英语二学历语言学的课件03Ph

Phonetics,-ChapterThree,Contents,I.DefinitionofPhonetics;II.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet;III.BranchesofPhonetics;IV.ArticulatoryPhonetics.,语音学就是对在所有人类语言或某种语言中用来表意的语音的科学研究。,I.DefinitionofPhonetics,Phoneticsisthescientificstudyofspeechsoundswhichareusedbyallhumanlanguagesorbyaparticularlanguagetorepresentmeanings.,II.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet,2.1Whatisit?;2.2Whydoweuseit?;2.3Howdoweuseit?.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,5,国际音标字母表,2.1Whatisit?,InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(shortenedasIPA)isthephoneticalphabetdesignedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(alsoshortenedasIPA)in1888tobeusedtorepresentthesoundsfoundinallhumanlanguages.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,6,2.2Whydoweuseit?,Thefirstreasonisthatthereisusuallyadiscrepancybetweenpronunciationandspellingofmanylanguages;Thesecondreasonisthatweneedanorthographyasfaraslinguisticstudyisconcerned.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,7,2.3Howdoweuseit?,BroadPhoneticTranscription:isthatwhichonlytranscribesthesoundsthatcontrastwordsinmeaningwithoutprovidinganydetails,e.g.pen;,NarrowPhoneticTranscription:isthatwhichnotonlytranscribesthesoundsthatcontrastwordsinmeaningbutalsoprovidesthedetailsbyusingdiacritics,e.g.ph.,宽式标音法,严式标音法,.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,8,Diacritics（变音符）,aretheadditionalmarkingsonwrittensymbolstospecifyvariousphoneticpropertiessuchaslength,tone,stress,nasalization,etc.Examplesarei:,and,etc.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,9,broad/narrowtranscription宽式和严式标音,Whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledabroadtranscription.Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.Botharephonetictranscriptionssoweputbothformsinsquarebrackets.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,10,CommonPhonemicRules,AspirationhUnreleasedStopFlapDentalConsonantsVelarizationVoicelessnessVowellengtheningVowelnasalization,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,11,III.BranchesofPhonetics,ArticulatoryPhoneticsAcousticPhoneticsAuditoryPhonetics,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,13,ArticulatoryPhonetics（发音语音学）:isthestudyofthewayinwhichspeechsoundsaremadebythevocalorgans;AcousticPhonetics（声学语音学）:isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsastransmittedbetweenmouthandear;AuditoryPhonetics（听觉语音学）:isthestudyoftheperceptualresponsetospeechsoundsasmediatedbyear,auditorynerveandbrain.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,14,IV.ArticulatoryPhonetics,4.1ArticulatoryOrgans;4.2EnglishConsonants;4.3EnglishVowels;4.4NaturalClassesofSounds;4.5BinaryFeatureDescriptionofSounds.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,15,OralCavity（口腔）,Pharynx（咽）,Larynx（喉）vocalcords4.2.2Subdivisions;4.2.3Someotherissues.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,24,辅音就是发音过程中声道闭塞或变窄，气流或被完全阻塞或受阻到产生可闻摩擦的程度时发出的音。,4.2.1Definition,Aconsonantisaspeechsoundmadebyaclosureornarrowinginthevocaltractsothattheairflowiseithercompletelyblocked,orsorestrictedthataudiblefrictionisproduced.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,25,4.2.2Subdivisions,Placesofarticulation（发音部位）:Itmeansthepartofthevocaltractatwhichtheairstreamisconstricted,obstructedorblocked;,TABLE,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,26,Placewheresoundsareproduced,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,27,Mannersofarticulation（发音方式）:Itmeansthewaytheairstreamisobstructedasittravelsthroughthevocaltract.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,28,Placesofarticulation,Bilabials（双唇音）:pbmw;Labiodentals（唇齿音）:fv;Interdentals（齿间音）:;Alveolars（齿龈音）:tdnszlr;Palatals（硬腭音）:j;Velars（软腭音）:kg;Glottal（声门音）:h.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,29,Mannersofarticulation,Stops（爆破音）:Oralstops:pbtdkg;Nasalstops:mn;Fricatives（摩擦音）:fvszh;Affricates（破擦音）:;Liquids（流音）:lr;Glides（滑音）:jw;Voicelessvs.VoicedSounds（清/浊音）.,Stopsarethesoundsinwhichtheairflowisbrieflybutcompletelystoppedintheoralcavity.,Fricativesarethesoundsproducedwithsonarrowaconstrictioninthevocaltractastocreatesoundthroughfriction.,Affricatesarethesoundsproducedbyastopclosurefollowedimmediatelybyaslowreleasecharacteristicofafricative.,Liquidsarealloftheapico-alveolarsoundsthatreleasetheairstreamfromoneorbothsidesofthemouth.,Glidesaresoundsproducedwithlittleornoobstructionoftheairstreamthatisalwaysprecededorfollowedbyavowel.,Voicelesssoundsarethoseproducedwithopen,non-vibratingvocalcords;whilevoicedsoundswithvibratingvocalcords.,.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,30,Mannersofarticulation,(Median)Approximant(中）通音:anarticulationinwhichonearticulatorisclosetoanother,butwithoutthevocaltractbeingnarrowedtosuchanextentthataturbulentairstreamisproduced.i.e.w,r,jLateral(approximant)边（通）音:obstructionoftheairstreamatapointalongthecenteroftheoraltract,withincompleteclosurebetweenoneorbothsidesofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth,suchaslinEnglish.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,31,TableofEnglishConsonants,Voicelessbilabialstop,Voicedbilabialstop,Voicelessalveolarstop,Voicedalveolarstop,Voicelessvelarstop,Voicedvelarstop,bilabialnasal,alveolarnasal,velarnasal,voicelesslabiodentalfricative,voicedlabiodentalfricative,voicelessinterdentalfricative,voicedinterdentalfricative,voicelessalveolarfricative,voicedalveolarfricative,voicelesspalatalfricative,voicedpalatalfricative,glottalfricative,voicelesspalatalaffricate,voicedpalatalaffricate,lateral（旁流音）,retroflex（卷舌音）,bilabialglide,palatalglide,.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,32,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,33,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,34,Thepronunciationof/p/and/b/,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,35,Thepronunciationof/t/and/d/,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,36,Thepronunciationof/k/and/g/,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,37,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,38,Allophonicvariationsof/p/,AllophoneOccurrenceExamplephAspiratedreleaseininitialwordandstressedpositionspokep-UnreleasedinwordfinalpositiontoptenpUnaspiratedreleaseinclusters,esp.after/s/spotp:Lengthening,whenarresting/p/isfollowedbyareleasing/p/StopPete.pNasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalStophim.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,39,Allophonicvariationsof/b/,AllophoneOccurrenceExampleb-Unreleasedinwordfinalpositionrobb:lengthenedwhenarresting/b/isfollowedbyareleasing/b/RobBobbNasalresonance,beforeasyllabicnasalRobhim.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,40,Allophonicvariationsof/t/,AllophoneOccurrenceExamplethAspiratedreleaseininitialwordandstressedpositionstapet-UnreleasedinwordfinalpositioncoathangertUnaspiratedreleaseinclusters,esp.after/s/stopt:Lengthening,whenarresting/t/isfollowedbyareleasing/t/Getten.tNasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalbuttontDentalizedbefore/eighthFlapped,intervocalicallyletterGlottalstop,beforesyllabicnorlbutton,battle,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,41,Allophonicvariationsof/d/,AllophoneOccurrenceExampledDentalizedbeforeaninterdentalwidthd-UnreleasedinwordfinalpositionleadglassdlBilateralreleasewith/l/middled:Lengthenedwhenarresting/d/isfollowedbyareleasing/d/sadDavedNasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalbreadandbutter,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,42,Allophonicvariationsof/k/,AllophoneOccurrenceExamplekhAspiratedreleaseininitialwordandstressedpositionskeepk-UnreleasedinwordfinalpositiontakeminekUnaspiratedreleaseinclusters,esp.after/s/skyk:Lengthening,whenarresting/k/isfollowedbyreleasing/k/TakeKim.kNasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalbeaconklBilateralreleasewith/l/clockcorkAssimilatedtoafrontvowelkeenGlottalstop,beforesyllabicnbaconkwRounded,beforearoundedsoundquarter,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,43,Allophonicvariationsof/g/,AllophoneOccurrenceExampleg-Unreleasedinwordfinalpositionandsomeclustersflagg:Lengthenedwhenarresting/g/isfollowedbyareleasing/g/biggrapesglBilateralreleasewith/l/gladgNasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalpigandgoatgAssimilatedtoafrontvowelgeesegwRounded,beforearoundedsoundgoose,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,44,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,45,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,46,Labiodental(唇齿音):/f/v/,Dental(齿音):/,Sideviewforthearticulationof/f/v/,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,47,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,48,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,49,Alveolar(齿槽音):/s/z/,Postalveolar(后龈音):/,Sideviewforthearticulationof/s/z/,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,50,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,51,Postalveolar(后龈音):/t/d/,Sideviewforthearticulationof/t/d/,Postalveolar(后龈音):/,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,52,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,53,Allophonicvariationsof/m/Syllabic:somethingLengthened,whenanarresting/m/isfollowedbyareleasing/m/:somemoreThelabiodnetalnasal,whenfollowedby/f/:comfort,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,54,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,55,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,56,Allophonicvariationsof/n/Dentalizedbeforealabiodental/f/or/v/:inviteVelarizedbefore/k/or/:thinkSyllabic:buttonLengthening,when/n/arrestsandreleasesadjoiningsyllables:tennames,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,57,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,58,Allophonicvariationsof/r/Devoicedasinvoicelessclusters:treatTheone-tapflap/r/:veryTheretroflexed/r/:rightTheback/r/,beforeorafter/k/or/:crategrey,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,59,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,60,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,61,Allophonicvariationsof/l/Syllabic:bottleClear-l,madewiththetongueintheclassicalfrontedposition:leaseDark-l,(thetonguetipandbladeinthepostalveolarposition):callDevoicedinconsonantclusterswithvoicelessstops:playThepost-palatal,orvelar/l/:milk,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,62,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,63,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,64,Voweldiagramfor/j/,Voweldiagramfor/w/,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,65,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,66,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,67,4.2.3Someotherissues,MoreaboutStops:Plosives-anothernamefororalstops;AglottalstopasinLatinln,orbottombminAmericanEnglish;MoreaboutGlides:Avoicelesslabiovelarglide(hw)asinwhichiinAmericanEnglish;,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,68,MoreaboutRetroflex:Aflap（闪音）rasinveryinBritishEnglish;Approximants（无摩擦连续音）:Acoveringtermforliquids,glidesandvowels./w/,/r/,/j/-Theyarecalledapproximantsbecausethisisanarticulationinwhichthearticulatorsapproacheachotherbutdonotgetsufficientlyclosetoeachothertoproduceacompleteconsonantsuchasastop,nasalorfricative.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,69,4.3EnglishVowels,4.3.1Definition;4.3.2Subdivision:CriteriaofVowelDescription;TheTheoryofCardinalVowels;DescriptionofMonophthongs;DescriptionofDiphthongs.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,70,元音是口腔内没有完全闭塞或收窄程度不足以产生可闻摩擦时发出的音。,4.3.1Definition,Avowelisaspeechsoundarticulatedwithoutacompleteclosureinthemouthoradegreeofnarrowingwhichwouldproduceaudiblefriction.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,71,CriteriaofVowelDescription,Theverticalpositionofthetongue:High（高）,Mid（中）,Low（低）;Thehorizontalpositionofthetongue:Front（前）,Center（央）,Back（后）;Theshapeofthetwolips:Rounded（圆唇）,Unrounded（非圆唇）;Thetensenessofthemusclesinvolved:Tense（紧）,Lax（松）.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,72,vowels,vowelsMonophthongssemi-vowelvowelglidesDiphthongstriphthongs,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,73,FeaturesofVowels,Functionally,vowelsarethebasisofsyllables.Physically,vowelsaremusical.Articulatorily,forvowels,airstreamisnotobstructed,andspeechorgansaretense.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,74,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,75,GeneralBritish,单元音（或纯元音）是在音节内音质没有可察觉变化的元音。,Vertically:High:i:iuu:;Mid:e:;Low:;Horizontally:Front:i:ie;Center:;Back:u:u:;,Shapeofthelips:Rounded:uu:;Unrounded:i:ie:;Tensenessofmuscles:Tense:i:u:;Lax:iue.,Figure,Table,Subdivisions:,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,108,Monophthongs,u:,i:,i,e,:,:,u,:,Schwa（非高非低央元音）,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,109,TableofEnglishMonophthongs,highfrontlaxvowel,highfronttensevowel,midfrontvowel,.,lowfrontvowel,midcenterlaxvowel(schwa),midcentertensevowel,lowcentervowel,highbacklaxvowel,highbacktensevowel,midbackvowel,lowbacklaxvowel,lowbacktensevowel,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,110,DescriptionofDiphthongs,Subdivisions:Risingdiphthongs:eiaiiuau;Centeringdiphthongs:iu.,Definition:Adiphthongreferstoavowelwherethereisasingle(perceptual)noticeablechangeinqualityduringasyllable;,双元音是音节中音质有一次明显（可察觉的）变化的元音。,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,111,RisingDiphthongs,ei,i,ai,i,u,au,u,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,112,CenteringDiphthongs,i,u,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,113,EnglishDiphthongsCentringdiphthongClosingdiphthongsEndinginEndinginIendinginIeeIaIIahereharetourtheycrytoyknownow,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,114,EnglishDiphthongsClosingDiphthongsPurpose:toclassifyallthespeechsounds(consonantsClassificationsofNaturalClasses.,Definition:Anaturalclassisconstitutedbyasetofsegmentsiffewerphoneticfeaturesareneededtospecifythesetasawholethantospecifyanymemberoftheset;,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,119,元音性音指的是声道中气流不受阻碍、口腔内的最大收缩不产生可闻摩擦、声带处于可自然发生位置时所发出的音。,辅音性音指的是声道中央受阻较大、声学能量较低时所发出的音。,NaturalClassI,Consonantal:Plosives;Nasals;Fricatives;Affricates；Liquids.,Vocalic:Glides;Vowels.,.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,120,阻塞音是指由于收缩而阻碍气流从鼻腔或口腔通过时发出的音。,响音是气流相对不受阻碍、声带处于可自然发声位置上时所发出的音。,NaturalClassII,Obstruents:Plosives;Fricatives;Affricates.,Sonorants:Nasals;Liquids;Glides;Vowels.,.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,121,连续音是声道（在口腔内）不完全闭塞时发出的音。,非连续音是声道（在口腔内）完全闭塞时发出的音。,NaturalClassIII,Noncontinuants(Stops):Plosives;Nasals.Affricates;,Continuants:Fricatives;Liquids;Glides;Vowels.,.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,122,咝音是指用舌叶和齿龈后部之间狭窄的制流所发出的摩擦音。这些音有频率很高的咝咝声特征。,非咝音是指不具备上述咝音特征的所有语音。,NaturalClassIV,Sibilants:Certainfricatives:sz;Affricates.,Nonsibilants:Plosives;Nasals;Theotherfricatives:fvh;Liquids;Glides;Vowels.,.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,123,成节音指所有能构成一个音节核的音段。,NaturalClassV,Syllabic:Nasals;Liquids;Vowels.,非成节音指不能构成一个音节核的音段。,.,Nonsyllabic:Plosives;Fricatives;Affricates;Glides.,2020/4/29,哈尔滨师范大学张旭红,124,4.5BinaryFeatureDescriptionofSounds,偶值特征是一种（由R雅可布逊发明的并由N乔姆斯基发展的）用两个互相排斥的可能性来划分语言单位的特性。可能性用“