高中英语语法讲义大全.doc

高中英语语法一、 英语词法1、实词：是指有实在意义，能独立承担句子成分的词名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词2、虚词：没有实在意义，不能独立承担句子成分冠词、介词、连词、感叹词二、英语句法1、简单句2、并列句3、复合句（1）名词性从句主语从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句（2）定语从句限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句（3）状语从句时间状语从句条件状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句方式状语从句结果状语从句目的状语从句比较状语从句让步状语从句三、其他句型倒装句强调句省略句It 用法和There be 句型动词时态非谓语动词虚拟语气主谓一致原则反意疑问句第一讲：句子类型与句子成分一、 句子种类和类型1、句子种类陈述句；疑问句；祈使句；感叹句2、句子类型简单句: 由一个主语加一个谓语构成.并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有：and, but, or, so, eitheror. neither.nor. however not onlybut also 等.并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。Hurry up or youll be late.He is rich while Im poor.复合句: 由主句和其他从句组成。并列复合句：含有复合句的并列句.I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it.二、句子成分That girl is doing her homework now.主语：主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么情况。表示句子说的是什么人、“什么事”、“什么东西”、“什么地方”等等。 名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句子都可以做主语。All roads lead to Rome.How to do it well is an important question.谓语谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。 一般由动词或动词短语承担，具有各种时态、语态及语气的变化。I seldom go to the cinema.He has already left.We are studentsShe fell ill last week宾语宾语，又称受词，是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语。名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句子 都可以做宾语，而to do不定式用于宾语补足语。 We study English at school.He enjoys listening to the music.直接宾语：表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。Lend me your dictionary.间接宾语：动作所向或所为的人或物，通常指人。Lend your dictionary to me.注意：间接宾语跟在直接宾语之后，间接宾语前要加介词to 或for加介词to的动词：give bring take hand lend pass read tell send show teach write do 等加介词for的动词:fetch find pay sing buy choose find get make等介词宾语：位于介词后面的宾语。He walked to the office.宾语补足语：及物动词后的，用以补充说明宾语的身份、状态等的词或短语。这类常用的及物动词有：make consider cause see find call get have let We consider /think the answer (to be) right.Electricity can make a machine run.可做宾语补足语的：名词、形容词及其短语、不定式及其短语、过去分词及其短语、as引出的宾语补足语、介词短语、副词和从句。Let the enemy in You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.We will soon make our community what your community is now.We take English as a useful tool for everyday work.定语定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。 汉语中常用的表示。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。“的”是定语的标志。 He is an interesting man.Have you anything to sayCan you see the car downstairs?He was the one who succeeded in the experiment.状语英语中,状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当He drove his car carefully.China is developing fast during these year, but, unfortunately， unhealthily.He is very quick to change his mind.To buy a computer, I need money.Seeing his mother, the baby burst into tears.表语表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，补充说明主语的意义，也叫主语补足语。表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell, turn等词）之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。Our teacher is very strict with us.The book is interesting and Im interested in it.He looked just as he had looked ten years before.同位语一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers.That is her habit, reading in bed.He gave orders that the work should be started immediately.The question whether to confess or not troubled the girl.三、句子基本结构（简单句）1.主语+谓语这种句型简称为主谓结构，其谓语一般都是不及物动词，例： Things change.事物是变化的。 Nobody went.没有人去。 2.主语+连系动词+表语这种句型称为主系表结构，其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词，但实质上表语成了谓语，例： Mr. Turner is an artist.特纳先生是位画家。 The milk turned sour.牛奶变酸了。 She became a lawyer.她当了律师。 3.主语+谓语+宾语这种句型可称为主谓宾结构，它的谓语一般多是及物动词，例： We never beat children.我们从来不打孩子。 My sister will fix everything.我姐姐会料理一切。 4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语这种句型可称为主谓宾宾结构，其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词，两个宾语一个是间接宾语，一个是直接宾语，例： He gave the book to his sister.他把这本书给了他的妹妹。 Ill write you a long letter.我将写给你一封长信。 5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构，其补语是宾语补语，与宾语一起即构成复合宾语.I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。（形容词easy作补语） Ill let him go.我将让他去。（不定式go用作补语） 注意：有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语，甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语，这样的句子仍然是简单句，例： Mr. Wang and I often work together and help each other.王先生和我常在一起工作互相帮助。第二讲：名词性从句在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。1、 主语从句在句中起主语作用的句子叫做主语从句。(1)引导主语从句的关联词有:that(不充当句子 成分,仅起引导作用,通常用it作形式主语；分句置于句首时，that绝对不可以省略。),whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever, where, when, how, why。1 That he will succeed is certain.2 Whether he will go there is not known.3 What he said is not true.4 Where he hid the money is to be found out.5 Whoever comes is welcome.6 How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting. 7 When theyll start the project has not been decided yet.（2）为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.It + be+形容词（obvious, natural, surprising, wonderful, possible, likely, certain, probable) +that从句.It is certain that he will succeed.It +be +名词词组（no wonder, an honor, a good thing ,a pity, no surprise )+that 从句.It is a pity that they have to go without her.It + be+过去分词（said, reported, known, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged) +that从句.It is not known whether he will go there.It + seems, happens等不及物动词及短语 +that从句.It seems that Mary is not coming at all.It doesnt matter (makes no difference)+连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句. It doesnt matter whether he comes. (3）注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义。whoever, whatever, whichever等引导的主语从句一般不后置，也不用替代词it. Whoever comes will be welcome.(whoever=the person who)来的人将受到欢迎。总结：在下列句型中常用that 引导主语从句Its likely/possible/important/necessary/clear that很可能/重要的是/必要的是/很清楚Its said/ reported that据说/据报道It seems/appears/happens that显然、明显、碰巧.Its been announced/declared that已经通知/宣布Its no wonder that并不奇怪/无疑Its a pity/a fact /a common knowledge / a common saying（俗话说）that注意：主语从句中 ，谓语动词一般用单数。What引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定。What he needs _is_ that book.What he needs _are_ some book.2、宾语从句在句中起宾语作用的句子叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词有四类：that(在宾语从句中常可以省略）；从属连词if/whether; 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever；连接副词where, when, how, why。They know that the habit will kill them.It all depends on whether they will support us.He asked how much I paid for the violin.He made it clear to the public that he did an important and necessary job. I find it necessary that we should do the homework.（1）用作及物动词的宾语They pretended that they were reading in the room.I didnt know what they were talking about.Do you know why winter is colder than summer?He couldnt tell where his home was.John made the boy sit still, promising that nothing would hurt him.（2）用作介词的宾语从句：I was pleased by what he told me.He always pays attention to whatever the teacher says.He told of how he helped the old woman to find her missing son.注意：介词的宾语从句一般不用which和if来引导，而要分别用what和whether来引导。Are you sorry for what youve done?Everything depends on whether we have enough experience. 不可用if（3）用作某些形容词的宾语从句：这类形容词常见的有sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等。I am sure you looked beautiful that evening.We were not surprised that he returned three days later than expected.Everyone was afraid that someone might find out that he could see nothing.Mother was very pleased (that) her daughter had passed the entrance exams.注意：如果宾语从句后边还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语而将宾语从句后置。如： We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. He has made it clear that anyone who breaks the law is to be punished.这种句型的谓语动词有think, make, feel, find, consider.注意的问题（重点）1.Whether和if都可以引导宾语从句，但下列情况用whether不用if。（1）当whether后紧跟or/or not时,不用if.I dont know whether I will stay or not（2）介词后面的宾语从句不能用if. I worry about whether I hurt her feeling（3）引导主语从句和表语从句用whether不用if Whether well go depends on the weather.（主语从句） The question is whether it is worth doing.（表语从句）(4) whether 可用在不定式前，if 则不能.Please tell me whether to go or not.（5）whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，if不能。如：We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not.（6）whether可引导一个让步状语从句表示“不管”、“无论”，而if不能。如：Whether he comes or not, we will begin our party on time.注意：如果宾语从句是否定时，一般用if引导I care if he will not attend the meeting.2、that 在名词性从句中的用法主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。如：That they are good at English is known to us all.The problem is that we dont have enough money.She expressed the hope that they would come to China one day.宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省，在以下几种情况中that不能省略：（1）在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that从句(真正宾语) 的句型中不省略We must make it clear that we mean what we say.（2）由and或 but连接两个或多个宾语从句时，仅可以省略第一个连词that,第二个that 不省略.He told me（ that） he would come and that he would come on time.3、宾语从句的时态变化规律：当主句是一般现在时态时将来时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。He believes _ his dream will come true some day他相信他的梦想总有一天会实现的.Please tell me what you were doing at this time Yesterday 请告诉我你昨天这个时候在干什么.当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。He told me he was preparing for the examinationHe told me he had been away from his hometown for ten years The teacher tell us light travels in a straight line注意：1）.当从句表达的是客观事实，真理，自然现象时，从句通常用一般现在时。2）在“命令，要求，建议”等相关词后的名词性从句中常用虚拟语气（suggest.advise）4、注意区别if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句I dont know if he will come.If he comes, Ill let you know.三、表语从句在句中起表语作用的句子叫做表语从句，表语从句放在系动词后面。作用：对主语进行解释说明。连接词：that / whether /as if /as though（ if 不引导表语从句)连接代词：who / whom / whose / which / what 连接副词：when / where / why / how / because The question is whether we can rely on him. Thats because we were in need of money at that time .He looked as if he was going to cry .Thats why I was late .This was what Tom was reading.The truth is that I have never been there.This is how we overcame the difficulties.The house is where Lu Xun once lived注意：连词because可引导表语从句。主语是reason时，表语从句常用that,不用because。四、同位语从句同位语从句在句中充当同位语成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词（ idea ；belief ； fact ； truth ；problem ；news 等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明.连词that;连接代词：who, which, what;连接副词when / where/why / how / whether 1.同位语从句的格式：n.+ 连接词 + 从句2.能接同位语从句的名词有：fact、idea, news, information, order, belief, suggestion, advice等3.连接词通常是that,也可根据含义选用 whether, what, when, where等来引导同位语从句。They expressed the hope that they would come over to visit China again.We all know the truth that the earth goes round the sun.They asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.练习：that/ whether / where/ howI have no idea _ he comes from.He cant answer the question _ he got the money.He gave us many suggestions _ we should get up earlier and take more exercise. I have no doubt _ he will win.I have some doubt _ he will win注意问题：(1) that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：1.定语从句是先行词的修饰语，它不涉及先行词的具体内容。定语从句中that不但起连接作用，而且在定语从句中充当一个句子成分，充当从句的宾语成分时可省略。2.同位语从句对中心词的内容作进一步的解释和说明，表明中心词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的that 在同位语从句中不做任何成分,只起连接作用,无具体含义,且不可省略.在同位语从句中：that不可以省略，不作成分;定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句作成分，作宾语时可以省略We are interested in the news that some foreigners would visit our school.We are interested in the news that he told us.when, where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在定语从句中，when, where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；而在同位语从句中无此对应关系They have no idea at all where he has gone.(同位语从句)Go and get your coat. Its in the place where you left it.(定语从句)练习答案：where; how; that; that; whether五、名词性从句考点归纳及练习（一）名词性从句的语序1、名词性从句构成有两种a. That + 陈述句That light travels in straight lines is known to all.b. 疑问词+句子的剩余成分This is what we are looking for.(2) 疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述句语序，不能用一般疑问句语序。How was he successful is still a puzzle. ( F )How he was successful is still a puzzle. ( T )Could you tell me where he lives? ( F )Could you tell me where does he live? ( T )（二）名词性从句连接词的选用1、that 和what 的选用that 和 what 都可引导所有的名词从句。但是，what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分，可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。that / what1._ he wants is a book.2. _ he wants to go there is obvious.3.The result is _ we won the game.4.This is _ we want to know.5.Is _ he told us true ?6.We should pay attention to _ the teacher is saying.7. I have no doubt _ he will come.8. I have no idea _ he did that afternoon.答案：What; that; that; what; what; what; that;what2、if 和 whether 的选用不能使用if 的情况：a. 主语从句b. 表语从句c. 同位语从句e. 介词后的宾语从句f. whether to do 做动词宾语不能用if to do.g whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if.If/whether1. I asked her _ she had a bike.2. _ we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.3、Were worried about _ he is safe.4. I dont know _ he is well or not.5. I dont know _ or not he is well.6. The question is _ he should do it.7.The doctor can hardly answer the question _ the old man will recover soon.8. I dont know _ to go.答案：if / whether； Whether；whether；whether/if；whether；whetherWhether；whether3其它连接代词和副词的选用主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义,正确的选择who、which、when、where、why、 how 等连接词，这些连接词既具有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。_ we shall hold our sports meeting is not decided.I dont know _ broke the glass yesterday.I have no idea _ he looks like.This is _ I left my glasses.答案：when:; who; what; where(三)引导词that 的省略1、that 可省略的情况：单个宾语从句中的that可省略2、that不可省略的情况：主语从句表语从句同位语从句用it做形式宾语的宾语从句并列的宾语从句中的后几个从句的引导词that 不能省略1.I dont think _ she is coming.2.It is a pity _ he has made such a mistake.3.The reason is _ he is careless .4.The news _ our team won the match inspired us.5.I dont think it necessary _ you should read English aloud.6.He told me _ his father had died and _ he had to make a living alone.答案：可省略；不可省略；不可省略；不可省略；可省略/不可省略（四）同位语和定语从句的区别同位语从句/定语从句1.We expressed the hope that they had expressed. We expressed the hope that they would come to China again.2.The information has been announced that more middle school graduates will be admitted into university.The information that he revealed at the meeting is of great value.答案：1、定语从句，同位语从句。2、同位语从句，定语从句（五）注意：名词demand, suggestion, proposal, advice 等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚拟语气,结构为 should + do, should 可省略 He gave me a suggestion that I ( should ) be calm now.（六）在名词性从句中，我们还须特别注意以下问题：reason 后面的表语从句只能用that 引导, 不能用why 引导, 但reason后面的定语从句可以用why 或者that 引导1.The reason _ we didnt trust him was _ he often lied2.The reason _ he gave for his absent was _ he was ill答案：1、why,that 2、that,that六、试题精选1. made the teacher proud was more than half of her students had been admitted to key universities. A.What;thatB.What;because C.That;whatD.That;because 解析 题中含有两个从句。因主语从句中缺少主语，故用what引导；表语从句中不缺少句子成分，故用that引导。2.Information has been put forward more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A.whileB.that C.when D.as 解析 that从句作information的同位语，that在从句中不作句子成分，不可省略。3.Not sure of he will be admitted by the high quality middle school or not, he feels quite uneasy. A.whenB.if C.whetherD.that 解析 此处为whether引导的从句作介词of的宾语。4.After five days climbing in the mountain, they reached they thought was the place theyd been dreaming of. A.thatB.where C.whichD.what 解析 reach是及物动词，其后要跟宾语从句。 而they thought是插入语，宾语从句中缺少主语，所以必须用what。5. was of little importance. A.No matter how he might pass the examination B.Though he might pass the examination C.Whether he passed the examination or not D.He might pass the examination解析 这是一个由whether引导的主语从句。no matter how与though都不能引导主语从句；D项不是一个从句。6.World AIDS Day is also important in reminding us that HIV has not gone away,and there are many things still to be done. A.whichB.what C.thatD./解析 句中有多个宾语从句时，第二个that和以后的that都不能省略。that HIV has not gone away和that there are.是remind的两个并列的宾语从句。7.I have not found my bike yet;and now,Im not sure I should do with the case. A.whereB.whether C.whatD.how 解析 what.do with是固定搭配，what引导宾语从句并在从句中作宾语8.Professor Lis book will show you can be used in other contexts. A.that you have observed B.how you have observed C.how what you have observed D.how what have you observed 解析 句意为：李教授的书会向你展示你所观察到的知识怎样能适用于其他的场合。how引导了一个宾语从句，而宾语从句中又缺少主语，所以用what you have observed充当宾语从句中的主语，该主语从句用陈述语序。9.The old man was so angry and spoke so fast that none of his children understood he said meant. A.that thatB.what what C.whatD.that 解析 本题考查宾语从句和主语从句。第一个what引导宾语从句，并在宾语从句中作meant的宾语；第二个what引导主语从句，并在该主语从句中作said的宾语。10.Along with the letter was his promise he would visit me this coming Christmas. A.whichB.that C.whatD.whether 解析 这是一个同位语从句，从句中不缺少成分，故用that来引导，用来补充说明promise 的内容。11. is known to all is that while driving drivers should keep an eye out for road signs,on which are words or symbols giving directions or other traffic instructions. A.WhatB.As C.ItD.Which 解析 考查主语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可以看出这个句子缺少主语从句的引导词，主语从句中缺少主语，所以要用what。12.In 1492 Columbus and his crew arrived was so-called the New World by the westerners. A.in whatB.in which C.whatD.where 解析 考查宾语从句。arrive是个不及物动词，如果后面跟宾语必须加上介词。在宾语从句中缺少了主语，所以介词后面必须用what。13.A growing anxiety is disturbing the public the economy will continuously decline. A.whichB.that C.whyD.where 解析 该题考查名词性从句。that在句中引导同位语从句与前面的anxiety构成同位语，解释说明前面的anxiety的内容。14.There is no doubt,in my opinion, matters is not the speed,but the quality of the product. A.what whatB.that that C.that ifD.that what 解析 that引导一个同位语从句，在这个同位语从句中又有一个主语从句what matters。句意为：依我看，毫无疑问，重要的不是速度，而是产品的质量。15.You are saying that our teachers treat everyone equally,and th