CATTI三级笔译综合能力资料

13 /全国翻译资格考试三级笔译综合能力讲义第一节 考试内容介绍、定语从句讲解、练习及译法第一部分 考试介绍一、考试题型词汇和语法部分 50题 25分 25分钟阅读理解 50题 55分 75分钟完型填空 20题 20分 20分钟二、考试要求掌握本大纲要的英语词汇；掌握并能够正确运用双语语法；具备对常用问题英语文章的阅读理解能力。三、笔译综合能力试题的基本类型第一部分词汇和语法部分可分为三大部分：词汇选择（Vocabulary and Grammar）1-20难度大约在四级左右；词语替代（Vocabulary Selection）21-40主要找出和划横线部分相同意思的词汇，难度在4级到6级之间；改错（Error Correction）主要有词汇和语法的两种错误。第一部分考察的内容主要为近义词的辨析、短语介词和动词词组的搭配；语法点主要包括定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词等等。在其后会分专题来讲解。第二部分阅读理解共5篇，字数在每篇150-450字之间，绝大多数在250字左右，每篇有5到10题，不定量。题材广泛，选题多样。类似于四级以上难度和题型，但是和专业四级题型更加相似。第三部分为开放性完型填空，20空，共20分。题材广泛，选题多样。难度和专业四级等同。四、基本复习策略综合能力课程作为三级笔译必修的课程，主要是考察学生对于英语基本知识的了解，特别是对双语习惯的掌握，为了能够更好地为实务课程打下坚实的基础，所以希望每一位同学都不要对这门课程产生掉以轻心的念头。根据个人经验，我个人推荐以下几个复习的策略：第一、要对大纲的词汇做到十分熟悉，这种熟悉不是简单地认识，而是要学会使用，特别是在没有字典的帮助之下可以迅速而准确地判断搭配。第二、对于语法结构的重视，但凡是学翻译就必须要对语法结构有着深入的了解，这种了解不是简单地会划分句子成分，而是将每个句子如何组合，这将决定你实务中的句型翻译的关键。第三，阅读能力要强。任何考试都是得阅读者得天下，咱们的综合能力考试也不除外。包括实务考试，如果文章内容没有弄明白，那么对文章的翻译肯定是不行的。以上三点经验之谈，仅供参考。定语从句的讲解、练习及译法1that和which用法比较：1) which用于非限定性定语从句中。e.g.: He said he was busy, which was not true. 他说他很忙，那是假的。We dont want to enter the house, which is very cold. 我们不想进房间，因为太冷了。2) which用于介词后做宾语。e.g.: The room of which windows are opposite to the room is large. 窗户正对着海的房间很大。The chair in which you are sitting is made of iron. 你坐的椅子是用钢做的。3) that一定用于“不（不定代词作先行词时）止（“只是”only修饰先行词时）最（形容词最高级修饰先行词时）两（先行词同时出现人和物）序（序数词修饰先行词时）”五种情况。e.g.: All that you need is help. 你所需要的是帮助。A lot of things and children that are full of the car were lost in the district. 装满了车的东西和孩子们在这个地区失踪了。That is only thing that I want to know. 那是我唯一想知道的事情。The last book that you bought is that I wanted to buy. 你买的最后一本书是我想买的。What is the size of the largest map that you have seen before? 你以前见过的最大的尺寸的地图有多大？2定语从句的种类定语从句可分为非限定性定语从句（描绘性定语从句）和限定性定语从句。e.g.: They dont like that person who is noisy. 他们不喜欢那个吵闹的人。*非限定性定语从句（描绘性定语从句）和先行词关系紧密，不可省略。e.g.: They dont like that person, who is noisy. 他们不喜欢那个人，因为他太吵闹了。*限定性定语从句和先行词关系疏松，用逗号和主句隔开，可以省略。它翻译时，相当于一个状语从句。译法：1定语从句的前置合译法：On the whole, such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.译文：总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。 2定语从句的前置合译法与后置分译法：Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experience greater intellectual development.译文：行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.译文：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维能力过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。3定语从句的溶合变译法；This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.(48 words)译文：这种假设是依据这样的一种谬论：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而实际上，除了特别懒惰的人以外，几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱，也没有人愿意饱食终日、无所事事。定语从句翻译练习：1. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。2. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。3. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。4. The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。（前置译法）第二节 定语从句长难句成分分析及翻译练习5. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. 人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到既有教育意义又有娱乐性的层出不穷的新节目。（后置译法）6. Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husbands treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作玩偶之家中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。（句首译法）7. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。（倒装、定从使用）8. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. 随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。9. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制。10. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests，may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。第三节 非谓语动词，练习及其译法，阅读理解讲解及练习非谓语动词难点讲解独立主格与非谓语动词：独立主格独立主格的结构一： 名词（代词）+ 分词 现在分词、过去分词Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _ it closely.A followed B following C to follow D being followedAll things _, the planned trip will have to be called off.A considered B be considered C considering D having considered独立主格的结构2：with + 名词（代词）+ 分词 句子当中作状语After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _ to go to school.A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged非谓语动词非谓语动词的结构：分词（分词短语）句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。43.No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A performed B performing C to be performed D being performedperform vt. 表演，演出，演奏；to be performed 将要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏；一些特殊的动词：第一个：remember 记住；62. I remember _ to help us if we ever got into trouble.A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him第二个：want 想要； 48. Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow.A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut18. This room is so dirty that it wants _.A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned第三个：mean 意味； 25. Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble. A making B to make C to have made D having made第三节 非谓语动词的译法1Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. （现在分词正常使用）即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。2Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922, and went directly to the address of Chou-En Lai.他们两个人坐火车于1922年3月到柏林，立即去周恩来的住处。The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut a fifth of a hectare of wheat a day.在1800年，一个农民，使用镰刀，在一天内可望收割五分之一公顷小麦。3When Chou En Lais door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.周恩来的房门打开时，他们看到的是一个身材瘦小、比普通人略高一点的人，两眼闪着光辉，面貌很引人注意，称得上清秀。4With the prices and house rents increasing rapidly, many young university graduates cannot earn their living, let alone support parents.随着物价和房租迅速上涨，许多年轻大学毕业生无法挣钱养活自己，更不用说赡养父母。5Situated at the base of the Mt. Lofty Ranges, Adelaide enjoys a Mediterranean climate.阿德莱德位于罗夫迪岭山麓，属地中海型气候。This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.附近风光秀丽，过去是燕京八景之一。6Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was.朱德顾不得来过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十几岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调说明自己的身份。第四节 非谓语动词，长难句分析及翻译、阅读理解第二部分 非谓语动词长难句分析及翻译1Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates ofindividual zooplankton species in thelaboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. 译文：由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速率。2But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living andnonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each otheran area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 译文：但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。3More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. 译文：更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通过内部方式，即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。第五节 被动语态，练习及其译法、阅读理解讲解第一部分 被动语态的使用1主动语态变被动语态的方法 主动语态变被动语态要遵循以下的规律：“主（语）变宾（语），宾（语）变主（语），动词变be + done，其余部分带下来。”*done代表各种动词的过去分词。e.g.: The student broke the window yesterday. 主语 动词 宾语 其余部分The window was broken by the student yesterday.主语 动词（be done形式） 宾语 其余部分I am carrying a box into the room. 我正在把一个箱子搬进房间。The box is being carried by I (me) into the room. 一个箱子正在被我搬进房间。（主语I变成by形式，宾语a box变成主语放在句首，动词am carrying 变成is being carried形式，而其他部分into the room带到下句,一般将by结构省略。）2几种特殊句型的被动语态含有双宾语句子的被动语态。 e.g.: I gave him a pen. 主语 动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 本句有两种变法，既可以将间接宾语变成主语(a)，有可以把直接宾语变成主语(b)。a. You were given a pen. b. A pen was given to you. 注意将直接宾语变成主语，要用to来连接动词和间接宾语（宾格形式），切不可省略。含有复合宾语句子的被动语态。 e.g.: We elected him our president.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 按照变化规律本句应变化为：He was elected our president by we (us). 但是有些情况（如下），要用to来连接宾语补足语和动词。 I made the door open. The door was made to open.*注意：在本句中make是使役动词(包括感观动词)，它后接不加to的不定式做宾语补足语，但是变成被动语态时要将to还原，不可省略。She saw me walking along the street.I was seen to being walked along the street含有情态动词句子的被动语态。 e.g.: He need look after his mother in the hospital. 按照变化规律本句应变化为：His mother need be looked after in the hospital. 含有情态动词句子变被动语态的规律是：情态动词+be+动词原形。含有动词词组句子的被动语态。 e.g.: He looked at the picture. 按照变化规律本句应变化为： The picture was looked at by he (him).注意：在过去分词looked后，切记不要忘记at这个介词，因为look at是完整的动词词组。含有宾语从句的被动语态。 e.g.: I think that she is a nurse.如果按照变化规律变化本句的话，宾语是一个句子，而不是词。这时可以有以下两种变化方法：a. 将宾语从句中的主语看作宾语而进行变化，即：She is thought to be a nurse by I (me).b. 将宾语从句用it这个形式主语来代替而进行变化，即：It is thought that she is a nurse by I (me).We said that he has been rich. 变化为：第三部分 被动语态的翻译方法1. Today this treasury if silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective system.现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了，却没有除盐的有效办法。2. Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully understood.然而现代的人却让尼罗河发生了变化，不过就连他们自己也不完全了解尼罗河究竟发生了什么变化。3. Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. 因为它非常润滑，所以可以用作润滑剂。4. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. 植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉。5. When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refinery to be treated. The commonest from of treatment is heating. When the oil is heating, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporized. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.油田打出原油以后，便送到炼油厂去处理。最普通的处理就是加热。石油经过加热，最先冒出来的蒸汽冷却后就是质量最高的汽油。汽油的沸点低，倒一点在手上，很快就挥发了。随后从石油分离出来的气体可以浓缩为煤油。最后产生的是各种等级的润滑油。剩下的便是重油了，可以用作燃料。第六节 被动语态，长难句分析及翻译、阅读理解被动语态长难句分析及翻译1. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. 现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。2. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that Englands policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution. 译文：一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变为扩张主义的军事目标所左右产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。第七节虚拟语气讲解1虚拟语气和条件句条件句实际上是属于状语从句的一种，其功能可以说是说话人猜想、假设的一种条件。按其真实的程度来分，可以分为真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。e.g.: If it rains tomorrow, we will put off the sports meeting. 如果明天下雨，我们就推迟运动会。（表示可能实现，真实条件句） If I were Tom, I would not refuse the money. 如果我是汤姆，我就不会拒绝这些钱的。（表示不可能实现，非真实条件句）按照时间上的情况，虚拟条件句（非真实条件句）又可以分为现在、过去、将来三种情况e.g.: If I were you, I should not marry her. 如果我是你，我就不会和她结婚。（和现在情况相反） If the fridge were broken, please call us to repair it. 如果冰箱坏了，通知我们来修。（和将来情况相反） If I had been you, I should not have married her. 如果我以前是你，我就不会和她结婚。（和过去情况相反）if 条件句结果主句和现在情况相反If I（其他人称）+动词的过去式（be动词用were）I（其他人称） should/would+动词原形和将来情况相反If I（其他人称）+动词的过去式（be动词用were）+ to + doI（其他人称） should/would+动词原形和过去情况相反If I（其他人称）+had+动词过去分词I（其他人称） should/would +have+动词过去分词 注：单独条件句的使用可以表示某种感情色彩。 e.g.: If your father had not been dead. 要是你爸爸没死该有多好啊！（表示某种遗憾和怜悯）2. 虚拟语气和从句1) 虚拟语气在主语从句的中的使用。 当主语从句中出现important, essential, appropriate, vital, unfair, strange, natural等时，主语从句的动词形式要用should+动词原形，should一般省略。e.g.: It is vital that we (should) finish the task. 我们完成任务很重要。 It is unfair that they (should) many more jobs. 他们得到更多的工作是不公平的。2) 虚拟语气在表语从句的中的使用。当表语从句中出现decision, suggestion, requirement, idea等时，表语从句的动词形式要用should+动词原形，should一般省略。e.g.: Our decision is that you (should) go to hospital. 我们的决定是你要去医院。 His suggestion is that you and I (should) kill these people. 他的建议是你和我要杀这些人。1) 虚拟语气在同位语从句的中的使用。当同位语从句中出现decision, suggestion, requirement, idea，demand, resolution等时，同位语从句的动词形式要用should+动词原形，should一般省略。e.g.: He gave me a resolution that man (should) be punished. 他给出的解决方案是男人必须受到惩罚。 They had demands that president (should) resign. 他们要求总统要辞职。2) 虚拟语气在宾语从句的中的使用。当主句动词出现suggest，demand, advise, urge等时，宾语从句的动词形式要用should+动词原形，should一般省略。e.g.: They suggested that woman (should) be paid more money. 他们建议说女人应得更多的报酬。 She advised that our oral English (should) be improved. 她建议我们的口语应该提高。wish后宾语从句的情况。a. 与现在和将来情况相反，宾语从句动词形式用一般过去时。 e.g.: I wish she had a baby. 我祝愿她能有个孩子。 I wish they went to home. 我希望他们能到家。 b. 与过去情况相反，宾语从句动词形式用过去完成时。 e.g.: I wish that she had not been dead. 我真希望她没死啊！ He wished that he had not come. 他真希望他没来过啊！3. 虚拟语气的特殊用法1) 表示某种祝愿。 e.g.: God bless you! 上帝保佑你！ Long live Chairman Mao! 毛主席万岁！2) It is (high) time 后接句子应用一般过去时。 e.g.: It is (high) time we went. 我们该回家了。 It is (high) time we caught the robbers. 是该我们抓强盗了。3) 由to think引导的句子，表示“没想到”。 e.g.: To think that he was a girl. 真没想到他是个女孩。 To think that she was such a woman. 真没想到她是这样一个人。4) as it were做插入语，表示“姑且这么说”。e.g.: I, as it were, eat like a horse. 我吃起来简直想匹马啊！ He looks like a lion as it were. 他看上去简直就像是头狮子。5) if need be做插入语，表示“如果有必要的话”。 e.g.: I can go anywhere if need be. 如果有必要的话我可以去任何地方。 If need be, you will have 5 meals a day. 如果有必要的话你一天要吃5顿饭。3) would have thought 表示“会想到，会以为”。 e.g.: Who would have thought to meet a white elephant. 谁会想到会遇到一头白象啊！ They would have thought they might get more money. 他们会以为拿到更多的钱。4) 虚拟条件句的某些倒装。 在某些虚拟条件句中，有时候if可以省略，这时句子要发生部分倒装。e.g.: Were I you I would not marry her. 如果我是你，我就不会和她结婚的。 Should he be interested in learning English, he will keep touch with me. 如果他对学习英语感兴趣，他会和我保持联系的。第三部分 代词的译法1. It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. Bur the fact is that they were all social revolutions.把一场工业革命和两场政治革命归作为一类似乎有点奇怪，但是事实上这三次革命都是社会革命。2. Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution.在修建英国的运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的，而这两点也正是整个工业革命的特点。3. The canals were arteries of communications: they were not mad