Eugene A. Nida 等翻译家简介.doc

Eugene A. Nida(bornNovember 11, 1914) is the developer of the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory.LifeNida was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma onNovember 11, 1914. He became a Christian at a young age, when he responded to the altar call at his church “to accept Christ as my Saviour.”He graduated summa cum laude from the University of California in 1936. After graduating he attended Camp Wycliffe, where Bible translation theory was taught. He ministered for a short time among the Tarahumara Indians in Mexico, until health problems due to an inadequate diet and the high altitude forced him to leave. Sometime in this period, Nida became a founding charter member of Wycliffe Bible Translators, a sister organization of the Summer Institute of Linguistics.In 1937, Nida undertook studies at the University of Southern California, where he obtained a Masters Degree in New Testament Greek in 1939. In that same year, Eugene Nida became interim pastor of Calvary Church of Santa Ana, CA, after the founding pastor resigned in 1939. In spite of his conservative background, in later years Nida became increasingly ecumenical and New Evangelical in his approach.In 1943 Nida received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Michigan, he was ordained as a Baptist minister, and he married Althea Lucille Sprague. The couple remained married until Althea Sprague Nidas death in 1993. In 1997, Nida married Dr. Elena Fernandez, a translator and interpreter.Nida retired in the early 1980s and currently lives in Brussels, Belgium.CareerIn 1943 Nida began his career as a linguist with the American Bible Society (ABS). He was quickly promoted to Associate Secretary for Versions, then worked as Executive Secretary for Translations until his retirement.Nida was instrumental in engineering the joint effort between the Vatican and the United Bible Societies (UBS) to produce cross-denominational Bibles in translations across the globe. This work began in 1968 and was carried on in accordance with Nidas translation principle of Functional Equivalence.Translation and Linguistic TheoriesNida has been a pioneer in the fields of translation theory and linguistics.His Ph.D. dissertation, was the first full-scale analysis of a major language according to the immediate-constituent theory.His most notable and most controversial contribution to translation theory is Dynamic Equivalence, also known as Functional Equivalence. This approach to translation aims to reproduce the intention of the original text in the translation, rather than reproducing the actual words of the original. For more information, see Dynamic and formal equivalence.Nida also developed the componential-analysis technique, which split words into their components to help determine equivalence in translation (e.g. bachelor = male + unmarried). This is, perhaps, not the best example of the technique, though it is the most well-known.Nidas dynamic-equivalence theory is often held in opposition to the views of philologists who maintain that an understanding of the source text (ST) can be achieved by assessing the inter-animation of words on the page, and that meaning is self-contained within the text (i.e. much more focused on achieving semantic equivalence).Nida and Venuti have proved that translation studies is a much more complex discipline than may first appear, with the translator having to look beyond the text itself to deconstruct on an intra-textual level and decode on a referential levelassessing culture-specific items, idiom and figurative language to achieve an understanding of the source text and embark upon creating a translation which not only transfers what words mean in a given context, but also recreates the impact of the original text within the limits of the translators own language system (linked to this topic: George Steiner, the Hermeneutic Motion, pragmatics, field, tenor, mode and the locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary). For example, a statement that Jesus met someone must be carefully translated into a language which distinguishes between met for the first time, met habitually and simple met.Some who are against Nidas influence have been careless in some of their accusations against him. For example, a recent book claimed without documentation that Nida was a reviser of the controversial Revised Standard Version Bible translation that removed the word virgin from Isaiah 7:14. A simple look at Peter Thuesens bookreveals that Nida is not included in the list of RSV committee members on pp. 74-75 of the book.Nidastranslationtheorycanbesummarizedaseffect-oriented,whileNewmarkstranslationtheorycanbesummarizedastext-oriented,bothofwhichpayattentiontothereadersofthetranslationworksPeter Newmark (12 April 1916 9 July 2011) was an English professor of translation at the University of Surrey. He was one of the main figures in the founding of Translation Studies in the English-speaking world in twentieth century. He was also very influential in the Spanish-speaking world.He is widely read through a series of accessible and occasionally polemical works: A Textbook of Translation (1988), Paragraphs on Translation (1989), About Translation (1991), More Paragraphs on Translation (1998).He was associated with the founding and development of the Centre for Translation Studies at Surrey. He was chair of the editorial board of the Journal of Specialised Translation. He also wrote Translation Now bimonthly for The Linguist and was an Editorial Board Member of the Institute of Linguists. Lin Shu (1852-1924) the Department of Modern China famous writer, translator, painter, is also the first translation of literary works of Western people.Lin Shu is a prominent figure in Chinese translation history. He translated more than 180 foreign works, which brought him a high reputation in the literary circle.As a monolingual translator, he receives warm praises in terms of his contribution to both the improvement of the society and the innovation of the literature.However, he is also criticized for his unfaithful transfer of the original texts. It includes his employment of traditional Tong Cheng literary style and classical Chinese, plus his free adoption of such translation techniques as addition, omission, and abridgement, etc.Polysystem Theory the polysystem is conceived as a systems which interact to bring about an on going, dynamic process of evolution within the polysytem as a wholeSocial Situation and the Position of Translated Literature in the Literary Polysystem in the Late Qing DynastySince 1840,two Opium wars brought China great disasters along with big changes. Military invasion, commercial adventures and cultural influences from the west combined to awaken Chinese intelligent to the fact that China was no longer the central kingdom of the world, and that they had to learn from the West before being able to meet imperialist rivals on equal terms. Thats actually why the third wave of translation in the history of China surged in the late Qing Dynasty. The first tide of translation emerged after the defeat of Opium War.Lin Shus free translationFree translation did not care about the artistic values of the works. They just regarded them as a door to the outside world, a mirror reflecting the shortcomings of their own society. The careless free translation was actually the out cometh of the disrespect for the originals artistic skills.Lin Shu and Yan Fu are famous translators in modern china and they gain the world fame.Their influence still exits even today. While their translations share something together because of the similar social background, yet they have their own features.Similarities 1.PatriotismTheir works were full of spirit of Patriotism and their worry about China. And they kept pace with the demand of the time and development of the new writingstyle. In the late19th century，Lin and other Peers paid much attention to the destiny of the nation and polities. They called for the whole nation to learn fromthe advanced to strengthen themselves.2.Expressing new ideas through classical proseBoth of them were the masters of classical prose, in which they expressed some new subjects ,such as womens liberation，anti-imperialism and some advanced bourgeois ideas. So their works had a brand of the time3. Method towards the sentence structures and some new words It was not exactly the kind of prose that Lin would have used in writing his own essays. He had “ modernized” it by loosening up the sentence structures and introducing a number of new words and expressions . Yan Fu shakes the whole passage loose and rearranges it，following not the English sentence order，but structuring it the Chinese wayYanfu wasaChinesescholarandtranslator,mostfamousforintroducingwesternideas,includingDarwinsnaturalselection,toChinainthelate19thcentury.YanFustudiedattheFujianArsenalAcademy(福州船政學堂)inFuzhou,FujianProvince.In1877)79hestudiedattheNavyAcademyinGreenwich,England.UponhisreturntoChina,hewasunabletopasstheImperialCivilServiceExamination,whileteachingattheFujianArsenalAcademyandthenBeiyangNavalOfficersSchool(北洋水師學堂)atTianjin.ItwasnotuntilaftertheChinesedefeatintheFirstSino-JapaneseWar(189495,foughtforcontrolofKorea)thatYanFubecamefamous.Heiscelebratedforhistranslations,includingThomasHuxleysEvolutionandEthics,AdamSmithsWealthofNations,JohnStuartMillsOnLibertyandHerbertSpencersStudyofSociology.YancritiquedtheideasofDarwinandothers,offeringhisowninterpretations.LifeYanFustudiedattheFujianArsenalAcademy(福州船政學堂)inFuzhou,FujianProvince.In187779hestudiedattheNavyAcademyinGreenwich,England.UponhisreturntoChina,hewasunabletopasstheImperialCivilServiceExamination,whileteachingattheFujianArsenalAcademyandthenBeiyangNavalOfficersSchool(北洋水師學堂)atTianjin.ItwasnotuntilaftertheChinesedefeatintheFir