野性的呼唤毕业论文.doc

精品文档编号：郑州大学升达经贸管理学院外语系2012届本科毕业论文An Analysis of Buck in “The Call of the Wild”野性的呼唤中对巴克的分析论文作者姓名： 作 者 学 号： 所 在 学 院： 所 学 专 业: 导 师 姓 名： 论文完成时间： An Analysis of Buck in “The Call of the Wild”野性的呼唤中对巴克的分析 Panpan ZhangForeign Languages DepartmentShengda UniversityApril 22,2012郑重声明 本人的学位论文是在导师指导下独立撰写完成的，学位论文没有剽窃，抄袭等违法学术道德、学术规范的侵权行为，否则本人愿意承担由此产生的一切法律责任和法律后果，特此郑重声明。 学位论文作者： 年 月 日AcknowledgementIn order to complete this thesis, I get a lot of help from my teachers. First of all, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my academic supervisor, professor Xue Xiaoxia. Her valuable suggestions help me finish my thesis successfully. I benefit from her knowledge and understanding of language and literature. Meanwhile, I am indebted to her warm-hearted support and encouragement from the bottom of my heart. Her valuable comments made me grasp the issues involved in my thesis and helped me steer my work in the right direction.I also express my many thanks to the teachers who have instructed me during my graduate study. They are Lecturer Zhang Lijuan, Zhang Huasong, Fu Yaohui, Wang Jin, Zhang Yanbo and other teachers. Luckily, I have had the opportunity to study under their supervision. The erudition of the teachers greatly attracts me and has made me learn a lot of knowledge in literature. My supervisor taught me a lot in the fields of linguistics, translation, and pedagogy. I am grateful to the respectable professors who will kindly choose to review my thesis.v欢迎下载。AbstractJack London is one of the outstanding writers in 20th century. He is renowned both in modern American literature and even the world literature. “The Call of the Wild” is one of the masterpieces of the great American writer Jack London, and it has always been my favorite novel. “The Call of the Wild” is one of the most famous works which is about a dog and a wolf in world literature. It tells us a story that a dog (Buck) was doted on human then sold to traders as a shepherd dog. And then he becomes a leading dog. Finally he is assimilated to be a wolf in the call of the wolves. One of the characteristics of Londons novels lies in their themes, especially focusing on the fight between the human and the nature and his expression of his respect for humans strong will in these fights. During the modeling of the Buck image, the writer put the Bucks human nature into wild nature. While its wild nature is embodied in the human nature, and the human nature and the wild nature were both existed in Buck. Eventually, the wild nature overcame the human nature, and Buck metamorphosed from a dog into a wolf. The writer revealed the essence of the intriguing against each other and cruel scrambling in human beings in that real society by met-aphorizing the ruin of the wild world “human nature”and recrudescence of the “wild nature”. This essay discusses the authors viewpoints and philosophy of his life by analyzing Bucks character changing. In this essay, it will mainly analyze the complicate characters of Buck and show why the novel has always been popular.Key words: Buck; Jack London; wolf-changing; survival of the fittest; human nature; wild nature摘要杰克伦敦是20世纪初美国极富盛名的作家， 在现在美国文坛和世界文坛都享有崇高地位。 野性的呼唤是杰出的美国作家杰克伦敦的代表作，也是我最喜欢的小说。他的野性的呼唤讲述了一只名叫巴克的狗经历了被人宠爱，被人贩卖作为一只拉雪橇犬至成为一只领头狗，最后在狼群的叫声中逐渐被同化为一只狼的过程。伦敦的小说特点之一体现在主旨中，重点表现在人与自然的战争和对人的坚强意志尊重的表现。作者在巴克形象的塑造中，将巴克的人性寓于兽性中，其兽性中又体现着人性，人性和兽性在巴克身上争斗，最终兽性占据了统治地位，巴克蜕变成一只狼。 作者通过喻写动物世界中的“人性”的沦丧和“野性”的复发，来揭示当时人类社会人与人之间勾心斗角于残酷争夺的本质。本文将通过巴克形象转变的塑造来反映作者对现实“文明社会”的看法以及自己的人生哲学。本文主要对巴克的多重性格加以分析，从而展示了主人公艺术形象的永久魅力。关键词：巴克；杰克伦敦；狼变；适者生存；人性；野性ContentsAbstracti摘要iiChapter One Introduction of The Call of the Wild11.1 Introduction of Jack London11.2 Background of The Call of the Wild1Chapter Two The Summary of “The Call of the Wild”2Chapter Three The “Survival of the Fittest” Theory4Chapter Four “Survival of the fittest” theory in The Call of the Wild44.1 Acquisition of Bucks ability64.1.1 How to become a sledge dog64.1.2 How to live in the north74.1.3 How to repay an obligation84.2 The Analysis of Buck in “Survival of the Fittest” theory84.2.1 The Super dog Image of Buck84.2.2 The Analysis of the Return of Buck9Chapter Five Conclusion11Works Cited13iv欢迎下载。Chapter One Introduction of the Call of the Wild1.1 Introduction of Jack LondonJack London was born in San Francisco in 1876, the child of a spiritualist, and reared in poverty across the bay in Oakland, California, had become the highest-paid, most widely read, and best-known writer in America by the time he was the quintessential America adventurer, a westerner living in a country that culturally thrived on and was identified with expiration of unknown territory. He lived an adventurous life and then used events from his own life as fodder for his profession as a writer.The publication that first brought Jack London worldwide fame and continues to be his best-known work is a short novel whose main character is a Yukon sled dog named Buck. That work, begun in December 1902 and published in 1903, was entitled “The Call of the Wild”. It has been called an adventure story, a romance, a realistic nature story, a dog story, a historical or cultural treatise, and an allegory or myth. It holds special appeal for those who know the wildness. It also appeals to those who yearn for a special kind of freedom that can only be found outside of societys constraints. The adventure in its readers responds to the novel whether the unknown land they would explore is an icy wildness near the Arctic Circle or some compelling psychological and mythic frontier within human beings themselves.1.2 Background of the Call of the WildThe Call of the Wild is a novella by American author Jack London published in 1903. The story takes place in the extreme conditions of the Yukon during the 19th-century Klondike Gold Rush where strong sled dogs were in high demand. After Buck, a domesticated dog, is snatched from a pastoral ranch in California, he is sold into a brutal life as a sled dog. The novella details Bucks struggle to adjust and survive the cruel treatment he receives from humans, other dogs, and nature. He eventually sheds the veneer of civilization altogether and instead relies on primordial instincts and the lessons he has learned to become a respected and feared leader in the wild. The Call of the Wild is Londons most popular work and is considered the masterpiece of his so-called early period. The novella is often classified as childrens literature because of its animal protagonist, but the maturity of its subject matter makes it valuable for older audiences as well. Major themes include survival of the fittest, civilization versus nature, and fate versus free will.The Yeehat, a group of Alaska Natives portrayed in The Call of the Wild, were a figment of Londons imagination. Buck, the main character in the book, is based on a Saint Bernard/Scots Shepherd sled dog which belonged to Marshall Latham Bond and his brother Louis Whitford Bond, the sons of Judge Hiram Bond, who was also a mining investor, fruit packer and banker in Santa Clara, California. The Bonds were Jack Londons landlords in Dawson City during the autumn of 1897 and spring of 1898; the main year of the Klondike Gold Rush.Chapter Two The Summary of “The Call of the Wild”Jack London began “The Call of the Wild” with a calm setting but described it with the words that made the reader imagine they were there. He painted a scene for every situation so well that as if a movie were playing. This is a story about a dog names Buck. Throughout the novel we follow Buck through his journey through the Klondike. In reality, the journey was a dangerous and expensive undertaking. When we first met up with Buck, he lived in the Santa Clara Valley, on Judge Millers property. He was the ruler of his domain, uncontested by any other local dogs. He was a mix between a St.Bernard and Scotch Shepherd dog. He weighed one hundred and forty pounds, and he carried every one with utmost pride. But one night, while the judge was away at a raisin growers committee meeting, the gardener, Manuel, took Buck away his home. Buck was then sold, and thrown in a baggage car. This would be the beginning of a new, cruel life for Buck. No matter how many times Buck tried to lunge, he would just be choked into submission at the end. When Buck arrived at his destination, there was snow everywhere, not to mention the masses of Husky and wolf dogs. Buck was thrown into a pen with a man who had a club. The law of club is quite simple, if there was a man with a club, a dog world be better off not to challenge that man. Buck learned this law after he was beaten half to death by the man who had the club. Buck was sold off to a man who put him in a harness connected to many other dogs. Buck was bad at first, but eventually, he learned the way of trace and trail. Buck had to learn to sleep under the snow, and to eat his food as fast as possible so as not to have it stolen. At about his point in the book, we see Buck start to go through a metamorphosis of sorts. He transforms from a housedog to a more primitive, savage version of his former self. Buck proceeded to lose all the fat in his body and replace it with muscle. Most Southland dogs like him ended up dead because of their inability to conform. But one dog whose name was Spitz was a white wolf dog that was a proven champion in confrontation and was as crafty as they came here. And there is a law of Fang: when two dogs fight and one is knocked to the ground. The rest of the spectators will instantly pounce on the downed dog and make quick work of it. All of these unspoken rules had turned Buck into the Best dog to ever roam the Klondike. Buck did eventually fight Spitz and send him to his death. He was being starved to death by a gold seeking group who had not brought enough food for the dogs. When Buck could finally not move another step, a man from the group started to beat Buck. As the blows grew less and less painful, and he was fading farther and farther, Buck knew he was dying. While Buck was being beaten, a man named John Thornton came forth and took Buck from his attacker. The man nursed Buck back to health, and from that day forward, Buck lived for that man. Buck loved him with all his being. After being with this man for some time, Buck started to hear a call from far away. He started paying more and more attention to this call. He went out for days at a time searching for its source. This call was the call of the wild. He had a will to go off and be with other dogs. He felt the urge to be free from man and catch his own food. One day, Buck finally left for good. He was accepted by a pack of wolves that treated him like a wolf himself. And so the transformation was complete. Buck had changed from a dog, to a beast of nature. Chapter Three The “Survival of the Fittest” Theory Natural selection conceived of as a struggle for life in while only those organisms that best adapted to existing conditions are able to survive and reproduce (Mechalith Millennium 2007). Survival of the fittest is a phrase which is shorthand for a concept relating to competition for survival or predominance. Originally applied by Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology of 1864, Spencer drew parallels to his ideas of economics with Charles Darwins theories of evolution by what Darwin termed natural selection (Mechalith Millennium 2007). So, we may get the conclusion that the “Survival of the Fittest” theory in this novel suggests that the best, strongest and fittest will survive in the natural selection and various competitions; while the weak, inferior and the relative “unfitted” will be eliminated. The limit resources and fierce competition determined that not everyone in the competition will survive. On the one hand, they are selected by the nature. On the other hand, they play a role of selecting the others. The kill or are killed. So, in order to survive, the competitors have to struggle against the hash environments and compete with each other. They have to remain alert; the have to be tough and merciless; the have to conquer everything that la ahead.Chapter Four “Survival of the fittest” theory in The Call of the WildBuck is a large, one-hundred and forty pounds dog who lived on a ranch owned by Judge Miller in Santa Clara, California, some forty miles south of San Francisco. Buck was four years old and had an enjoyable life. Unlike others, he was like a king who lords it over all the other creatures, and was treated with respect by everyone. His life there was very orderly and civilized. He was like a “sated aristocrat”; he was compared to a country gentleman and a lord-since he is lord over all the other animals on the ranch (London 3). In this civilized life, wild impulses are tamed. Buck enjoyed comfort and privilege. He did not have to fight for anything; all his needs were provided for. He had not had to earn his position; like an aristocrat, he was born to it. However, this situation did not last long. He was betrayed by one of the judges servants, who was addicted to gambling and had to pay the debts. Therefore he sold Buck to the northerners who were going to rush for gold in the northwest part of the United States. Since then, Buck experienced a lot of hardships that he had never thought of: the coldness of the north, the cruel treatment of the dog-dealers and gold-rushers, the fight and compete with other greedy sled dogs, the strike of hunger and threat of the harsh environments.The sharp contrast between Bucks life in Judge Millers and the north world forces Buck to survive as the fittest. “The law of club and fang” is the first rule that Buck learned. The following two paragraphs is a vivid description of Bucks learning to adapt to a different world:Buck jumped at the man, sixty kilos of anger, his mouth wide open ready to bite the mans neck. Just before his teeth touched the skin, the man hit him with the clubA last time he jumped, and this time, when the man knocked him down, Buck did not move.Buck was beaten (he knew that) but he was not broken. He had learnt that a man with a club was stronger than him. Every day he saw more dogs arrive, and each dog was beaten by the fat man. Buck understood that a man with a club must be obeyed, although he did not have to be a friend. (Jack London 40)So, “the law of club and fang” is the first rule Buck learned. He gradually realized the reality that a, he was stubborn dog should never fight against a man with a club at his hand. Of course the lesson was not learned in a pleasant way. At first, he was stubborn and not willing to change. He believed his brute strength and was governed by his anger. After beings beaten by the red man for so many times, he began to accept his misfortune of bad fate. The first lesson costs Buck a lot: he was nearly beaten to death. But Buck did not give in the battle. He only compromised with the difficult situation. He did not regard the man as his friend or master, but enemy. And he covered the anger and hate in himself in order to survive. “The law of club and fang” is a topical symbol of “survival of the fittest” theory, and is fully explained here.As a leader of the dogs, Buck felt the first calling of his primordial nature in the chasing of the rabbit. He was gradually dominated by the primordial nature lies in himself, which helped him to survive and live better in the harsh northlands.” He was sounding the deeps of his nature, and of the parts of his nature that were deeper than he, going back into the womb of Time.”(Jack London 132)However, facing the sharp contrast, Buck did not give up. He quickly adapted himself to the new environments by acknowledging new rules. The interpretation of the laws that govern the new life he was leading. It eas a ruthless, Darwinian world of the survival of the fittest, a total contrast to what he had known in his first four years of his life. There was no kindness and love, or morality. The death of Curly showed him that just as he had learned a new relationship between man and dog, here in the north there was a new relationship between dog and dog. He learned to dig hole in the snow; he learned to master the pulling skills at a fast speed; he learned to steal foods without being noticed; he learned to fight and kill. The survival of the fittest showed not only in the ability of learning, but also in the genes born in nature. Buck was blessed with fine genes and strong physical conditions. The Call of the Wild guided him in his pursuit and struggle.4.1 Acquisition of Bucks ability4.1.1 How to become a sledge dogAfter was taught by his hosts and under the help of his colleague, he had learned how to master a sledge immediately. This was the essential skill for him to live. He observed constantly in the work and mastered how to work very soon in the practice. Labor made him developing quickly in the intelligence and the physical strength, the mind and body had experienced a lot: His muscles became to burliness; his toe had already become stronger and tougher; he also could endure all kind of the pain and sufferings; he could eat any food fastidiously; he could spend the endless night in the snow and icebound; his sense of vision and sense of smell became exceptional sharp and his sense of hearing becomes so intelligent that he can listen