新标准大学英语(第二版)综合教程2 Unit 6 B篇练习答案及课文翻译ppt课件VIP

.,.,Contents,ActiveReading2,.,Workingroupsanddiscussthequestions:Howmanybranchesofsciencecanyouthinkof?anatomy:studyingthebodyastronomy:studyingspacebiochemistry:studyingchemicalprocessesbotany:studyingplantschemicalengineering:studyingchemicalsubstancescosmology:studyingtheuniverse,WarmingUp,.,ecology:studyingorganismsandtheirenvironmentgenetics:studyinggenesandvariationmeteorology:studyingweathermicrobiology:studyingvirusesetcnutrition:studyingfoodoceanography:studyingtheseaspharmacology:studyingmedicaldrugsradiology:studyingradiantenergysuchasX-rays,WarmingUp,.,WarmingUp,2.Wheredidyoulearnmostaboutscience?3.Howmuchdoyourememberaboutyoursciencelessonsatschool?4.Whowasyourbestscienceteacher?Whydoyourememberhim/her?5.Canyourememberanylessoninparticular?6.Whatwouldyoudotoimprovescienceteachingatschool?,.,Text,Science:factorfiction?,.,Science:factorfiction?1Studentsarentwhattheyusedtobe.Thesedays,itseems,someofthemneverevenopenabook.SuchisthedepressingpicturepaintedbypopularsciencewriterSteveJonesinhisbookTheSingleHelix,layingthefingerofblameonmoderncommunicationsystems.Themessageisthemedium;onceuponatimetherewerebooks,butnow,Jonessays,“themediumis,orsoitseems,anythingbutlinesofprintonapage.”Manystudentsarejustnotusedtoreadingbooksanymoretheyresuchanoutdatedformofcommunication.,Text,.,2Sohowdoyougetthemtolearnaboutscience?Well,ifyougointoacampusbookstoreyoucanfindout.Therearesongbooksforbiochemists,withchemicalformulaesettomusictomakethemeasiertoremember.Relativityisexplainedinavideogamewhichisasimulationofarocketjourneythroughspace:Youcanplaytennisonboardastherocketspeedsuporslowsdown.Andtherearecartoonstomakeeventhemostobscurescientificsubjectsaccessible,andfunaswell.,Text,.,3Buteventhesemethodsofgeneratinginteresthavebecomeconventional.Rathermoreradicalistheproposalwhichaphysicsprofessorhascomeupwithtolearnsciencefromthemistakesinsciencefictionfilms.Someofthefilmsmaybedreadful,buttheyhidealotofhelpfulmessages.Studentsjusthavetositback,relax,enjoythefilm,andsoakupabitofscienceatthesametime.,Text,.,4Afewexampleswillshowwhattheprofessorhasinmind.InTheDaytheEarthCaughtFire(1961),theearthispushedtowardsthesunasaresultoftwosimultaneousatomicexplosions.ButthiscontravenesNewtonsThirdLawofMotionnamely,thatactionandreactionareequalandopposite.SincetheEarthweighssixthousandbillionbilliontons,ahugeblastwouldbeneededtopushitintotherightdirection.Supposingithurledahundredmilliontonsofrockanddebrisintospace.Thisexplosionwouldrequireabombfargreaterthananythathaseverexploded.Butafewbasicsumswouldshowthatsuchablast,aswellaskillingeverysingleinhabitantoftheearth,wouldonlyshifttheEarthaboutaquarterofaninchoutofitsorbit.,Text,.,5Sothefilmisfictionwithoutthescience.Thesamecouldbesaidofthe1986filmAliens.Inthisfilmthecrewsaunteraroundthespaceshipasiftheywereathomeonearthwhereastheyshouldbefloating,inagravity-freeenvironment.TheproducersofAlienswouldfailafirstyearphysicsexam,butStanleyKubrickandArthurClarke,thebrainsbehind2001:ASpaceOdyssey,wouldpassthesameexamwithflyingcolours.Onboardthespaceshipagiantwheelrotates,generatingcentripetalforceandgivingtheastronautsonboardasenseof“up”and“down”.,Text,.,6Thetreatmentofrelativityinsciencefictionfilmsisevenmoreconfusing.TakeStarTrek:TheVoyageHome(1987).Asthespaceshiprevolvesroundthesun,itgatherssomuchspeedthatitmovesbackwardsintohistory.Butthisisnonsense,notrelativity.AsJonesputsit,“Einsteinsaidthatnothingtravelsatmorethanthespeedoflight,notthattheclockswillruntheotherwayifyougofastenough.”EvenSuperman(1978)isbaffledbytheconcept.IttakeshimasplitsecondtoflyroundtheearthanticlockwisetosaveLoisLane,whohasfallenvictimtoanearthquake.Jones:“Timeisnotlikeacar.Ithasnoreversegear.”,Text,.,7Finally,whataboutthosegiantinsectsliketheonesinEmpireoftheAnts,the1977filmbasedonastorybyH.G.Wells?Theproblemistheirlungs,orrather,thelackofthem.Antsdonthavelungs,sotheygetoxygenbyabsorbingitthroughthetissuesoftheirbodies.Thebiggertheant,thelongeritwouldtaketoabsorbtheoxygenandtheirbodypartswouldnotbeabletofunctionwell.Soanantthesizeofahumanwouldbemorelikelytobegaspingforbreaththanbitingofftheheadofarecklessteenager.,Text,.,Text,科学：事实还是虚构?1学生已今非昔比。如今，似乎有些学生从来就没有翻开过书本。这是科普作家斯蒂夫琼斯在其单螺旋线一书中描绘的令人沮丧的情景，他把批评的矛头指向现代通信系统。信息即媒介；从前有书本，可是现在，琼斯说：“媒介是，或者说似乎是，一切，但绝不是纸上印的一行行字。”许多学生就是不再习惯读书了书是老掉牙的沟通方式。,.,Text,2那么怎样使他们学习科学呢？好吧，你要是走进校园书店，就会找到办法。那里有生物化学家的歌本，其中化学分子式被配上乐曲以便记忆。相对论是用电子游戏来解释的，那是个虚拟乘火箭在空间旅行的游戏：你可以在火箭加速或减速飞行时在上面打网球。还有卡通，它们使哪怕最艰涩的科学话题都变得有趣易懂。,.,Text,3可是就连这些激发兴趣的方法也已变得老套了。更激进的方法是一个物理学教授提出来的：从科幻电影的错误中学习科学。有些电影也许糟透了，但其中隐藏有大量有益的信息。学生只需舒舒服服地坐着、放松、欣赏电影，同时吸收一点科学知识。,.,Text,4有几个例子可以说明教授的想法。在地球着火之日（1961）中，两颗同时爆炸的原子弹把地球推向太阳。可是这违反了牛顿的第三运动定律即，作用力和反作用力相等且方向相反。既然地球重达六千艾吨，那就需要特大的爆炸才能把它推入正确的方向。假设爆炸将一亿吨岩石和碎渣抛入宇宙，那么这个炸弹的威力要比任何以往的炸弹都要大。但是，稍做运算就能说明，这样一场爆炸除了会把地球上的生物全部杀死之外，充其量也只能让地球偏离轨道大约四分之一英寸。注：地球的重量应该是610的24次方千克（10的18次方叫艾）。,.,Text,5所以，这部电影是没有科学含量的虚构作品。1986年出品的电影异形也是同样。在这部影片中，宇航员们在宇宙飞船中走来走去，就好像在地球上的家里一样而实际上他们应当在无重力环境中漂浮才对。异形的制片人可能会在大学一年级的物理学考试中不及格，但是2001：太空漫游背后的智囊斯坦利库布里克和亚瑟克拉克却会在同样的考试中以高分通过。宇宙飞船上有一巨大的轮子转动着，产生向心力，并给船上的宇航员一种“起伏”感。,.,Text,6科幻电影中对相对论的处理更是令人摸不着头脑。以星舰迷航：回家之旅（1987）为例：宇宙飞船围绕太阳飞行，速度越来越快，最后竟然飞回到了历史之中。但这是瞎编乱造，而不是相对论。正如琼斯所说：“爱因斯坦说没有什么比光速更快；但没有说如果你跑得够快，钟表就会倒转。”就连超人（1978）也被此概念所困惑。他在瞬间往逆时针方向绕地球一周去救地震受难者洛伊斯莱恩。琼斯说：“时间不像汽车，它没有倒挡。”,.,Text,7最后，1977年根据H.G.威尔斯的小说拍摄的蚂蚁帝国里的那些巨型昆虫又如何呢？问题在于它们的肺，或者说，它们根本没有肺。蚂蚁没有肺，它们是通过身体组织吸收氧气的。蚂蚁越大，吸收氧气的时间就越长这样它们身体的各部件就不能良好地运作。所以像人那么大的蚂蚁更可能老是在大口喘气，而不是把冒失少年的脑袋咬掉。,.,WordsandasahostandcommentatorintheBritishtelevisionseriesMysteriousWorld.,.,ExtensionActivities,Formanyyears,RobertA.Heinlein,IsaacAsimov,andArthurC.Clarkewereknownasthe“BigThree”ofsciencefiction.ClarkeservedintheRoyalAirForceasaradarinstructorandtechnicianfrom19411946.He,proposedasatellitecommunicationsystemin1945whichwonhimtheFranklinInstituteStuartBallantineGoldMedalin1963.HewasthechairmanoftheBritishInterplanetarySocietyfrom19471950andagainin1953.,.,ExtensionActivities,ClarkeemigratedtoSriLankain1956largelytopursuehisinterestinscubadiving(水肺潜水),andlivedthereuntilhisdeath.HewasknightedbyQueenElizabethIIin1998,andwasawardedSriLankashighestcivilhonour,SriLankabhimanya,in2005.,BacktoWordsandPhrases,.,ExtensionActivities,StanleyKubrickStanleyKubrick(July26,1928March7,1999)wasanAmericanfilmdirector,writer,producer,andphotographerwholivedinEnglandduringmostofthelastfourdecadesofhiscareer.,Kubrickwasnotedforthescrupulouscarewithwhichhechosehissubjects,hisslowmethodofworking,thevarietyofgenresheworkedin,histechnicalperfectionism,andhisreclusivenessabouthisfilmsandpersonallife.,.,ExtensionActivities,HeworkedfarbeyondtheconfinesoftheHollywoodsystem,maintainingalmostcompleteartisticcontrolandmakingmoviesaccordingtohisownwhims(突发奇想)andtimeconstraints,butwiththerareadvantageofbig-studiofinancialsupportforallhisendeavors.AlthoughhewasnominatedforanAcademyAwardasascreenwriteranddirectoronseveraloccasions,hisonlypersonalwinwasforthespecialeffectsin2001:ASpaceOdyssey.Kubrickiswidelyacknowledgedasoneofthemostaccomplished,innovative,andinfluentialfilmmakersinthehistoryofcinema.,.,ExtensionActivities,Hedirectedanumberofhighlyacclaimedandoftencontroversialfilmsthathaveoftenbeenperceivedasareflectionofhisobsessiveandperfectionistnature.Hisfilmsarecharacterizedbyaformalvisualstyleandmeticulousattentiontodetailhislaterfilmsoftenhaveelementsofsurrealismandexpressionismthateschews(回避)structuredlinearnarrative.Whileoftenviewedasexpressinganironicpessimism,afewcriticsfeelhisfilmscontainacautiousoptimismwhenviewedmorecarefully.,.,ExtensionActivities,Eventhoughallofhisfilms,apartfromthefirsttwo,wereadaptedfromnovelsorshortstories,hisworksarenotedassomeofthe“mostoriginal,provocative,andvisionarymotionpicturesevermade”.,BacktoWordsandPhrases,.,ExtensionActivities,Groupdiscussion1.Readthelistofpredictionsforthe21stcenturymadebyArthurClarkeanddiscusswhattheymean.2.Makesomemorepredictionsabouttheseorotherthings.,.,ExtensionActivities,1.Readthelistofpredictionsforthe21stcenturymadebyArthurClarkeanddiscusswhattheymean.2020miningonotherplanets2030contactwithextra-terrestrials(contactwithnon-Earthlivingbeings)2040transmutation(changingonematerial/substanceintoanother),.,2050gravitycontrol;memoryplayback(Gravitycontrolwouldallowustomoveourselvesandotherobjectswithease;memoryplaybackassumesthememoryislikeatapeordiscwhichcouldbereplayedtogiveprefectrecall.)2060artificiallife(elligentrobots)2070nearlightspeed;climatecontrol(Atsuchspeedstravelovervastdistancesbecomespossib