职称英语卫生类新增文章增补讲义.doc

1 / 12 汇知考轻松-2013 年职称英语(卫生类)新增文章增补讲义 1 各位考生朋友： 感谢大家选用汇知考轻松-职称英语考试零起点辅导系列课程软件，2013 年教材新增部分视频精 讲和配套讲义已经上线，敬请各位考生朋友尽快升级学习。 如何升级? 能够联网的电脑，在软件首页的【功能中心】中点击【软件升级】，软件将自动完成升级工作。 自动升级失败或不能联网的电脑，请在我公司官网 【软件商城】下载对应专业类对应专业类 别别的“升级包”，下载完成后根据向导完成安装。 升级完成后，启动课程软件，在【视频讲解】中看到标记的课程，即为本次升级内容。 此增补讲义与新升级的视频讲解课程配套使用，请下载后打印。 如有任何疑问请与客服联系，联系电话：如有任何疑问请与客服联系，联系电话：400082-1836 QQQQ：800021836800021836 2013 职称英语（卫生类） 新增文章增补讲义 一、学员须知 按照全国职称英语等级考试的出题规律，大多数情况下,会从教材的“阅读理解”和“完型填空”中各选一 篇文章出题，并且多是从新增文章新增文章里选择，这也就是业内惯称惯称的押题 30 分！ 2013 年全国职称英语等级卫生类考试教材与 2012 年相比较，“阅读理解阅读理解”与与“完型填空完型填空”新增文章不多新增文章不多， ABC 各等级均只新增一篇文章。因此,我们建议各位考生务必认真全面地学习视频讲解课程。 汇知考轻松-职称英语考试零起点辅导课程的特点：是市面上唯一将教材上所有文章按类别， 分等级讲解的课程。尤其适合单词量小，语法基础差的考生。课程的视频讲解部分将教会您如 何巧妙地掌握词汇，强调“稳、准、快”的做题方法，在时间不够时如何随机应变 等等技巧。 二、学习建议 第一步：【学习讲义】中预习文章，先用自己的方法做一遍题目； 第二步：【视频讲解】中听课，重点掌握答题技巧，是学习的重中之重。请大家务必认真学习！尤其是 A 级、 B 级考生！建议 A 级考生学习 ABC 级全部课程，B 级考生学习 BC 级全部课程。 第三步：可在【专项训练】强化练习。 第四步：【模拟考场】中的历年真题，体验真实考试难度，检查学习效果。 2 / 12 汇知考轻松-2013 年职称英语(卫生类)新增文章增补讲义 2 2013 职称英语（卫生类）新增文章 阅读理解 视频讲解视频讲解阅读理解阅读理解C第第 15 篇篇 Eat to Live A meager diet may give you health and long life, but its not much fun-and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we dont start to diet until old age. Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouses liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins. Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed for a month when they were 34 months old - equivalent to about 70 human years. The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production - probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 percent of these gene changes. This is the first indication that the effects kick in pretty quickly, says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D. C. No one yet knows if calorie works in people as it does in mice, bus Spindler is hopeful. Theres attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work, he says. If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, out bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective. But Spindler isnt sure the trade-off is worth it. The mice get less disease, they live longer but theyre hungry, he says. Even seeing what a diet does, its still hard to go to a restaurant and say: I can only eat half of that. Spindler hopes we soon wont need to diet at all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction. 1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A) Eating less than usual might make us live longer. B) If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy. C) Dieting might not be needed. D) We have to begin dieting from childhood. 2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2? A) To describe the influence of old age on mice. B) To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice. C) To tell us how mices liver genes behave. D) To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs. 3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage? A) They will not experience free radical production. 3 / 12 汇知考轻松-2013 年职称英语(卫生类)新增文章增补讲义 3 B) They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime. C) They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes. D) They are more likely to suffer from inflammation. 4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers? A) The mice that started dieting in old age. B) 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes. C) Calorie restriction that works in people. D) Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective. 5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that _. A) calorie restriction is very important to young people. B) seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal. C) dieting is not a good method to give us health and a long life. D) drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction. 参考答案：参考答案：1.D 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 参考译文参考译文 为生存而食为生存而食 粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康长寿，但这并不有趣很可能也没必要。即便在老年以后才开始节食我们也能 在很大程度上保持青春活力。 加州大学 Riverside 分校的斯蒂芬斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老鼠进食，它的 肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但 却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢和清除毒素。 斯潘德尔的队员们一直给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料，而给另外三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半，给三只 34 个月大的老鼠（相当于人类年龄的 70 岁）喂了一个月的半量饲料，之前这三只老鼠的饲料量是正常的。 研究者检查了这些老鼠肝脏的 11000 个基因的活性，发现正常饲养的老鼠有 46 种基因随年龄的改变而改变。 这些改变都与机体组织的无限激增有关这对老鼠的健康来说并不是什么好消息。而对于那些终身都在节食 的老鼠来说，那 46 种基因中的 27 种仍然继续保持着青春活力。但是最令人吃惊的发现却是那些只是在老年时 期节食的老鼠们受益于 70%的基因变异。 “这只是第一个这些效果迅速起作用的暗示”，来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃华纳说。 至今仍然没有人清楚卡路里的控制对人类来说是否如同对老鼠那样有效，但是斯潘德尔对此充满了希望： “有足以引人注意的证据表明这同样有效。” 如果这确实也对人类有效，我们有理由相信肝脏也可能恢复活力。举个例子，随着我们一天天衰老，我们 的身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。短时期内的节食，斯潘德尔说到，完全足以保证药效。 但是斯潘德尔并不确定这个方法值得尝试。“老鼠患病少了，寿命延长了，但是他们很饥饿，”他说， “即使能清楚地认识到节食的功效，人们仍然很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食物。” 斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食。他的公司，加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司，正在寻找有限制卡路里 效能的药物。 视频讲解视频讲解阅读理解阅读理解 B第第 17 篇篇 Dont Drink Alone Gets New Meaning In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with 4 / 12 汇知考轻松-2013 年职称英语(卫生类)新增文章增补讲义 4 food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer. After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer. Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites traced to smoking or drinking by the study volunteers, Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didnt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. For their new analysis, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers. People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumption who drank with meals. Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissues lower exposure to alcohol. 1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people A) who drink alcohol outside of meals. B) who drink alcohol at meals. C) who never drink alcohol. D) who drink alcohol at bars and pubs. 2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about drinking with meals? A) It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food. B) It may also be a cause of cancer. C) It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites. D) It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. 3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? A) 3 drinks. B) 8 drinks. C) 20 drinks. D) 56 drinks. 4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage? A) Oral cancer B) Laryngeal cancer C) Pharyngeal cancer D) Esophageal cancer 5 / 12 汇知考轻松-2013 年职称英语(卫生类)新增文章增补讲义 5 5. According to the last paragraph, tissues lower exposure to alcohol A) explains why inflammation triggers cancer. B) accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues. C) is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues. D) reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer. 参考答案：参考答案：1.A 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.D 参考译文：参考译文： “不要不要在在就餐时间以外饮酒就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义有了新含义 一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔 和颈部癌症的机率比就餐时饮酒更高。Luigino Dal Maso 和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的 1500 个病例 的饮酒习惯模式和另外 3500 个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。 在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人 面临至少 50%80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患癌的可能性增加至少 20%。“被研究者的情况说明大约 95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒，”Dal Maso 说。他的研究小组 提供的报告中令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。 为了进行新的分析，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为 4 组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周 平均饮酒量达 20 杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少 56 杯，平均每天 8 杯以上。患口腔癌和颈部癌的危 险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒 2134 杯 的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮 酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加 3 倍。 和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多 20 杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口脏癌的危险是低饮酒 量组的 10 倍，咽癌是其 7 倍，食道癌 16 倍。相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低 摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的 3 倍。 “酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。”Dal Maso 说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险， 或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦掉。他推测所有被研究者患喉癌的几率比其他癌 症低很多的原因是喉部组织被酒精侵害到的部分少得多。 视频讲解视频讲解阅读理解阅读理解 A第第 17 篇篇 Sauna Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath, or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges. The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the 6 / 12 汇知考轻松-2013 年职称英语(卫生类)新增文章增补讲义 6 smoke sauna, savusauna, is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available. Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving. Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion and speed recovery time. The bodys core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying feed a cold, starve a fever. The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place. Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the bodys physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system gets a work out as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute. A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctors advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions at first to become accustomed to this type of bath. 1. Ceremonial bathing _. A) is called the sauna by Finns. B) is equivalent to the steam bath. C) has various forms. D) is held in an enclosed room. 2. What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience? A) Saunas in underground caves. B) Saunas with smoke. C) Saunas using wood burning stoves. D) Saunas using electric stoves. 3. According to the third paragraph, saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT _. A) reducing the chance of getting cold. B) speeding recovery. C) relieving stress. D) curing asthma. 4. According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because _. A) pores are cleaned by sweat. B) water is lost by sweating. C) blood moves to the surface for heat exchange D) the heart pumps harder and faster. 5. Who are advised not to take a sauna? A) Elderly people. B) Pregnant women. C) People with heart trouble. D) All of the above. 参考答案：参考答案：1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.D 参考译文：参考译文： 7 / 12 汇知考轻松-2013 年职称英语(卫生类)新增文章增补讲义 7 桑拿浴桑拿浴 仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并且有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也 就是桑拿浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。日本人、希腊人、土耳其 人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。用干热浴发汗的方式是古罗马优先使用 的，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。 最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟囱技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的浓 烟。人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持 几个小时的高温。今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”，才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴 都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都是用 电炉。 桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。热气还可以 拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加 快康复的速度。在蒸桑拿时，人体温度通常会上升 12 度，就像发低烧一样的感觉。因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印 证了一句老话：“伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。”定期蒸桑拿可以在第一时间预防感冒的发生。 蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处。它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。在这个过程中，成年人一般每小时要蒸发 2 磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中的污垢，使皮肤变得光洁。失水只是暂时性的，人体机能能够很快补充合适的水 量。在热气交换的过程中，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得到了锻炼，蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的 平均每分钟 72 下增加到 100150 下。 健康的心脏可以承受这种变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该先征求医生的建议。同样的，老年 人和糖尿病患者也应如此。孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是怀孕的头三个月。其实，每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴 时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。 完型填空 视频讲解视频讲解完型填空完型填空 C第第 5 篇篇 A Biological Clock Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells _(1)_ when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells _(2)_ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away, and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake. Events outside the plant and animal _(3)_ the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur _(4)_ the number of hours of daylight. In the short _(5)_ of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer. Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration _(6)_ twice each year. Birds _(7)_ flying become restless when it is time for the trip, _(8)_ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended. 8 / 12 汇知考轻松-2013 年职称英语(卫生类)新增文章增补讲义 8 Scientists say they are beginning to learn which _(9)_ of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain _(10)_ to control the timing of some of our actions. These _(11)_ tell a person when to _(12)_ , when to sleep and when to seek food. Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities. Dr.Moorhead is studying _(13)_ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours. _(14)_ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr.Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said _(15)_ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factorys production. 1. A) scientistsB) humansC) plantsD) animals 2. A) insectsB) birdsC) fishD) snakes 3. A) effectB) affectC) effectedD) affected 4. A) becauseB) for the reason thatC) because ofD) since 5. A) monthsB) daysC) minutesD) weeks 6. A) flightB) flyC) movementD) transportation 7. A) prevented fromB) ordered byC) helped byD) intruded on 8. A) andB) butC) thereforeD) however 9. A) portionsB) partsC) sectionsD) kinds 10. A) tryB) triesC) seemD) seems 11. A) thingsB) partsC) cellsD) actions 12. A) awakenB) wokeC) awakeningD) wake-up 13. A) howB) whyC) whereD) what 14. A) WeB) ItC) TheyD) You 15. A) soB) wit