高级英语 UOn the art of living with othersppt课件.ppt

Unit6OntheArtofLivingwithOthers,新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列教材（修订版）高级英语1电子教案,1,DetailedReading,Contents,WarmUp,GlobalReading,ConsolidationActivities,TextAppreciation,FurtherEnhancement,2,Section1:WarmUp,Watchthemovieclipandanswerthequestions.,Lead-in,BackgroundInformation,3,Section1:WarmUp,Lead-in,BackgroundInformation,1.Whatwasthecauseoftheoldercouplesquarrel?Whatwastheresult?,Thecausewasthehusbandsobsessionwithhisnewhobbyspyingontheweirdblondmanacrossthestreeteverynight.Thequarrelendedupintheirseparation:Thewifeleftherhusbandeventuallyandwenttostaywithhermother.,2.Whatwasthecauseoftheyoungcouplesrow?Whathappenedtothemintheend?,Theboyfriend(Barney)wouldntreplacehiscoffeemugswithhisgirlfriends(Quinn)favoriteonesinhisapartment.Theirrowendedupintheirreconciliation:Barneyfinallygaveinandclearlyexpressedhisnewattitudebysmashinghisownmugs.,4,Section1:WarmUp,Lead-in,BackgroundInformation,3.Whatdoyouthinkistheactualproblembetweenthesecouples?,Thesepeoplesself-centerednessisthegreatestproblemdamagingtheirrelationshipwithothers.,4.Whatproblemscanoccurbetweenfamilymembers,couples,friends,colleaguesorroommates?5.Howshouldpeopledealwiththeseproblems?Whatmaytheauthorthink?,Qs,5,Section1:WarmUp,AbouttheAuthorSirArthurHelps:EnglishwriteranddeanofthePrivyCouncil,educatedatEtonandatTrinityCollege,Cambridge.Hewasamemberofthe“ConversazioneSociety,”betterknownastheApostles,asocietyestablishedin1820forthepurposeofdiscussiononsocialandliteraryquestionsbyafewyoungmenattractedtoeachotherbyacommontasteforliteratureandspeculation.,1813-1875,BackgroundInformation,Lead-in,6,Section1:WarmUp,SirHelpswasquiteprolific.Hepublishedanumberofplays,novels,histories,andessaycollections.ShortlyafterHelpsdeathin1875,acriticwrotethat“suchessaysasTheArtofLivingWithOtherswillcontinuetobeprintedandreprintedaslongasmenarehumanenoughtoneedthehelpofthosewhoknowtheirweaknessbecauseofsharingit.”,BackgroundInformation,Lead-in,7,Section1:WarmUp,Dr.JohnsonDr.Johnson(1709-1784)isanEnglishpoet,essayist,critic,journalist,lexicographer,conversationalist,regardedasoneoftheoutstandingfiguresofthe18th-centurylifeandletters.NotedforhisDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755),Dr.Johnsonwasequallycelebratedforhisbrilliantandwittyconversation.,BackgroundInformation,Lead-in,8,Section1:WarmUp,WilliamHazlittWilliamHazlittisaBritishcritic,essayistandlecturer.Hecontributedtojournals,notablytoTheExaminer,andtoessaycollections,suchasTheRoundTable(1817).Manyofhismostbrilliantessaysappearedinhistwobest-knownbooks,TableTalk(1821)andThePlainSpeaker(1826).TheSpiritoftheAge(1825)containssomeofhismosteffectivewriting.,1778-1830,BackgroundInformation,Lead-in,9,Section1:WarmUp,CharlesIICharlesIIwastheKingofGreatBritainandIreland.SonofCharlesI,hesupportedhisfatherintheEnglishCivilWars.Afterhisfathersexecution,heinvadedEnglandin1651butwasdefeatedatWorcester.HethenspentyearsinexileuntilOliverCromwelldiedandconditionsfavoredareturntothemonarchy.,1660-1685,BackgroundInformation,Lead-in,10,Section1:WarmUp,Hebecameknownas“theMerryMonarch”forhisliftingofPuritanrestrictionsonentertainmentandhisownloveofpleasure.ImportanteventsofhisreignincludedthecontroversialTreatyofDoverandtwowarswiththeDutch.HealmostlostcontrolofhisgovernmentwhenhysteriaaroseoverthePopishPlottoreplacehimwithhisRomanCatholicbrotherJames(thefutureJamesII).Charleskepthisnerve,reestablishedhispoliticalcontrol,andeventuallyenjoyedaresurgenceinloyalty.HispoliticaladaptabilityandacumenenabledhimtosteerhiscountrythroughthestrugglebetweenAnglicans,Catholics,anddissentersthatmarkedhisreign.,BackgroundInformation,Lead-in,11,Section2:GlobalReading,Whatisthetextmainlyabout?,StructuralAnalysis,MainIdea,Bylistingouttenprinciplesoftheartoflivingwithothers,whichpeopleshouldbearinmindyettheyoftenignoreinreality,theauthoristryingtotellreadersthatiftheseprinciplesarethoroughlyunderstoodandstrictlyfollowed,therewillbenoreasonforpeopletofeelangryaboutotherswholivewiththem.,12,Section2:GlobalReading,Pleasedividethetextinto3partsandsummarizethemainideaofeachpart.,StructuralAnalysis,MainIdea,PartI,(Paragraphs1-2)Introduction,InParagraphs1-2,theauthorintroducesthetopicofthetext,andbystressingtheimportanceofordinarylife,hewantsreaderstoknowthatvirtuesaswellasheroescanbefoundinordinarylife.,13,StructuralAnalysis,MainIdea,PartIII,(Paragraphs15)ThePracticabilityoftheTenPrinciples,Paragraph15stressesthepracticabilityofthetenprinciples.,PartII,(Paragraphs3-14)TenPrinciplesoftheArtofLivingwithOthers,Paragraphs3-14listoutandexplainthetenprinciplesoftheartoflivingwithothers.,Section2:GlobalReading,14,Section3:DetailedReading,11TheIliadforwar;theOdysseyforwandering;butwhereisthegreatdomesticepic?2Yetitisbutcommonplacetosay,thatpassionsmayrageroundatea-table,whichwouldnothavemisbecomemendashingatoneanotherinwar-chariots;andevolutionsofpatienceandtemperareperformedatthefireside,worthytobecomparedwiththeRetreatoftheTenThousand.3Menhaveworshippedsomefantasticbeingforlivingaloneinawilderness;butsocialmartyrdomsplacenosaintsuponthecalendar.,OntheArtofLivingwithOthers,QUESTION,15,Section3:DetailedReading,2Wemayblindourselvestoitifwelike,butthehatredsanddisguststhattherearebehindfriendship,relationship,service,and,indeed,4proximityofallkinds,isoneofthedarkestspotsuponearth.Thevariousrelationsoflife,whichbringpeopletogether,cannot,asweknow,beperfectlyfulfilledexceptinastatewheretherewill,perhaps,benooccasionforanyofthem.Itisnoharm,however,toendeavourtoseewhetherthereareanymethodswhichmaymaketheserelationsintheleastdegreemoreharmoniousnow.,16,Section3:DetailedReading,3Inthefirstplace,ifpeoplearetolivehappilytogether,theymustnotfancy,becausetheyarethrowntogethernow,thatalltheirliveshavebeenexactlysimilaruptothepresenttime,thattheystartedexactlyalike,andthattheyaretobeforthefutureofthesamemind.Athoroughconvictionofthedifferenceofmenisthegreatthingtobeassuredofinsocialknowledge:itistolifewhatNewtonslawistoastronomy.6Sometimesmenhaveaknowledgeofitwithregardtotheworldingeneral:theydonotexpecttheouterworldtoagreewiththeminallpoints,butarevexedatnotbeingabletodrive,QUESTION,17,Section3:DetailedReading,theirowntastesandopinionsintothosetheylivewith.Diversitiesdistressthem.Theywillnotseethattherearemanyformsofvirtueandwisdom.Yetwemightaswellsay,“Whyallthesestars;whythisdifference;whynotallonestar?”4Manyoftherulesforpeoplelivingtogetherinpeacefollowfromtheabove.Forinstance,nottointerfereunreasonablywithothers,nottoridiculetheirtastes,nottoquestionandre-questiontheirresolves,nottoindulgeinperpetualcommentontheirproceedings,andtodelightintheirhavingotherpursuitsthanours,areallbaseduponathoroughperceptionofthesimplefactthattheyarenotwe.7,18,Section3:DetailedReading,5Anotherruleforlivinghappilywithothersistoavoidhaving7stocksubjectsofdisputation.Itmostlyhappens,whenpeoplelivemuchtogether,thattheycometohavecertainsettopics,aroundwhich,fromfrequentdispute,thereissuchagrowthofangrywords,mortifiedvanityandthelike,thattheoriginalsubjectofdifferencebecomesastandingsubjectforquarrel;8andthereisatendencyinallminordisputestodriftdowntoit.6Again,ifpeoplewishtolivewelltogether,theymustnot,QUESTION,19,Section3:DetailedReading,holdtoomuchtologic,andsupposethateverythingistobesettledbysufficientreason.Dr.Johnsonsawthisclearlywithregardtomarriedpeople,whenhesaid,9“Wretchedwouldbethepairaboveallnamesofwretchedness,whoshouldbedoomedtoadjustbyreasoneverymorningalltheminutedetailofadomesticday.”Buttheapplicationshouldbemuchmoregeneralthanhemadeit.Thereisnotimeforsuchreasonings,andnothingthatisworththem.Andwhenwerecollecthowtwolawyers,ortwopoliticians,cangoon,QUESTION,20,Section3:DetailedReading,contending,andthatthereisnoendofone-sidedreasoningonanysubject,weshallnotbesurethatsuchcontentionisthebestmodeforarrivingattruth.10Butcertainlyitisnotthewaytoarriveatfloodtemper.7Ifyouwouldbelovedasacompanion,avoidunnecessarycriticismuponthosewithwhomyoulive.Thenumberof11peoplewhohavetakenoutjudgespatentsforthemselvesisverylargeinanysociety.Nowitwouldbehardforamantolivewithanotherwhowasalwayscriticizinghisactions,evenifitwerekindlyandjustcriticism.,21,Section3:DetailedReading,Itwouldbelikelivingbetweentheglassesofamicroscope.Buttheseself-electedjudges,liketheirprototypes,areveryapttohavethepersonstheyjudgebroughtbeforethemintheguiseofculprits.8Oneofthemostprovokingformsofthecriticismabovealludedtoisthatwhichmaybecalledcriticismovertheshoulder.“HadIbeenconsulted,”“Hadyoulistenedtome,”“Butyoualwayswill,”andsuchshortscrapsofsentencesmayremindmanyofusofdissertationswhichwehavesufferedandinflicted;andofwhichwecannotcalltomindanysoothingeffect.,22,Section3:DetailedReading,9Anotherruleis,nottoletfamiliarityswallowupallcourtesy.Manyofushaveahabitofsayingtothosewithwhomwelivesuchthingsaswesayaboutstrangersbehindtheirbacks.1Thereisnoplace,however,whererealpolitenessisofmorevaluethanwherewemostlythinkitwouldbesuperfluous.Youmaysaymoretruth,orratherspeakoutmoreplainlytoourassociates,butnotlesscourteouslythanyoudotostrangers.10Again,wemustnotexpectmorefromthesocietyofourfriendsandcompanionsthanitcangive,andespeciallymustnotexpectcontrarythings.,QUESTION,23,Section3:DetailedReading,Itissomethingarroganttotalkoftravellingoverotherminds(mindbeing,forwhatweknow,infinite);butstillwebecomefamiliarwiththeupperviews,tastes,andtempersofourassociates.Anditishardlyinmantoestimatejustlywhatisfamiliartohim.Intravelingalongatnight,asHazlittsays,wecatchaglimpseintocheerful-lookingroomswithlightblazinginthem,andweconcludeinvoluntarilyhowhappytheinmatesmustbe.Yetthereisheavenandhellinthoseroomsthesameheavenandhellthatwehaveknowninothers.11Therearetwogreatclassesofpromotersofsocialhappiness,24,Section3:DetailedReading,cheerfulpeople,andpeoplewhohavesomereticence.Thelatteraremoresecurebenefitstosocietyeventhantheformer.15Theyarenon-conductorsofalltheheatsandanimositiesaroundthem.Tohavepeaceinahouse,orafamily,oranysocialcircle,themembersofitmustbewareofpassingon16hastyanduncharitablespeeches,which,thewholeofthecontextseldombeingtold,isoftennotconveyingbutcreatingmischief.Theymustbeverygoodpeopletoavoiddoingthis;forletHumanNaturesaywhatitwill,itlikessometimestolookonataquarrel,andthatnotaltogetherfromill-nature,QUESTION,25,Section3:DetailedReading,butfromaloveofexcitement,forthesamereasonthatCharlesIIlikedtoattendthedebatesintheLords,becausetheywere“asgoodasaplay.”12Wecomenowtotheconsiderationoftemper,whichmighthavebeenexpectedtobetreatedfirst.Buttocutoffthemeansandcausesofbadtemperis,perhaps,ofasmuchimportanceasanydirectdealingwiththetemperitself.Besides,itisprobablethatinsmallsocialcirclesthereismoresufferingfromunkindnessthanill-temper.17Angerisathingthatthosewholiveunderussuffermorefromthanthosewholivewithus.,26,Section3:DetailedReading,18Butalltheformsofill-humourandsour-sensitiveness,whichespeciallybelongtoequalintimacy(though,indeed,theyarecommontoall),arebesttobemetbyimpassiveness.Whentwosensitivepersonsareshutuptogether,theygoonvexingeachotherwith9areproductiveirritability.Butsensitiveandhardpeoplegetonwelltogether.20Thesupplyoftemperisnotaltogetheroutoftheusuallawsofsupplyanddemand.13Intimatefriendsandrelationsshouldbecarefulwhentheygooutintotheworldtogether,oradmitotherstotheirown,27,Section3:DetailedReading,circle,thattheydonot21makeabaduseoftheknowledgewhichtheyhavegainedofeachotherbytheirintimacy.22Nothingismorecommonthanthis,anddiditnotmostlyproceedfrommerecarelessnessitwouldbesuperlativelyungenerous.Youseldomneedwaitforthewrittenlifeofamantohearabouthisweaknesses,orwhataresupposedtobesuch,ifyouknowhisintimatefriends,ormeethimincompanywiththem.14Lastly,inconciliatingthosewelivewith,itismostsurelydone,notbyconsultingtheirinterests,norbygivingwayto,28,Section3:DetailedReading,theiropinions,somuchasbynotoffendingtheirtastes.23Themostrefinedpartofusliesinthisregionoftaste,whichisperhapsaresultofourwholebeingratherthanapartofournature,and,atanyrate,istheregionofourmostsubtlesympathiesandantipathies.15ItmaybesaidthatifgreatprinciplesofChristianitywereattendedto,allsuchrules,suggestions,andobservationsastheabovewouldbeneedless.Trueenough!Greatprinciplesareatthebottomofallthings;buttoapplythemtodailylife,manylittlerules,precautions,andinsightsareneeded.,29,Section3:DetailedReading,Suchthingsholdamiddleplacebetweenreallifeandprinciples,asformdoesbetweenmatterandspirit,mouldingtheoneandexpressingtheother.,ACTIVITY,30,Section3:DetailedReading,Howdoesthearticlesuccessfullyattractreadersattentioninthebeginning?(Paragraph1),Thepowerfulfirstsentencesuccessfullygrabsreadersattention.Thoughonlyoffifteenwords,itembodiesatleastfourrhetoricaldevices:allusion,parallelism,comparisonandarhetoricalquestion.DrawingonreaderscommonknowledgeofthetwoancientGreekepicpoems,thissentencehighlightstheimportanceofordinarylifethroughacontrastbetweenheroicdeedsandhouseholdlife.,31,Section3:DetailedReading,Whydoestheauthorholdthebeliefthat“athoroughconvictionofthedifferenceofmenisthegreatthingtobeassuredofinsocialknowledge?”(Paragraph3),Athoroughconvictionofthedifferenceofmenmeansnotonlyanominalknowledgeofthedifference,butwillingacceptanceofandheartfeltrespectforit.Thoughsometimesthedifferencemaybringussomediscomfort,weshouldstillbearinmindthatdiversityisthesourceofgenuinehappiness.Ashavingbeenfrequentlyprovedbyhumanhistory,incapabilitytounderstandandtoleratethedifferenceofmencanleadtosuchterribleconsequencesaswars.,32,Section3:DetailedReading,Whyshouldweavoidhavingstocksubjectsofdisputation?(Paragraph5),Ifwearenotopen-mindedandforgetasubjectofdifference,wewillalwaysquarrelaboutthesubject.Andifsuchamentalityisformed,onewillunconsciouslybecomethevictimofhisownbigotry.,33,Section3:DetailedReading,Whyshouldpeoplenotholdtoomuchtologicifagoodrelationshipwithothersistobeachieved?(Paragraph6),Thoughholdingtologicisaneffectivewaytoavoidfloodtemper,itisnotalwaysthebestmodeforarrivingattruth.Allthatpeopledoorsayisnotaresultofcarefulthinkingorreasoning.Moreover,peopledonothavethatmuchtimeforlogicalreasonings;noristhereanythingthathastobemadeclearbylogicalreasoning.,34,Section3:DetailedReading,Whyshouldwenotexpectmorefromourfriendsandcompanionsthantheycangive?(Paragraph10),Itismoreoftenthannotthatourafflictionindealingwithinterpersonalrelationshipscomesnotfromourfriendsorcompanionsdisappointingbehavior,butratherfromourundueexpectationoftheirbehavior.Actually,ourexpectationofotherpeoplesfavorableresponseisbaseduponapresumptuouspresuppositionthatwehaveenoughadvantageofasuperiorintellectthatwecaneasilytelltheideasinothersminds.,35,Section3:DetailedReading,Whyare“peoplewhohavesomereticence”alsoregardedaspromotersofsocialhappiness?(Paragraph11),Fromtheauthorsportraitofthisgroupofpeople,wecanfeel,withoutdoubt,theauthorsappreciationofthem.Itistheywho,bynot“passingonhastyanduncharitablespeeches,”leaveotherpeoplethelargestpossiblespaceinlifeandreducethepossibilityofanimositiestotheminimumlevel.,36,Section3:DetailedReading,ClassDiscussions1)Consideringyourownexperiences,whatwerethemostunbearablethingstoyouwhenyoulivewithothers?2)Towhatdegreedoyouagreewiththetenprinciplesproposedbytheauthor?Howwouldyourankthemintermsofpriority?,37,Section3:DetailedReading,misbecome:v.(old-fashioned/obsolete)tobeunsuitableorinappropriatefor,e.g.,Itmisbecomeshimtosteal.Itmisbecomesyoutospeakillofyourparents.,38,Section3:DetailedReading,war-chariot:n.anancienthorse-drawntwo-wheeledvehicleusedinwar,39,Section3:DetailedReading,martyrdom:n.thestateofbeingamartyr,i.e.onewhomakesgreatsacrificesorsuffersmuchinordertofurtherabelief,causeorprinciple;extremesufferingofanykind,e.g.,Thesuicidebombersaremotivatedbyhateaswellasbythedesireformartyrdom.Sufferingandpainareneithersignsofweaknessnortrophiesofmartyrdom.,Transformation:,martyrn.apersonwhosuffersgreatlyordiesforacause,belief,etc.,40,Section3:DetailedReading,martyrizev.tokillasamartyr;tomakeamartyrofmartyrizationn.,Synonym:,persecution,suffering,torture,agony,ordeal,torment,anguish,41,Section3:DetailedReading,proximity:n.(formal)closeness;closerelationship,e.g.,Marriagesinproximityofbloodareforbiddenbythelaw.Proximityseekingiscommonlyinterpretedasanindexofinfant-to-parentattachment.,Collocation:,Allofmyfamilyliveincloseproximity.,thetownsproximitytothemountains,proximitytoe.g.incloseproximitye.g.,42,Section3:DetailedReading,conviction:n.astrongbelieforopinionaboutsth.,e.g.,Sheholdsdeepreligiousconvictions.,Collocation:,notcarryconviction:Ifsomeoneswords,actions,etc.donotcarryconviction,youdonotbelievethattheyaretrueorhoneste.g.,Melputonasmile,butitdidntcarrymuchconviction.,43,Section3:DetailedReading,Transformation:,convictv.toproveinacourtoflawthatsb.isguiltyofacrimee.g.convicteda.e.g.,Andersonfacesupto24yearsinprisonifconvicted.Robinsonwasconvictedofthemurderofhismotherandbrother.Hehastwicebeenconvictedofrobbery.,aconvictedmurderer,44,Section3:DetailedReading,vex:v.(old-fashioned)tocausedifficultytosb.,ortocausesb.tofeelangry,annoyedorupset,e.g.,Aheadachevexedhimallmorning.Wewerevexedbythedelay.Thisproblemhasvexedresearchersforyears.Thisissuelookslikelytocontinuetovexthegovernment.,Synonym:,aggravate,annoy,bother,exasperate,irritate,Transformation:,vexeda.Avexedproblemorquestionisverydifficultandcausespeoplealotoftrouble.,45,Section3:DetailedReading,e.g.,Thegovernmenthastodealwiththevexedquestionofhowtoreducespending.,e.g.,vexinga.makingyoufeelannoyed,confusedorworried,e.g.,Theconstantlychangingschedulewassomewhatvexing,butIcoped.,vexationn.(formal)thefeelingofbeingannoyed,confusedorworried;sth.thatcausesthisfeeling,e.g.,Afterseveralunsuccessfulattemptstostarthiscar,hesworeinvexation.,vexatiousa.(old-fashioned)vexing,annoying,Thissettlementwillresolveoneofthemostvexatiousproblemsinthefieldofindustrialrelations.,46,Section3:DetailedReading,ridicule:v.totrytomakesb.orsth.seemsillybymakingfunoftheminanunkindway,e.g.,Oliverfelthewasbeingridiculedbythestudents.Iadmiredherallthemoreforallowingthemtoridiculeherandneverstrikingback.,Transformation:,ridicule:n.remarksorbehaviorintendedtomakesb.orsth.seemsillybymakingfunoftheminanunkindwaye.g.,Theideametwithsuch