大学英语专业英语写作ppt课件

.,TEM4Composition,.,高校英语专业四级考试大纲将写作分成两个部分：SectionA:Composition测试目的：检查学生在基础阶段末期的英语写作能力。测试要求：根据所给的题目及具体要求，写一篇200字左右的短文。测试时间：35分钟测试短文类别：说明文、议论文或记叙文。评阅标准：内容切题完整，条理清楚，意思明确，文章结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺恰当。,.,CompositionMarkingCriteria,15points:文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，行文通顺流畅，论证严密，论据充分，基本上无语言错误。14-12points:文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，语言比较通顺、连贯、只有极少量语法错误。11-9points:文章内容基本切题，尚能表达中心思想，但说理不够清楚，文字连贯不够好，有少量语法错误。8-6points:基本切题，思想表达不够清楚，连贯性差，语言错误多。5-3points:文章条理不清，语言缺乏连贯，句子错误很多，或语言虽通顺流畅，但完全偏题。注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。,.,1.如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数2.只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分（指规定三段的作文）长度计分标准:170150词:扣1分130150词:扣2分110130词:扣3分90110词:扣4分90词以下:至多给5分,.,经原国家教委批准，四、六级考试已从1997年6月份起采用“作文最低”制计算成绩，其中足见国家对提高大学英语写作能力的重视程度。按规定，考生作文若为0分，无论其总分是否高于60分，均作不及格处理；若其作文分高于0分，低于6分，报导成绩时，需从总分中减去6分，再加上实得作文分。也就是说，要从总分中减去实得作文分与6分之间的差额部分。,.,英语专业四级考试委员会要求阅卷人员评分时综合考虑以下四个问题:1.作文是否体现主题思想;即是要求作文文章切题,全文统一,无不相关细节内容.2.组织结构是否合理;主要体现在全文条理清楚,组织连贯和谐,善于使用衔接语以增强文章的逻辑性.3.语言文字是否有重大错误;4.卷面布局是否整洁.,.,2006年TEM-4作文试题及样卷评分,.,Topic,RecentlyaBeijinginformationcompanydidasurveyofstudentlifeamongmorethan700studentsinBeijing,Guangzhou,Xian,Chengdu,Shanghai,Wuhan,NanjingandShengyang.Theresultshaveshownthat67percentofstudentsthinkthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitwhiletherestbelievethatusingtomorrowsmoneytodayisbetter.Whatdoyouthink?,.,Instructions,Writeacompositionofabout200words.Youaretowriteinthreeparts.Inthefirstpart,statespecificallywhatyouropinionis.Inthesecondpart,supportyouropinionwithappropriatedetails.Inthelastpart,bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionorasummary.Youshouldsupplyanappropriatetitleforyourcomposition.Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.Failuretofollowtheinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.,.,Sample1,TheGoodHabitNowadays,moreandmoreyoungpeoplethinkthatitisbetterthatusingtomorrowsmoneytodaythansavingmoney,whileinmyopinion,Ithinkitsright.Forthefirst,ourcontrairhastodevelop.Soitcallsustousemoremoneytoletthenationdevelop.Andthen,thatmaymakeourlifemorecomfortable.Forexample,Iheardastory.Therearetwoman.AusetomorrowsmoneytobuyanewhouseashehastopaymoneytothebankeverymonthswhileBstartkeepingmoney.Twentyyearslater,Bfinallykeepingenoughmoneytobuyanewhouse,butAhasbeenlivedinitfortwentyyearsandpayenoughmoneytothebank.Attheend,ifwehavetheabililetopaythelist,whywedontusetomorrowsmoneytoletourlifemorewonderful?So,thatswhatIthink.,.,5-6分。结构基本符合，但语言过于简单，语法错误多，内容模糊不清，题目不正确，字数少于170。举例不可信。举例应该真实可信，比如亲身经历、朋友体验或者名人轶事等。文章结尾太简单。,.,Sample3：SavingMoneyisaGoodHabit,Ithinksavingmoneyisagoodhabit.Becausesavingmoneycanmakeyoulearnhowtouselessmoneytobuymorethings.Savingmoneycanmakeyoubecomearichman.Ifsomethinghappenoneday,youmustusesomemoneytosolvetheproblem,butnobodycanlendtoyouthemoney.Yoursavingmoneycanhelpsolvetheproblem.Nowdays,somestudentsusetheirparentsmoneytobuyalotofunnessarythings.Suchas,Somestudentschangetheirmobilphoneeverymonth.Itsnotagoodhabit.Althoughtheirparentshavealotofmoney,theycantusemoneyinthatway.Itswasteofmoney.Ifyousavemoneyasahabit.Youcanthinkcarefullybeforeyoubuyeverything.“Thisthingisnecessaryforme?CanIbuythecheaperone?”Allthosequestionscanbeaskedbyyourself.Ifyouwanttobuyaveryusefulthing,butyoudonthaveenoughmoney,youcansavemoneyforit.Aftersometime,youcanbuyitforyour-self.Savingmoneyisagoodhabit.Itmakeyoubecomerich.Itmakeyoulearnhowtouselessmoneytobuymorethings.,.,本卷得分8-9分。文章基本切题，结构基本正确。但语言简单，重复动词，语法错误多。开始段没有引入主题，而是直接提出作者观点，太突然。而且有许多非完整句。文章没有深度，思考肤浅。,.,Sample2:Savingmoneyisagoodhabit,Theotherday,Iheardaconversationbetweenaboyandagirl.“Whyareyoualwayslackofmoney?AsfarIknow,yourparentsgiveyouamplemoneyforyourdailylife”.saidthegirl.“Yes,Ialwaysusetomorrowsmoneytoday”.Saidtheboy.“Itsabadhabit,andyoushouldyourmoney!”thegirlshouted.Thisisaverycommonphenomenonamongtheuniversitystudents.Owingtotheirargument,certainly,Iaminfavorofthegirlsview.Whatpossiblycontributestothepreferencecanbelistedasfollow.Inthefirstplace,moneyisveryimportantforus.Weusemoneybuyfood,buyclothesandsoon.But,moneyisveryprecious,becauseitsveryhardtomakemoney.Somoneyshouldbeusedwhenitsnecessary.Inthesecondplace,therearesomanypoorchildrenwhoquitschoolforlackofmoneyinpoorreligion.Soitsverysignificanttosaveourmoneytohelpthosepoorchildren.Andtheyarelookforwardtoyourhelp!Thelastbuttheleastimportantisthatifyoualwaysusetomorrowsmoneytoday,youwillformabadhabit.Butyourmoneyislimited.Soyoumayrobothersofmoney.Inshort,Iholdafirmbeliefthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitandweshouldkeepitforever.Itsthehightimethatwetooksomemeasurestosavemoney!,.,9-10分。文章切题，结构正确，有内容，有句式变化。但语法错误多，随意，粗心漏词。说理缺乏逻辑。比如很多小孩失学不是我们需要节约用钱的理由，再比如钱不够用就会去抢别人的钱吗？文章的入题不错，但故事交代很马虎，语言也很平凡，且不够简练。文章结尾主题被简单重复，思想没有升华。,.,Sample4:SavingMoneyorUsingTomorrowsMoney,AsurveybyaBeijinginformationcompanywhichistorevealhowstudentsthinkofthewaytodealwithmoneydidrecently,withtheresultthat67percentofstudentsthinkthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitwhiletherestbelievethatusingmoneyoftomorrowtodayisbetter.AsfarasIamconcerned,itdepends.,.,Firstofall,savingmoneyisagoodhabitoftraditionalconcept,whichmakespeoplefeelsecure.However,usingtomorrowsmoneytodayissuggestedandcouragedaccordingtosocietysneeds.Economicscandeveloprapidlybythegreatamountofmoneyusedbypeople.Thatistosay,peoplesconsumptionurgetheeconomicstodevelop.Secondly,differentpeoplehavedifferentlifegoals.Somepeopleprefertoworkhardwhentheyareyoungandthenenjoythehappyandrichlifewhentheyareold.Otherswouldliketoenjoylifeeveryminuteanddonotthinkaboutthelifeaftertheyretirefromtheircompany.Theybelieve“timeismoney”,astheproverbgoes.Therefore,itgoeswithoutsayingthatnotenjoyingtodayslifeisagreatpityforthem.Moneycanbeearnedafteritsspent,whiletimepastwillnotcomeback.,.,Allinall,savingmoneyorusingtomorrowsmoneytodaydependsonpeoplesperception.Thepassitiveofsavingmoneydoesnotoutweighthatofusingtomorrowsmoneytoday.Inaword,peoplecoulddealwithmoney,accordingtotheirthoughts.,.,11-12分。文章切题，结构正确，内容充实，观点有代表性，语言通畅。但长句有一点语法错误。单词和拼写有个别失误。,.,Sample5,Thereisnoconcensusamongthepeopleontheissueofthechoicebetweensavingmoneyandusingtomorrowsmoneytoday.Theattitudestowardthisproblemvaryfrompersontoperson.Andinmyhumbleopinion,itisessentialforustosavemoremoneytodayinsteadofusingtomorrowsmoney.Therearemanyreasonsthatmayaccountformypoint,andthefollowingarethemostconspicuousaspects.,.,Tostartwith,weChinesepeopleboastagoodtraditionofbeingeconomical.ThetraditionalChinesecultureregardswasteasapoormoralstandard.Asauniversitystudent,weneedtokeeponcarryingforwardournationsfinemoralstandard,i.e.saving.Andsavingmoneyisconducivenotonlytothecultivationofagoodmoral,butalsotoreleasetheheavyburdenresultingfromsomeaccidentsinthefuture.Inotherwords,savingtodaysmoneycouldmeetoururgentneedofitinthefuture.Lastbutnotleast,thefiercecompetitionwellfaceafterwegraduateisfullofuncertainties.Oncewecouldnotfindajobwhichoffershighsalaries,itwillbeimpossibleforustoreturnthemoneytothecreditors.Toputitintoanutshell,Iamagreatbelieverthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitbecauseitreallyexertspositiveimpactsonboththepresentandthefuture.,.,本卷得分12分。语言通畅，词汇丰富，观点明确，条理清楚，结构正确。但有少量语法错误和拼写错误。没写题目（如果有题目可给13分）。,.,CharacteristicsofaGoodComposition,.,(RobertKaplan),TheclassicorganizationalpatternthatreadersofEnglishexpectisastraightlineofdevelopmentwhichincludes:introductions,mainideas,topicsentences,supportingdetails,conclusions,etc.,Thisorganizationalpatterncanbestatedsimply:Tellyouraudiencewhatyouaregoingtotellthem;thentellthem;thentellthemwhatyoutoldthem.,.,1.Acompositionmusthaveunity.,Allthefactsandalltheideasinanessayshouldcontributetothepresentationofitsthesisorcentralthought.Irrelevantthings,howeverinterestingtheyare,shouldbeexcluded.,2.Eachparagraphshouldhaveonecentralthought.,Allparagraphsmustbearrangedinsomekindoforder,sothatoneparagraphleadsnaturallytoanothertoformanorganicwhole.,3.Proportionisasimportanttoanessayasitistoapainting.,Theessentialpartofanessayisthebodyorthemiddlepart.Itwillbejustrighttogivethispartaboutseven-or-eight-tenthsofthetotalspace.,SomePrinciplesofOrganization,.,OrganizationofanEssay,Isthereaclearlystatedpurpose/objective?Arethereeffectivetransitions?Aretheintroductionandconclusionfocusedonthemainpointoftheessay?Asareader,canyoueasilyfollowthewritersflowofideas?Iseachparagraphfocusedonasingleidea?Atanypointintheessay,doyoufeellostorconfused?Doanyoftheideas/paragraphsseemoutoforder,tooearlyortoolatetobeaseffectiveastheycould?,.,StepsinWritingaComposition,.,.Prewriting:choosingatopicandexploringideas.Writingthefirstdraft:gettingyourideasonpaper.Revisethefirstdraft:Strengthenyourcomposition.Makingthefinalcopy,.,.Prewriting:choosingatopicandexploringideas,Itisimportanttonotethatwritingisaprocess,nota“product.”Thismeansthatapieceofwriting,whetheritisacompositionforyourEnglishclassoralabreportforyourchemistryclass,isnevercomplete;thatis,itisalwayspossibletoreviewandrevise,andreviewandreviseagain.1.ChoosingandNarrowingaTopicIfyouaregivenaspecificwritingassignment(suchasanessayquestiononanexamination),whatyoucanwriteaboutislimited.Ontheotherhand,whenyouaregivenafreechoiceoftopicsandcanwriteaboutsomethingyouareinterestedin,youmustnarrowthetopictoaparticularaspectofthatgeneralsubject.,.,1:ChoosingandNarrowingaTopic,GeneraltopicEnvironmentPollutionSpecifictopicOceanPollutionVeryspecifictopicEffectsonSeaLife,.,2.BrainstormingAfteryouhavechosenatopicandnarrowedittoaspecificfocus,thenextprewritingstepistogenerateideas.Thisisdonebyaprocesscalledbrainstorming.Althoughthesebrainstormingactivitiesmayseemunnecessaryatfirst,afterdoingthemafewtimes,youwillrealizetheirusefulness.Brainstormingforideascangetyoutostartwritingmorequicklyandsaveyoutimeinthelaterstagesofthewritingprocess.Listingisabrainstormingtechniqueinwhichyouthinkaboutyourtopicandquicklymakealistofwhateverwordsorphrasescomeintoyourmind.,.,II.Prewriting,Writedownthegeneraltopicatthetopofyourpaper.Thenmakealistofeveryideathatcomesintoyourmindaboutthattopic.Keeptheideasflowing.Usewords,phrases,orsentences.Rewritethelist,groupsimilarideastogetherandcrossouritemsthatdontbelongorthatareduplications.,Listing,.,II.Prewriting,communicationproblems,homelesspeopleshockingsight,poorverbalskills,familiesdontspendtimetogether,childrendisrespectful,classroomenvironment,newlanguage,unclearexpressions,Americanfamilylife,publictransportationisnotgood,.,lackvocabulary,usefirstnameswithteachers,showaffectioninpublic,collegeprofessorswearjeans,Americanstalktoofast,studentsaskquestions,theyarefriendly,noformaldresscode,useslangandidioms,professorsrole,everyoneeatsfastfood,studentscanchallengeprofessors,.,Nowrewriteyourlistandgroupsimilarideastogether.,.,Nowcirclethemainideaandcrossoutirrelevantitems.,.,3.Thinkingofaproperthemeanddecidingonourpurpose,Alloutlinesshouldbeginwithathesisstatementofsummarizingsentence.Thisthesissentencepresentsthecentralideaofthepaper.Itmustalwaysbeacomplete,grammaticalsentence,specificandbrief,whichexpressesthepointofviewyouaretakingtowardsthesubject.Thethesisofacompositionisitsmainpointoritscentralidea.Afterthat,youshouldlookatthelistoffactsagain,eliminatethoseunnecessaryorunimportantones,rearrangetheminalogicalorder,andwriteanoutline.,.,4.Makeanoutline,Oncethethesisisformulated,certainfactsonthelistwillbecomemoreimportantthanothers,whileafewmayseemirrelevant.Afterthosesuitableitemsarepickedout,anoutlinemaybeprepared.SupposethetopicassignedisTheSchoolLibrary.,.,Topic:TheSchoolLibraryThesis:Thelibraryplaysaveryimportantpartinastudentslife.Outline:I.Astudenthastoborrowbooks,fromthelibrary.A.Heneedsreferencebooksforhiselectivecourses.B.Hemaywanttoreadnovels,storiesandplays.II.Hereadsnewspapersandmagazinesinthelibrary.A.ManynewmagazinesareondisplayintheFirstReading-Room.B.Therearenewspapersfromallprovinces.C.Backnumbersmaybeborrowedatthecounter.III.Heneedsthelibraryallthemoreinhisjuniorandsenioryears.A.Thelibraryprovideshimwithbooksforhisresearch.B.HewouldnotbeabletowritehisgraduationpaperwithoutusingthelibraryConclusion:studentsshouldmakegooduseoftheirschoollibrary.,.,TypesofOutlines,Thesis(controllingidea)I.IntroductionII.Mainidea:A.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea:1.Supportingdetail2.Supportingdetail:a.Fact1b.Fact2III.Mainidea:A.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea:1.Supportingdetail2.Supportingdetail3.SupportingdetailC.Sub-ideaIV.Conclusion,.,TwoCommonlyUsedTypesofOutlines,thetopicoutlinethesentenceoutline,.,ATopicOutline,Thesis:Foreigntradeisbeneficialtoandindispensableforallnations.I.Introduction:thefoundationofforeigntradeII.ThenecessityofvisibletradeA.LackofcertaincommoditiesB.InsufficiencyofparticularitemsC.ComparativeadvantageincertainitemsD.Latestinnovationsanddifferentstylesofcommodities.E.TheimportanceofafavorablebalanceoftradeIII.Thenecessityofinvisibletrade-exchangeofservicesbetweennationsA.TransportationB.InsuranceC.TourismD.TechnologyIV.Conclusion:thepurposeofforeigntradeandtheimportanceofthebalanceofpayments,.,ASentenceOutline,Thesis:Foreigntradeisbeneficialtoandindispensableforallnations.I.Introduction:theutilizationofdifferenteconomicresourcesandthedevelopmentofdifferentskillsformthefoundationofforeigntrade.II.Tradeincommodities(visibletrade)isnecessarybetweennations.A.Nonationhasallthecommoditiesitneeds.B.Anationmaynothaveenoughofcertaincommodities.C.Anationmaysellcertaincommoditiesataprofit.D.Latestinnovationsanddifferentstylesofcommoditiesmaymakeforeigntradenecessary.E.Allnationsstrivetomaintainafavorablebalanceoftradesoastobeassuredofthemeanstobuynecessarygoods.,.,III.Exchangeofservicesbetweennations(invisibletrade)ispartofforeigntrade.A.Nationsvieinprovidingtransportationforforeigntrade.B.Prudentexporterspurchaseinsurancefortheircargoes.C.Tourismbringsanationhugeprofits.D.Technologyisalsoexportedandimported.IV.Conclusion:thepurposeofforeigntradeistoearnmoneyfornecessaryimportsanditisimportanttokeepthebalanceofpayments.,.,RulesforWritingOutlines,Avoidsinglesubdivisions.Ifthereisamajorpointmarked“I”,theremustbeatleastanothermarkedII;ifthereisanA,theremustbeaB,andsoon.Avoidmixingtypes.Atopicoutlineiswritteninnounphrases,andasentenceoutlineinsentences.Donotmixthesetwotypes.Useparallelstructuresfortheheadingsofthesamerank.Makesuresubheadsoflikerankareofequalimportantandarerelatedtotheheadingandarrangedinlogicalorder.Makesurethethesisisacompletedeclarativesentenceintheaffirmative;donotuseaquestion,aphraseoradependentclause.,.,.Writingthefirstdraft:gettingyourideasonpaper,Itisnecessarytowriteafirstdraftinwhichthereshouldbeenoughspacebetweenlinesforfuturecorrectionsandimprovements.Whilewritingthedraft,youneednotbeafraidofdepartingfromtheoutlineatoneplaceoranother.Youdbetterstoptoreviseyouroutlineorworkoutanewoneifyoufindyouroriginaloutlineentirelyimpracticable.,.,.Revisethefirstdraft:Strengthenyourcomposition,I.Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawholeII.Organization:LookatthearrangementofthematerialIII.Sentences:IV.Diction:V.Capitalizationandpunctuation,.,Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawhole,A.Whatisthetopicoftheessay/composition?Doesthedraftfulfilltheassignment(e.g.modeofdevelopmentortypeofcomposition)?B.Isthethesisclear?Isitsupportedbyenoughfacts(details,examples,reasons,etc.)?C.Isthereirrelevantmaterialthatshouldberemoved?D.Isthelogicreasonable?Aretheregapsinthelogic?,.,Organization:Lookatthearrangementofthematerial,A.Doestheintroductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointofthepaper?B.Doeseachparagraphhaveaseparatecentralidea?Doesitrelatetotheessaysmainideaortothepreviousparagraph?Aretherepropertransitionsbetweensections?Aretheparagraphsarrangedinclimacticorder?C.Doestheconcludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionofwhatthepaperintendstosay?,.,Sentences,A.Iseachsentenceclearlyrelatedtothesentencethatprecedesitandtothesentencethatfollows?B.Arethereunnecessarysentencesthatmayberemoved?C.Aretherestructuralmistakes?D.Aretherewordyandredundantsentences?E.Istherevarietyinsentencetype?F.Arethereanygrammaticalmistakesinthefollowingrespects?,.,Diction,A.Aretherewordsthatarenotappropriateforthetopicorthestyleofthewholeessay(e.g.toocolloquialortooformal)?B.AretherewordsorphraseswhicharedirectlytranslatedfromChinesebutwhichmaymeansomethingdifferentinEnglish?C.Aretherecollocations,whichmaybeincorrectbecausetheyaretakenfromChinese(e.g.abigrain)?,.,.Makingthefinalcopy,Afterthedraftiscarefullyrevised,acleanfinalcopyhastobemade.Theverylaststepinwritingacomposition,astepthatshouldneverbeforgotten,istocheckthefinalcopy.Indoingsoyouarelikelytofindthatyouhavemadecarelessmistakesingrammarandspelling,andyoumayalsowanttochangeawordhereandthere.,.,Exercises:,Chineseyoungpeopleofthe20thcentury,.,Exercises:,1)happyandlucky2)eagertolearn3)fullofideasandaspiration4)havingexploringminds5)havingastrongdesireforpromotingdemocracyandcleaningupcorruption6)readytogivefullsupporttotheopenpolicyandall-roun