非谓语动词作定语和状语ppt课件

.,非谓语动词作定语和状语韦正洪,模块7UNIT4语法,.,非谓语动词(NonfinitiveVerbs),高考语法,作定语和状语,.,谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。它有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。e.g.Heworks.Hetakescareofthebaby.HewillgotoShanghai.HedidntgotoShanghai.HehasgonetoShanghai.Youarestudents.Youlooksmart.,单谓语或动词短语,情态动词/助动词+v.,系动词+表语,.,非谓语：主要包括不定式（todo），ving形式以及过去分词（done）。无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语。e.g.Heworks.Hewantstoworkhere.Heisworkingnow.Hehasdonehiswork.Youarestudents,soyoudontworkinthefactory.Beingstudents,youdontworkinthefactory.,.,非谓语动词和谓语动词的识别顾名思义，非谓语动词就是在英语中不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。近年来高考命题常常通过改变熟悉的句型结构或利用一些“貌合神离”的手段，加大考生辨别非谓语动词的难度。一句话通常不能有两个或两个以上的谓语动词，除非动词是并列谓语或者分别出现在主从复合或并列句中；一句话也不可能无谓语动词（谓语省略的情况除外）。,.,例1).Atlast,wefoundourselvesinapleasantparkwithtreesprovidingshadeand_downtoeatourpicniclunch.(2005上海）A.sittingB.havingsatC.tositD.sat解析：此题大家易受习惯心理影响选择分词，即或项，而and实际上作为并列连词并列的是found及sat两个动作，而非并列providing与sitting.,D,.,例2)Pricesofdailygoods_throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.areboughtB.boughtC.havebeenboughtD.buying解析：此题学生最易错选的答案为或。依据上面陈述，填入或句子都有两个谓语动词，而此处两个动词并非并列谓语，也不是分别出现在主从句中，故答案有误。该题正确答案为，boughtthroughacomputer为一过去分词短语作后置定语，句中只有一个谓语canbelowerthan。当然此题如改为Pricesofdailygoodswhichhavebeenboughtthrough也是正确的，因为这一动作出现在从句中。,B,.,小试牛刀1).Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,better_ityouvegotsomebigbillscomingA.forgetB.forgotC.forgettingD.toforget2).Daddydidntmindwhatweweredoing,aslongasweweretogether,_fun.A.hadB.haveC.tohaveD.having,A,D,.,3)Weoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoys,footballsorbasketballs,_thatallchildrenlikethesethings.A.thinkingB.thinkC.tothinkD.thought4).Fivepeoplewonthe“ChinasGreenFigure”award,atitle_toordinarypeoplefortheircontributionstoenvironmentalprotection.A.beinggivenB.isgivenC.givenD.wasgiven,A,C,.,非谓语,不定式（todo),分词,动名词(-ing),过去分词(-ed),现在分词(-ing),-ing分词,-ed分词,.,非谓语动词使用条件,一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。,Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,butleftherhandbagonherseat.,.,非谓语动词的句法功能,.,.,不定式和分词,都可充当:定语,状语.,.,一.非谓语动词作定语不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。不定式作定语和被修饰的名词具有“动宾关系”,即被修饰的名词是不定式的动作的承受者;如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式动词后加上相应的介词。Theirdecisiontogiveuptheexperimentsurprisedus.Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.,.,当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。1).ImgoingtoBeijingnextweek.Doyouhaveanything_(take)toyourson?2).AreyougoingtoBeijing?Doyouhaveanything_(take)toyourson?,tobetaken,totake,.,2.现在分词作定语和被修饰的名词具有“主谓关系”，即现在分词用主动式时，被修饰的名词正在执行其动作；现在分词用被动式时，被修饰的名词正在承受其动作(即与名词是动宾关系),1)Pleasetellthechildrenplayingoutsidenottomakesomuchnoise.,2)Thefactorymaking(=thatmakes)suchtoolsisasmallonerunbyTom.3)Theylivedinaroomfacing(=thatfaced)thesouth.4)Barkingdogsseldombite.5)Thebuildingbeingbuiltwillbecompletednextyear.,（=whoareplaying),.,进去分词作定语与其修饰的名词有“动宾关系”，表示一个被动或完成的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。1)Someoftheexperiments_inthebookareeasytoperform.A.describingB.tobedescribedC.describedD.todescribe2)ItissaidthatBeijingUniversitywasthefirstinstituteofhigherlearning_inChina.A.establishedB.beingestablishedC.tobeestablishedD.havingbeenestablished,C,A,.,Practise1).Thewildflowerlookedlikeasoftorangeblanket_thedesert.A.covingB.coveredC.coverD.tocover.2).Therehavebeenseveralnewevents_totheprogramforthe2008BeijingOlympicGames.A.addB.toaddC.addingD.added3).Thedisc,digitally_inthestudio,soundedfantasticatthepartythatnight.A.recordedB.recordingC.toberecordedD.beingrecorded,A,D,A,.,4).ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures_inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyoureyes.A.toformB.formC.formingD.havingformed5)TheEnglishexamisnotdifficult,isit?_.EvenTom_tothetopstudentsfailedinit.A.Yes;belongsB.No;belongedC.Yes;belongingD.No;belonging,C,C,.,6).Theflowers_sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.（04上海）A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmelt7).Amanisbeingquestionedinrelationtothe_murderlastnight.（04江苏）A.advisedB.attendedC.attemptedD.admitted,该题的谓语动词是attract，“闻起来很香”用来作定语修饰主语flowers。,“谋杀”只能被预谋，故该用过去分词作定语表示被动。,B,C,.,3.分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：Thequestion_(discuss)atthemeetingyesterdayisofquiteimportance.Thequestion_(discuss)atthemeetingnowisofquiteimportance.Thequestion_(discuss)atthemeetingtomorrowisofquiteimportance.,discussed,beingdiscussed,tobediscussed,.,4.只有单个动名词能做定语，放在所修饰的名词前表示所修饰的名词的用途。Thereisaswimmingpoolinthebackyard.Onlyafterrepeatedpracticecanweimproveourteachingmethod.注：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别：现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作。flyingfish飞鱼arunningdog走狗afallingtide落潮acryingboy哭着的孩子,(=apoolforswimming),(=amethodforteaching),(=Aboyiscrying),.,practice分词作定语：1).Doyouknowtheman_(speak)atthemeeting?2).Doyouknowtheman_(praise)atthemeeting?3).Thebuilding_(put)uplastnowisourlibrary.4).Thebuilding_(put)upnowwillbeournewcompany.,.,5).Thebuilding_(put)upnextyearwillbeournewcompany.6).Therewasanoldtemple_(stand)atthetopofthehill.7).Thereisasportsmeeting_(hold)nextTuesday.8).Therewasanoldman_(live)inthevillage.,.,二、非谓语动词作状语能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。,.,1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：Hehurriedhomeonlytofindhismoneystolen.（结果状语）Tomakehimselfheard,heraisedhisvoice.（目的状语）Allofusaresurprisedtoseehisrapidprogress.(原因状语),不定式短语放在句首多作目的状语，在句末多作原因状语，结果状语。,.,2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式：1).Givenachance,Icansurprisetheworld.（条件状语）2).Comingintotheroom,hefoundhisfatherangry.（时间状语）3).Beingtired,theywentonworking.4).Havingbeenhitbythebigboyonthenose,thelittleboybegantocry.5).Heputafingerinhismouth,tasteditandsmiled,lookingratherpleased.,（让步状语）,（原因状语）,（伴随状语）,.,practice分词作状语：1).When_(heat),waterwillbechangedintovapour.While_(heat)water,wecanchangeitintovapour.2)_(see)fromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful._(see)fromthehill,youwillfindthecitybeautiful.3)Generallyspeaking,when_(take)accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.If_(take)thedrugaccordingtothedirections,youwillbebettersoon.,heated,heating,Seen,Seeing,taken,taking,.,3.分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。1)Beinganorphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.2)Hebeinganorphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.3)Ashewasanorphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.关于分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题，在试题中可以看到各种不同的命题技巧。,F,T,T,(Trueorfalse),.,例：Writteninahurry,_.Howcanitbesatisfactory?A.theyfoundmanymistakesinthereportB.SammadelotsofmistakesinthereportC.thereareplentyofmistakesinthereportD.thereportisfullofmistakes试题分析：这时一道非常典型的试题。四个选项均为完整的句子，初看起来似乎不容易领悟试题的意图。其实，本题的意图仍然是考察分词作状语的知识。抓住试题意图就容易产生正确的思路哪个句子的主语能够同过去分词written的逻辑主语一致。沿着这个思路向前走，不难想到thereportwaswritteninahurry,试题的答案不言自明。,D,.,1).-Mum,whydoyoualwaysmakemeeataneggeveryday?-_enoughproteinandnutritionasyouaregrowingup.A.GetB.GettingC.TogetD.Tobegetting2).Inordertomakeourcitygreen,_.A.itisnecessarytohaveplantedmoretreesB.manymoretreesneedtoplantC.ourcityneedsmoretreesD.wemustplantmoretrees,C,D,.,3)._thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven4).HesentmeanE-mail,_togetfurtherinformation.A.hopedB.hopingC.tohopeD.hope,given作状语意为“考虑到”，意思相当于considering。,注意hoping为伴随状语而非目的状语，真正的目的是后面的toget。,B,A,.,现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别1).Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.makeD.tomake2).Hehurriedtothestationonly_thatthetrainhadleft.A.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefound现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果,A,A,.,三、考查连词之后加分词分词短语常常可以用在某些连词如since,when,while,whenever,nomatterhow,once,until等之后，可以看作是状语从句中的省略现象。1).Nomatterhowfrequently_,theworksofBeethovenwillstillattractpeopleallovertheworld.A.performedB.performingC.tobeperformedD.beingperforming,A,.,2).When_differentcultures,weoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities.A.comparedB.beingcomparedC.comparingD.havingcompared3).Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_nothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun4)When_,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.A.completedC.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted,C,D,A,.,注意点：1.不定式在表语形容词后作状语，用主动形式表被动意义。Thisquestionisdifficult_(answer).Doyouthinkhimeasy_(work)with?Wefindthisrulehard_(remember).,2.有些分词已经转变为独立成分，含有“泛指”意义，在句中常作插入语。如：generallyspeaking,judgingfrom,talkingof,supposingthat,considering,comparedto.,given.,Giventheirinexperience,theyhavedoneagoodjob.,.,注意点：3.独立主格结构：名词/代词分词,独立主格结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。,1）.Weatherpermitting,wellgooutingtomorrow.2）.Therebeingnointerestingprograms,heturnedofftheTVset.3）Allthingsconsidered,theplanshouldbeputoff.4）.Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.,.,Astherewasnobody，hehadtogoalone.There_nobody,hehadtogoalone.Iftimepermits,Iwillgotoseeyou.Time_,Iwillgotoseeyou.Astheworkedhadbeenfinished,hewenttobed.Thework_,hewenttobed.,being,permitting,当存在不同主语时，可以用V-ing形式的独立主格结构。,独立主格结构。,finished,.,例：Thekey_，shewentthroughherhandbagcarefully.A.hadntbeenfoundB.havingnotbeenfoundC.nothavingbeenfoundD.wasntfound试题分析：选项A、D均为谓语形式，选择其中的任何一项前半部分便成为一个分句，与后面的分句必须使用连词。以表示前后分句的逻辑关系，因此全部排除。选项B是现在分词的完成被动式，凡非谓语动词的否定形式，not必须加在最前面，因此也应排除。nothavingbeenfound同其逻辑主语thekey构成独立主格结构，作原因状语。本试题中句子的主语she不能充当分词的逻辑主语。,C,.,四、非谓语动词时态形式的确定弄清非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作之间的先后关系是解题的关键所在。一般来说，非谓语动词的时态有以下三种形式。,在谓语表示的动作之后,与谓语表示的动作同时发生,在谓语表示的动作之前,todo,doing或tobedoing,tohavedone或havingdone,.,1).-IsBobstillperforming?-Imafraidnot.Heissaid_thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.A.tohaveleftB.tohaveC.tohavebeenleftD.tobeleft2).Aidsissaid_thebiggesthealthchallengetobothmenandwomeninthatareaoverthepastfewyears.(2006湖北)A.thatitisB.tobeC.thatithasbeenD.tohavebeen(=ItissaidthatAidshavebeenthebiggesthealthchallengetobothmenandwomenin),A,D,.,3).Thefluisbelieved_byvirusesthatliketoproduceinthecellsinsidehumannoseandthroat.A.causingB.beingcausedC.tobecausedD.tohavecaused4).Youmustmakeeveryefforttofindtheperson_thecar.A.whodamagedB.damagingC.damagedD.thatdamaging,A,C,讨论：此题为什么不能选B？,.,五、非谓语动词语态形式的确定非谓语动词的被动语态通常有以下几种情况：,动词不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词,tobedone,tohavebeendone,beingdone,havingbeendone,beingdone,havingbeendone,及物动词的过去分词既表示被动又表示动作已完成,个别动词的过去分词只表示完成(多数为不及物动词),.,Heinsistedonbeingsenttohospital.Heinsistedonsend