a super powerful country.The United Nations (the UN) is the biggest organization in the world.News: north +east +west +south单复数相同：fish, sheep(除了black sheep“害群之马”，同dark horse “黑马”), deer, series, means, species等, 单复数取决于前面的量词，另外还有一般的chineseTV series program 电视连续剧 单复数意义不同（50个）：见书本minute分钟minutes 会议纪要 air空气airs气度，风度（put on air盛气凌人）force强迫forces军队 arm手臂arms武器humanity人类humanities人文科学 work工作works作品，工厂 3.主谓一致（四原则）原则一：就近原则 (取决于B)Neither A nor B (neither you nor I am )Either A or BA or BNot only A but also B There be +B +A (there is 1 leader and 100 students/ there are 100 students and I leader)原则二：就远原则（取决于A）A, as well as B A, together with BA, accompanied by B (Hujintao, accompanied by his delegates, is visiting )A, besides A, except4原则三：复数原则Both A and B A and B Both以下是例外：菜名如Rice and eggs 蛋炒饭 Forks and knife ( knifes ) 刀叉抽象表单意概念如Love and hate 爱与恨Law and order 法律与秩序War and peace 战争与和平原则四：单数原则时间，金钱，距离 介词后只能接名词（宾语）2200 kilometers from Guangzhou to Beijing is a long distance.不定式、动名词、从句作主语，谓语用单数To read many books is not very useful. Reading many books is helpful to our jobs.What I said today is useful.Whether we can pass the exam or not depends our hard working. What he said and what he did are different.意义上是复数，用法上是单数many a+单数名词（许多）+谓语单数:More than one+单数名词（不止一个）+谓语单数：More than one student is from Foshan.every +单数名词+谓语单数 every只能做形容词 each既可以形容词也做代词Every A and every B+谓语单数：Every boy and every girl is good.No A and no B +谓语单数两个例外情况：one of +名词复数+谓语单数（one of 后面的名词永远用复数）One of my students is from Shandong.“One of +名词复数+从句”从句的谓语动词用复数；若加了the only,则谓语动词用单数。She is one of the students who are from Beijing.（定语修饰students）She is the only one of the students who is from Beijing.（定语修饰the only one）a number of students are(主语是students) The number of students is（主语是the number）（二）动词语法（Verb-Gram）三大核心：1. Tense时态/Voice语态 2. Mood语气 3.Non-finite verbs非谓语动词1. Tense时态：The state of verb in particular time特定的时间条件下动作的状态（时间+状态 /时态） Features特点：Time(现在、过去、将来、过去将来) +State（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）Forms种类：16种 Time State现在过去将来过去将来一般一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时一般过去将来时进行现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时完成现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来完成时完成进行现在完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行How to master如何掌握时态(三个方面)In the past 30 years, great changes have happened in Guangzhou. (不能用被动语态)In the past 30 years, great progresses have been made in science and technology.汉语当中的以地点或方位的名词作主语的时候翻译成英文时都是以状语形式出现。方面一：conception概念一般现在时：用来描述人或事物的一般性的状态和习惯性的动作以及客观真理或事实现在完成时：动作发生在过去，但对现在产生影响过去时：在过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态过去将来完成进行时：在过去某一个时间讲述的对未来将要发生的或将要完成的动作，而且这个动作还可能要继续下去: Yesterday my grandpa said that he would have been living in Guangzhou for 50 years by the end of this year.方面二：format构成（五个助动词） am Be wasis been being are werehas Have had had havinghave do Do did done doingdoes shallshouldwillwould需要注意一般将来时（五种表达方式）1. shall(第一人称)/will（所有人称） 客观2. be going to 主观3. be to 事先计划安排好的（Tom and Mary are to get married this Sunday.）4. be about to 即将或马上发生的动作（没有想到没有预期的）5. be doing 表示启动或开始的动词，如leave, start, begin, come, go, approach(The train is approaching. /Im leaving for Beijing.)方面三：Time时间状语最复杂的是：现在完成时1. since+时间点，for+时间段2. so far，up to now，these days，nowadays，just（注意just now是一般过去式）3. 第几次做什么.从句用现在完成时（It is the first time that I have come to China.）4. 先行词被最高级限定时，定语从句用现在完成时（Avatar is the best movie that I have ever seen.）5. 在过去的多少时间里面In /For /Over /Above /During the past/last years, +现在完成时过去完成时/将来完成时By the end of /by the time+ 过去时间/将来时间 +从句（过去完成/将来完成） hardly+过去完成时+when+一般过去式no soonerthanscarcelywhenrarelywhenbarelywhen都是“一就”的意思，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去式，例如：I had hardly arrived at the classroom when it began to rain cats and dogs.Voice语态：只有及物动词才有被动语态容易误用被动语态动词：happen, take place, occur, belong to, last, consist of 等主动表被动：wear, wash, ride, lock, sell, write等2. Mood 语气：为什么学习虚拟语气:因为虚拟语气不受时态限制，也不受人称限制，所以它自成一体虚拟语气三大块1）幻想式虚拟语气If I were Yaoming, I wouldif从句主句与现在事实相反were(did)could/would/might +do与将来事实相反were to(should do)同上与过去事实相反had donewould have doneIf it were to/should snow in Guangzhou tomorrow, I would go swimming.若省略if，则要倒装：Were it to snow in Guangzhou tomorrow, I would go swimming.If I had had time yesterday, I would have 虚拟语气的混合式：If you had taken medicine yesterday, you would feel much better now.wish+ that+虚拟语气（同if从句）I wish that it would snow in Guangzhou tomorrow.2) 强制性的虚拟语气：S+ should do V +that+ S+ （should）do以下词常用：order command, directdemand request, suggest advise, askpersist insist, maintain I