英语主谓一致原则实例分析.doc

英语主谓一致原则实例分析英语主、谓一致原则，主要有两方面问题：一是主语单、复数一致；二是主、从句时态一致。本文着重分析主、谓单复数一致的问题。在有些情况下，主语并不是想像的那么简单。主语会有几个词、词组甚至从句组成。这时候，我们就要分清楚：主语究竟是单数，还是复数？所以，主、谓单复数一致问题，最关键的是要搞清楚主语究竟是单数还是复数？如果把主语单复数搞清楚了，谓语单复数自然就清楚了。1、主语中有下列连词，仍然算作单数。如：as well as, with, along with, together with, rather than, except, but, including, besides, in addition to, added to, like, rather than, more than, no less than 等。例如：Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party. 汤姆以及他的两位同学一起被邀请参加了晚会。A woman with Mary is coming to the hospital. 一个妇女跟同玛丽正向医院走来。Nobody, except his most intimate friends, knows of it. 除了他最要好的朋友外， 没人知道这件事。2、以and或both. and. 连接的并列主语，如果是可数名词，通常都是复数；如果是不可数名词，仍然是单数。但是，如果主语指的是同一个人或事，则也算作单数。例如：What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。说和做是两件事，复数The worker and writer has come. 这位工人作家来了。worker 和 writer 指同一个人，单数A needle and thread was found on the floor. 在地板上找到了针线(穿了线的针)。needle 和 thread 作为一个整体，单数Truth and honesty is the best policy. 真诚是最好的策略。两个不可数名词，仍然是是单数3、注意： 由and连接的并列主语， 如果前面有each, every, many a, no等修饰时， 仍然作为单数处理。例如： Each boy and each girl was congratulated. 每个男孩和女孩都受到了祝贺。Every hour and every minute is important. 每时每刻都是重要的。Many a boy and many a girl has seen this painting. 许多男孩和女孩都看了这幅油画。No man and no animal is to be found on the moon. 在月球上没发现人和动物。No teacher and no student is admitted. 师生一律不得入内。考题1 We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks _ so small that a day is unimportant. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been 解析 主语the time是不可数名词， 其后面定语of days and weeks 不影响主语。答案A。考题2 The father as well as his three children _ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going解析 主语the father不受as well as his three children的影响，仍作为单数处理。根据every 判断，应该用一般现在时。答案C。考题3 Professor Smith, along with his assistants, _ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. A. work B. working C. is working D. are working解析 主语Professor Smith不受插入语along with his assistants影响。答案C。考题4 The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, _ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. A. was B. were C. had been D. would be解析 主语the teacher 不受插入语with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class的影响。答案A。考题5 A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift. A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered解析 主语a library不受with five thousand books的影响。答案A。考题6 A poet and artist _ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. A. is B. are C. was D. were解析 主语a poet and artist指同一位诗人兼画家， 因此算作单数，答案 A。1. 数量词如时间、 距离、 金额、 价值、 度量等作主语时， 如果它们当作一个整体，则为单数形式；如果它们分开来看作一个一个的单位时，则算处复数形式。例如：Twenty years is not a long time. 二十年光阴， 弹指一挥间。Twenty years have passed since he left. 他离开已二十个年头了。Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 三个星期被允许去进行必要的准备。Ten yuan is enough. 十元钱足够了。The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。 2. 分数/百分数of 结构中， 单复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单复数形式。例如：Only three fifths of the work was done yesterday. 昨天只干完了3/5的工作。Two thirds of the earths surface is covered by water. 地球表面的2/3是水域。In the USA, 75 percent of the grain is used to feed animals. 在美国75%的谷物用来喂养动物。50 percent of the students are girls in our college. 我们学院50%的学生是女生。3. 表示“种类”计量单位的名词，如 kind, sort, type, form, pair, cup, glass, piece, box, chain, series(单数、 复数形式同形)、 species(单数、 复数形式同形)、 ton、 meter 等与of连用时， 由“种类”计量单位本身单词的单、复数形式决定单复数。例如：This kind of these apples is sweet. 这种苹果很甜。These kinds of apples are very sweet. 这些种类的苹果都很甜。Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year. 去掉生产了一万吨的煤。Large quantities of water are needed. 现在需要大量的水。In western countries, mountains of rubbish are thrown away each day. 在西方国家，每天有成吨的垃圾被扔出。4. a number of 表示“大量的”，谓语用复数形式； the number of 表示“的数量”， 谓语动词用单数形式。例如： A number of students in this class are from Sichuan. 这个班有不少同学来自四川。The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 游客的数量今年减少了。5. each, one, much, (a) little, either, neither, another, the other 等不定代词作主语时，谓语动词通常为单数形式。 some, any, every, no构成的复合词(如somebody, nobody, everything, anything 等)作主语时， 谓语动词用单数。例如： Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每个人有一台录音机。Each of the girls Each girl has a new hat. 每个女孩都有顶新帽子。Neither plan suits me. 两个计划没有一个合乎我的心意。Either of the rooms is big enough. 两个房间中的任何一间都够大。Is everybody here? 人都到齐了吗？There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表没什么问题。Nobody knows the answer to the question. 没有人知道这道题的答案。Someone wants to see you. 有人想见你。Something strange has happened. 奇怪的事发生了。注意： 如果each仅位于复数主语之后作同位语时， 则该主语不受each的影响， 仍为复数形式。例如： The old workers each have their own tools. 老工人们人人都有他们各自的工具。The students each have a book. 学生们每人都有一本书。6. both, (a) few, many, several等不定代词作主语时， 通常为复数形式。例如： Both (of) the films are interesting. 两部影片都有趣。Few (of the guests) were familiar to us. 没几个(客人)是我们熟悉的。7. what, which, who, whose 等疑问代词作主语时， 根据其含义来确定单数还是复数。如果所指的含义不明确， 作为单数形式；如果有具体的内容，则为复数。例如： Which is your room? 哪是你的房间？Which are your rooms? 哪几间是你们的房间？Who is your brother? 你兄弟是谁？Who are League Members? 哪些是团员？8. half of, plenty of, the rest of, a lot of, lots of, a portion of 等, 或者all, some, more, most, any, none 作主语时， 它们既可表示可数名词，也可表示不可数名词。因此，要根据它们所表示的具体含义，来确定单、复数形式。例如： Half of the apple is bad. 这只苹果坏了一半。Half of the apples are bad. 苹果中有一半是坏的。A lot of money is spent on tobacco every year. 每年在烟草上花去大量的钱。A lot of things have been done by her since yesterday. 昨天以来她已做了很多事。All of the paint is fine. 这些油漆都很好。All of the students are working hard. 所有的学生都在用功。All is right. 一切顺利。 All are present. 所有人都到齐了。Most of his spare time was spent in reading. 他的大部分业余时间都花在读书上了。Most of the houses in this town are new. 这个镇上的大多数房屋都是新的。None of the money is mine. 这笔钱中没有一点是我的。None of us have/has been to Xian.我们当中谁都没有去过西安。The majority of the students like English. 大部分学生都喜欢英语。主谓一致原则的第三个问题，是邻近一致原则。邻近一致原则，是指主语有两个以上的部分，即前面一个部分，后面一个部分。那么，谓语动词的单、复数根据哪个部分来决定呢？根据邻近一致原则，在由or、there be 等句型中，谓语动词与它最邻近的名词或代词保持一致。注意：邻近原则仅适用于主语用or连接和there be 等少数句型中。1. 由or等连词连接的主语。主语是由or, either . or ., nor, neither . nor ., whether . or ., not . but ., not only . but also . 等连接时， 谓语动词的单复数形式依照靠近它的主语而定， 例如： One or two friends are coming this evening. 今天晚上有一两个朋友要来。What I say or what I think is no business of yours. 我所说的或者我所想的与你们没关系。Either you or she is to go. 或者你，或者她打算去。Neither I nor he is to blame. 我和他都不该受责备。Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都没错。Not you but your father is to blame. 不是你， 而是你父亲该受责备。Not only you but (also) he is wrong. 不仅你错了， 他也错了。Not only the teacher but also his students object to the change. 不仅老师， 而且他的学生都反对这种改变。2. “there/here be”句型中的主谓一致问题。“there/here be”句型中，真正的主语在be之后。 系动词be的单、复数应与be后面最近的一个主语保持一致。 例如：There is a book and some pens on the desk. 桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。Here are some apples and bread for you. 这些苹/和面包是给你的。附 全国各省高考真题精选考题1 A survey of the opinions of experts _ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week _ good for ones health. A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are解析 第一个空格处的主语是a survey，单数；第二个空格处的主语是three hours of ，小时等数量单位通常作单数处理。答案B.考题2 The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one third _ used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long.A. is B. are C. was D. were解析 分数作主语，单、复数根据of 后面名词的单、复数来定。此句中，one third 指的是复数的notebook computers，所要为复数。答案D. 考题3 _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; areC. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are解析 分子大于1时，分母要用复数加 s， 所以是two fifths； 在分数、 百分数做主语时， 单、复数取决于of 后面的内容，此句the land 为不可数名词，作单数处理。答案C.考题4 Most of what has been said about the Smiths _ also true of the Johnsons. A. are B. is C. being D. to be解析 most of 由后面名词的单、复数决定。此句中，what has been said about the Smiths 是从句，作单数对待。因此谓语动词也是单数。答案B.考题5 With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ each year.A. is washing away B. is being washed awayC. are washing away D. are being washed away解析 a quantity of 做主语时， 单、复数根据of后名词的具体情况而定。但quantities of 做主语时，不管of后面是什么名词，谓语动词都采用复数形式。答案D。考题6 Strangely enough, a pair of new trousers _ among the rubbish. A. were found B. was found C. has found D. have found解析 像pair, kind, sort, type 等计量单位作主语时，就看这些词本身是单数还是复数，谓语动词对应的也是单数或复数。此句pair 为单数。答案B.考题7 As you can see, the number of cars on roads _ rising these days. A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping解析 the number of 是指事物本身的数量，不是指多少。它是单数。答案C.考题8 Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _ in the clothing industry. A. is working B. works C. work D. worked解析 a number of 表示“大量的”，是复数形式。答案C.考题9 Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another.A. is B. are C. am D. be解析 句子单、复数根据but also 后面的名词来定。答案B。以下19道题目，非常具有代表性，也具有一定的难度，少数题确实有点儿迷惑人。希望大家在做题的时候，细心一点。如果不清楚，可以再看看前面几讲内容。如果有什么问题，可以来信咨询。1. More than one person _ late for class this morning.A. are B. was C. is D. were2. My friend and classmate Paul _ motorcycles in his spare time.A. race B. races C. is raced D. is racing3. Climbing hills _ of great help to health.A. is B. are C. were D. be4. The injured _ good care of by some medical teams.A. is taken B. are being takenC. are taking D. is being taken5. The factory, including its machines and buildings, _ burnt last night.A. is B. are C. were D. was6. Now Tom together with his classmates _ football on the playground.A. play B. are playing C. plays D. is playing7. Time and tide _ for no man.A. wait B. waited C. is waiting D. has waited8. The singer and dancer _ come to our school.A. have B. has C. were D. was9. How and why Jack came to China _ not known. And when and where to build the new library _ not been decided.A. is; has B. are; has C. is; have D. are; have10. Each man and each woman _ asked to help when the fire broke out.A. is B. was C. are D. were11. Soon after the earthquake, every man, woman and child _ about it.A. were talking B. was talking C. talk D. talks12. Two hundred and fifty pounds _ too unreasonable a price for a second-hand car.A. is B. are C. were D. be13. About 60 percent of the students _ from the south; the rest of them _ from the north or foreign countries.A. are; is B. is; is C. is; are D. are; are14. All but Dick _ in Class Three