英语句子结构分析成分ppt课件

.,英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习,.,句子种类两种分类法,按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Whichoneyouprefer,yellowoneorredone?Marycanswim,cantshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys.Donttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!,.,按句子的结构可分三种：,1)简单句2)并列句3)复合句,.,简单句,主谓Thingschange./daybroke主系表Heremainsunhappy/Heisadoctor主谓宾Sheknowsthefacts/heenjoysswimming主谓宾宾Shebringsushappiness/Heaskedmeaquestion主谓宾宾补Ifoundthebookeasy/hewatchedthegirlcomingoutoftheroom.,.,.,简单句,简单句(simplesentence)只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作一种陈述提出一个问题发出一种命令或请求表示一种感叹,Examples:Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.Thegirlreadthebooks./Thebookspleasedthegirl.Stephenapologizedatonce.Doestheshopcloseat7tonight?Shutthedoor.Whataslowtrainthisis!,.,简单句的五个基本句型主语不及物动词Shecame.主语及物动词宾语ShelikesEnglish.主语系动词主语补语Sheishappy主语动词间接宾语直接宾语ShegaveJohnabookSheboughtabookforme.主语动词宾语宾语补语ShemakeshermotherangryTheteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.,.,1.主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。Thesunrisesintheeast（名词）Helikesdancing.（代词）Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)Seeingisbelieving.（动名词）Toseeistobelieve.（不定式）Whatheneedsisabook.（主语从句）Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）,.,(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词1.Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.2.Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.3.Todotodayshomeworkwithouttheteachershelpisverydifficult.,.,谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。WestudyEnglish.Heisasleep.(二).选出句中谓语的中心词Idontlikethepictureonthewall.A.dontB.likeC.pictureD.wallThedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summerDoyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.busTherewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon,.,3.表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heisateacher.（名词）Youdontlookit.（代词）Fiveandfiveisten.（数词）Heisasleep.（形容词）Hisfatherisin.（副词）Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.（形容词化的分词）Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.（表语从句）,.,（常见的系动词有:be,sound（听起来）,look（看起来）,feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来）,remain（保持，仍是）,feel（感觉）Itsoundsagoodidea.Thesoundsoundsstrange.Hervoicesoundssweet.Tomlooksthin.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.,.,(三)挑出下列句中的表语Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.WhyisheworriedaboutJim?Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.,.,4.宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：IlikeChina.（名词）Hehatesyou.（代词）Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.（数词）Ienjoyworkingwithyou.（动名词）Ihopetoseeyouagain.（不定式）Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（宾语从句）,.,2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Areyouafraidofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.3）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney,.,(四)挑出下列句中的宾语Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?hishomeworkEnglishyourpronunciationnewwordstogoswimming,.,5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。Weelectedhimmonitor.（名词）Weallthinkitapitythatshedidntcomehere.（名词）Wewillmakethemhappy.（形容词）Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.（介词短语）Dontlethimdothat.（省to不定式）Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（带to不定式）Dontkeepthelightsburning.（现在分词）Illhavemybikerepaired.（过去分词）,.,(五)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.Shefounditdifficulttodothework.TheycallmeLilysometimes.IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?toreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-roomtotaketheboyoutofschoolLilygetonthebusplayingfootballontheplayground,.,划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语Pleasetellusastory.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.Didheleaveanymessageforme?,.,6.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Yanlingisachemistryteacher.（名词）Heisourfriend.（代词）Webelongtothethirdworld.（数词）Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（形容词）Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词)Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词)TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.（现在分词）Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.（过去分词）Ihaveanideatodoitwell.（不定式）YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.（定语从句）,.,(六)挑出下列句中的定语TheyuseMr.,Mrs.withthefamilyname.Whatisyourgivenname?OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.familygiventhirdsomedownstairs,.,7.状语：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,or句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）Iwillgotheretomorrow.Themeetingwillbeheldinthemeetingroom.Themeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.HestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.Hedidntstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.Ilikesomeofyouverymuch.Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.Hegoestoschoolbybike.Thoughheisyoung,hecandoitwell.,.,(七)挑出下列句中的状语Therewasabigsmileonherface.Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.onthefaceEverynightwhenhewaselevenfastoff,.,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,定语(attribute)PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearbyShelikesorangesimportedfromtheUSA.JohngaveMarymanybooks，whicharefullofillustrationsHaveyouseenthebookonthedesk?Theboyplayingoverthereismybrother.Peopletherelikesports.,.,Examples:Oh！Whatisthat！（惊叹词）Hehas，alas，failedagainComehere，John（呼语）,句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。,独立成分(substantive),.,（You）Comehere（Iwishyou）Goodluck！Somegavehimpraises，butothers（gavehim）rotteneggsHerunsasfastas,if(hedoes)not(run)faster,thanyou.(I)Hopeyoulikeit.JohnshouldcleantheroomtodayandPeter(shouldcleanit)tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分(OmissiveComponent),.,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。,连接成分(ConjunctiveComponent),.,1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.,.,我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。Heworkedhardallhislife.(划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)HeisaschoolstudentinNo.1MiddleSchool.(划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student),.,2)并列句：句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.,.,并列句的分类,1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonlybutalso,neithernor,then等连接。e.g.TheteachersnameisSmith,andthestudentsnameisJohn.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,eitheror,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryoullmissthetrain.,.,3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,yet,while等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriceharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.,.,3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。从句包括名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）定语从句和状语从句等。句型主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.,.,复合句就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisgettingmoreandmorepowerful.(As引导一个定语从句)Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.(Where引导一个表地点的状语从句),.,Exercises判断句型,1.Havingfinishedhishomework,theboywentontohelphismother.2.Whathesaysdoesntsuitwhathedoes.,(简单句划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整个句子),(复合句包含两个名词性从句：Whathesays是一个主语从句；whathedoes是一个宾语从句),.,3.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.4.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.5.Thereisachairinthisroom,isntthere?,简单句,复合句,简单句,.,6.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.7.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.8.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.,并列句,复合句,简单句,.,9.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.10.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isntit?11.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.12.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.,并列句,复合句,简单句,简单句,.,从句分类,从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，1.名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）。2.形容词性从句（即定语从句）。3.副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。,.,名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）,主语从句用作主语，如：Thattheearthisroundistrue.（斜体作主语）表语从句用作表语，如：Myopinionisthatyoushouldnotgoalone.（斜体作表语）,宾语从句用作宾语。如：Doyouknowwherehelives?（斜体作宾语）同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：Thefactthattheearthisroundistrue.（that从句用于解释说明thefact）,.,形容词性从句（即定语从句）,定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.（斜体从句做了student的形容词，回答问题的学生）,.,副词性从句,状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。Whenitrains,Iusuallygotoschoolbybus.天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。（时间状语）Ifhecomestomorrow,youwillseehim.如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。（if引导的条件状语从句，其结构为：if+状语从句，主句）。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。,.,Hereturnedhometolearnhisdaughterhadjustbeenengaged.他回家后