Highlights_of_My_Senior_Year阅读课设计.doc

1. 来自游戏、挑战智力和耐心2. 生活感悟、富有变化和启发3. 综合考查、依赖实力和技巧4. 融入文内、理清情节和思路第一、短文内容逻辑性强，文章结构严谨，层次分明。短文一般是从交代背景(setting)开始，渐次推进，直至高潮(climax)，而后结局(ending)，环环相扣，条理十分清楚；第二、文体由单一向多样化转变。可能会突破单一的叙述文体，出现议论文、新闻报道、应用文、夹叙夹议等文体；第三、语言难度略低于同等水平要求的阅读理解试题。这就为考生充分发挥自己的思维能力、理解掌握短文内容、选择正确答案创造了条件；第四、选项中的虚词常以连词为主。连词主要起的是篇章纽带作用，只有完整确切地理解了全文，才能选出最恰当的转换词；第五、情景意义选择为主，语法选择填空极少；答案具有后提示特征。选材特点1、记叙文体为主2、第一人称叙述3、夹杂心理描写4、富有情节变化5、具有启发意义命题特点1、文章长度在300词左右：保证故事完整性2、第一句不设空：有助于文章整体理解3、两空之间不少于四个词：减少答题难度4、选项形式高度一致：增加干扰性5、侧重实词考查：名词、动词、形容词、副词解题规律及技巧1)略读全文，掌握大意(Get the General Idea)2)由表及里，层层剖析(Analyze the Passage Structure)3)瞻前顾后，颠三倒四(Find the Hidden Clues)4)分析句子，理解句意(Study the Sentence Structure)5)结合语境，辨析词义(Follow the Contexts)材特点 一改传统的夹叙夹议的选材，选择了一篇议论文，文章中心突出，立意新颖，文章结构的逻辑性和层次感较强，注重考查了考生篇章结构的分析能力和文章主题的理解能力。Life is filled with challenges. As we get older we _36_ realize that those challenges are the very things that _37_ us and make us who we are, it is the same with the challenges that come with _38_. When we are faced with a challenge, we usually have two _39_. We can try to beat it off, or we can decide that the thing _40_ the challenge isnt worth the _41_ and call it quits. Although there are certainly _42_ when calling it quits is the right thing to do, in most _43_ all that is needed is _44_ and communication. 36. A. seem toB. come toC. hope toD. try to37. A. designB. promoteC. directD. shape38. A. confidenceB. pressureC. friendshipD. difficulty39. A. opportunitiesB. expectationsC. choicesD. aspects40. A. demandingB. deservingC. predictingD. presenting41. A. commentB. lossC. troubleD. expense42. A. spansB. timesC. datesD. ages43. A. casesB. fieldsC. partsD. occasions44. A. assessmentB. commitment C. encouragement D. adjustment解题技巧综观全文：friendship challenges two options/choices beat it off or call it quits commitments and communication optimistic conclusion文章的第一段属于全文主题的导入，由life is filled with challenges到challenges are the very things that _ (shape) us and make us who we are再到it is the same with the challenges that come with _ (friendship)，层层递进，由浅入深，引出主题。考生在做题时既要考虑文章整体结构的逻辑性，又要考虑内容细节的连贯性，还要调用平时所学语言知识。friendship：结合文章的整体内容得出答案；设问：What is the best title of the passage? How to deal with challenges in friendship？shape：结合句子下文的make us who we are得出答案；构词法知识：shape用作动词。完形填空的考查方式 运用复现原词复现。上下文中同一概念重复出现。同义词、近义词复现。借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言使上下文语义得以连接起来。同源词复现。同一词根，通过前缀、后缀、合成和转化等方式构成同源词。上下义词复现。上义词具有概括性，下义词具有分述作用概念复现。同一概念在上下文中以不同的词语出现评述性复现。用一种表达方式对另一种表达方法进行解释或说明。反义复现。通过反义词或对比使文章前后衔接照应。 利用联想利用话题联想。就某一话题而言，有许多信息和表达方式与之同现，形成一个个词汇链。利用结构联想。通过关键词进行固定结构联想。3）利用背景知识和常识(4) 借助语言标志:借助转承语。完形填空是根据话题和上下文的关联，借助已知信息“重现文意的过程”。考查考生对语篇意义理解的连贯性和使用词语的准确性。 “完形”须先“完意”，即在把握语篇的宏观结构、领会其主旨大意及各个段落大意的基础上，根据行文逻辑、句子结构和词语的含义，准确理解空白处的确切意义，以恢复语篇的完整。空白处的词语的特点：是相关语句信息的结合点，或者是句式结构连接点，要么就是语篇衔接的纽带。这一点从答案的选项中可以看出。完形填空题正确地把握了以整体思维代替局部思维的阅读习惯，使信息综合与整合在阅读过程中的要求更有说服力，更具导向性。完形填空，首先要完其意才能完其形。单纯的语言知识的考查已逐渐淡化整体与连贯性的原则日渐突出综合化语境化的因素越来越强 单句与语篇的统一形式与内容的统一语言知识与语言技能的统一近年来，高考完形填空在朝着深层化及语境化方面挖掘，逐渐摒弃单纯的语法分析考查，这就增加了干扰项的迷惑性，因此只有借助上下文乃至全文的语境启示或限定，善于运用逻辑推理能力，才能准确作出判断。 完形填空是一种测试学生语言水平和实际运用语言能力的综合性题型， 它要求学生掌握词汇知识，习惯用语， 语法知识，句法结构， 而且要有一定的语篇领悟能力，逻辑思维能力和语言感悟能力，是综合了现行的单选和阅读的考查。近年来试题所设计的知识面不断拓宽，缺少故事情节的文章增多，特别强调对语篇及上下文的理解和应用，而且完形填空题在整个高考试卷中的分值比重比以往更高，因此，可以说该题型难度大、区分度高，是“容易拉开距离”的题型。完形填空的材料虽是一篇从完整语篇中挖去数个词，造成间隔性的语意空白，来检测考生综合运用英语能力的短文，但其句子总是按照特定的逻辑关系，并借助一定的语法结构规则组合起来。词语之间、句子之间均体现整体性与连贯性的原则。在选题时要先通览全文、领会大意，概略地了解文章的体裁、背景、内容、结构、情节等等，同时对空格要填的词可作试探性猜测。 二、 解题的基本技巧和思路 根据信息提示进行判断 语境是信息的依托，信息的贯穿是题型的设计特点，把握信息是解题的关键。 例 1 We do not know exactly when glass 1 ,but the time is set by historian between ten thousand and three thousand years B.C. For thousands of years the production of glass was 2 difficult that glass objects were 3 and were considered to have great 4 .1. A once made B was once made C first made D was first made2. A very B for C quite D so3. A rare B too many C so many D much4. A age B use C value D history列举：叙述一系列相关事实、观点，常用数词或表示顺序的短语引出。 【例2】I want to give you just two pieces of advice, _ ，there is no reason why he should know about your decision; _ it would be better if you acted before he found out.1. A. in the second place B. to conclude C.nevertheless D.one (D)2. A. to begin with B. for one thing C. two D. consequently (C)补充：对前一个观点作进一步的阐述，常有besides，also，further，whats more，whats worse, too，not only but also 等词暗示。 【例3】This food is very good and it is probably something that people wouldnt get at home，_ it is not difficult to cook and it is quick to prepare.A. but B. besides C. in this way D. however （B） 让步：表示后一种观点或事实与前一种事实或观点相比较有些出乎意料。这类暗示词有though，although，in spite of ，whoever，whatever, no matter 等。对比：两个事实或观点不同或相反，暗示词有but，oppositely，on the contrary等。 结果：前边的事实能自然引出后边的结果，暗示词有so，thus，therefore，as a result等。【例5】His legs were badly hurt，so he couldnt _others.A. think of B. hear from C. catch up with D. care about （C）原因：表示所述情况为另一事实发生的起因，暗示语有for，because，because of，as，since等。【例6】He know nothing about the matter because he _ the meeting.A. missed B. failed C. attended D. heard (A)目的：表示后者为前边行为的目的，暗示语有so，so that，in order that ，for（the purpose of）等。【例7】He therefore loaded the ship with litres of vinegar _ cleaning the inside of the ship.A. As a result of B. for the purpose of C. in honour of D. in search of （B）【例8】 1 the kettle of boiling water, she moved quietly 2 the door Mrs Clerke raised the kettle and poured the water over the hand.(MET 92)1 A. Putting down B. Laying aside C. Picking up D. Taking away (C)2 A. towards B. away C. from behind D. near (A)描述：通过前后的描述，可推测出另外一部分的意思【例9】The chimpanzee（大猩猩）has been learning how to exchange _1_ with people. The scientists are teaching her _2_ language. When she wants to be picked _3_ , Washoe points up with one finger. She rubs her teeth with her finger when she wants to _4_ her teeth. (NMET 95)1 A. actions B. views C. messages D. feelings2 A. sign B. human C. spoken D. up3. A. out B. at C. on D. up4. A. examine B. use C. wash D. pullThe dog seemed to 1 his mushroom, and the officers then began to eat their meal, saying that the mushroom had a very strange 2 quite pleasant taste. (MET)(1) A. refuse B. hate C. want D. enjoy(2) A. besides B. but C. and D. or1 of us are asked to make 2 decisions about nations going to war or armies going to battle. But all of us are called upon daily to make a great many personal decisions. (NMET 96)(1)A. All B. Few C. Some D. None(2) A. quick B. wise C. great D. personal 通过理解句意进行判断 行文中的句意是上下贯穿的，正确的把握上下句意之间的联系，才能明确文章的行文逻辑，理解上下句意的呼应，以便能准确的选好答案。例例 Alpha is the first letter of the Greek Alphabet and omega is the last. The phrase “alpha and omega” is often used in the Bible and somewhere to mean 1 . A start and finish B beginning and startC. birth and death D true and false 通过理解词义进行判断 要善于在具体的语言环境中把握词汇的具体意义，通过理解词义进行判断才能准确的推断空格的答案。例 3 someone said,” If you would have your business done, go. If not, send.” In other words, if you want a job well done, do it 1 ; if not, 2 .1. A immediately B today C yourself D economically2. A.give it away B have it done C do it by others D be silent依据动词的时空性一个头脑正常的人所发生的若干个动作在时间或空间方面是有顺序性的 【例4】 1 the kettle of boiling water, she moved towards the door, 2 the kettle and 3 the water over the hand. (MET 92)1 A. Putting down B. Laying aside C. Picking up D. Taking away2 A. dropped B. threw C. raised D. filled3 A. spread B. dropped C. poured D. coveredThen she (指大猩猩) climbed onto the box, grasped the pole and _ down the food with the pole. (NMET 95)A. knocked B. picked C. took D. shook=In the streets people were moving quickly heading towards their _ (NMET 94)A. jobs B. homes C. buses D. offices 通过词的对应进行判断 行文中的有些句意是上下对应的，这往往也是题型设计的特点之一，因而把握好词义的对应，也是非常有利于解题的。例 4 One ancient Greek thinker said that there was only one good, namely, knowledge; and only 1 , namely, 2 .1. A better B best C advantage D evil2. A ignorance B disbelief C laziness D death 根据句子结构或固定搭配进行判断完形填空的题型设计除了考查考生对行文逻辑的把握以外，句式结构题的设计也越来越复杂。It was too high to 1 . After she considered the 2 , she got a tall box to stand 3 .The food was still too high to be reached.1. A pull B see C eat D reach2. A problem B position C food D ceiling3. A by B on C up D with例6 It was 7 oclock _Tom finished his work. A. that B. when C. since D. while词语放在句中，就要符合词法、句法、结构习惯等要求。在文章中运用基本知识，实际对考生提出了较高的要求【例1】 Just for _ of course. (MET 91) A. joke B. fun C. play D. museum.【例2】 It wasnt long _the police caught the thief. (MET 92) A. before B. since C. until D. when【例3】 Scientists want to see how civilized(驯化) she can_ (NMET 95)A. experience B. change C. develop D. become完形填空的解题步骤1、跳格略读全文，初步掌握行文大意注重文章的第一句话高考完形填空选文的第一句话通常是完整的。该句往往就是主题句（Topic Sentence），这就为我们理解文章的内在联系提供了一个“窗口”，它的句意往往为全文提供中心信息，能直接概括全文大意、揭示主题。 第一句话往往看出文章的体裁和题材。选文如是记叙文，它会告诉你故事发生的时间、地点、人物等背景情况。这些信息有助于你理解好全篇大意。充分重视首句的标示作用，利用它为解题找到一个突破口，据此展开思维，争取开局胜利。它是了望整篇文章的窗口2、按照文章的行文逻辑，对应选项，选项入格完形填空的解题过程实际上是语篇逻辑关系逐渐明晰的过程，随着对具体语言情境的逐渐把握和选项的填入，文章意义也逐渐趋于明确。因此考生在遇到难以对付的空格时，要克服急躁心理，试从多角度分析，即从语法角度、词语角度、惯用法角度、文化背景角度、生活常识角度，上下文角度等来进行分析，最终是可以理出头绪来的。 3、复读全文验证答案复读全文是自我修正的过程只有复读才能验证答案复读的过程必须在选项入空的前提下进行只有验证才更加科学、高效验证后你才能更有把握，才能修正疏忽、才能提高得分率完形填空题的特点是篇幅小，起点高，容量大。按一般的命题要求，完形填空题所采用的短文一般不给标题，但首句往往不设空，通常是个完整的句子，这个句子不容忽视，它往往是全文的关键句，或者称为主导句，（topic sentence)它是了解全文的窗口，常常包含对解题有用的信息，由此句可判断文章的大意乃至主题。因此，考生要充分利用完形填空题首句的提示作用，利用它为解题找到一个突破口，从而展开思维，争取开局顺利。eg. (NMET 2001) 首句：He has been called the “missing link”: half-man, half beast. He is supposed to live in the highest mountain in the world Mount Everest. 文章的开篇段描述了 “missing link” 的外貌和生活地，读懂第一句我们就可确定说明的对象是半人半兽的动物，有助于预测全文的基本框架和内容。eg. I was six when I joined my father and two elder brothers at sunrise in the fields of Eufaula, Okla. 36 the time I was eight I was helping Dad fix up old furniture. He gave me a cent for every nail I 37 out of old board. 36. A. Before B. Within C. From D. By 37. A. pulled B. put C. picked D. pressed这是一篇相对完整的故事，从第一段可以看出，作者分别提到了6岁，8岁时所干的事情， 但他并不认为那是真正意义上的工作。所以前三项结合语境很容易选出答案。5.3 对语法、词法等基础知识的考查也是完形填空题的命题角度之一。它需要考生不仅要理解上下文的逻辑关系，更要针对性地对语法结构、句式特点、对短文中所设空格中需填词在句子里作什么成分、哪类词适合、应采取什么形式等进行必要的分析思考，从而迅速解决问题。比如，选用动词就要考虑各种时态、语态、语气、主谓搭配以及其如何与其他词类使用等一系列问题。因此调动语法知识解题在完形中是必要的，它包括根据固定句型和词，尤其是动词的固定搭配来选择答案，或运用代词的上下文替代作用。例如：“词汇的复现”是指某一词以原词、同义词或近义词、概括词以及其他形式重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现的语用意义是使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。大体上说，词汇的复现包括：原词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、概括词复现和注释性复现。具体指某一词以原词，指代词，同义词，反义词概括词等重新出现在整个文章的前后，并起到了衔接全文的作用。如何利用词汇复现帮助我们解题呢？不妨先看看下面的例子：eg. The strange thing was that practically all the students went to class, and very few people stayed up late at night. Only the new people stayed up or _ class. (NMET2000春） A. attended B. took C. missed D. studied 文章中or连接的是并列成分，所以空格中的内容应与上文went to class 构成相反的意义，该题属于反义词复现现象。eg. The parents said that most of the homework was a waste of time, and they wanted to 56 it. Spain and Turkey are two countries which stopped homework already. (2003 春，上海卷）56. A. delay B. stop C. block D. proveeg. And the clerk confirmed that his plane was leaving at nine oclock three days form that day Since he was 44 in three days, Andy didnt lose any time. (2003 春， 全国卷）44. A. moving B. returning C. staying D. leavingeg. The afternoon passed pleasantly with a few laughs and some small talk, and then Mark went home “ I had planned to run away and I was going home to pack my things. But after we spent some time together 52 and laughing, I realized that ” （2003 春，北京卷）52. A. talking B. playing C. reading D. watchingeg. How does a tooth go bad? The 51 begins in a little crack in the enamel(珐琅）covering of the tooth. This happens after germs and bits of food have 52 there. Then the decay slowly spreads inside the tooth. In the end, poison goes into blood, and we may feel quite ill. (2002, 上海春季招生）51. A. destruction B. decay C. fault D. hurt52. A. stored B. collected C. laid D. piled 上文中讲蛀牙如何产生。 空51和红体单词在意义上是一致的， 属于同义词复现现象。上下文是营造语境的基础，也是逻辑推理的依据。通过分析句与句之间的逻辑关系，根据上下文中对比， 因果，转折及用途等线索，前后顺序及前后文中提示与解释的关系，猜出文中的生词和缺失的单词，并找出信息词是做好完形填空题的关键。近年来，完形填空题在设计上的趋势是朝着深层化及语境化的方面挖掘，侧重逻辑推理判断。就空格设空而言，体现了以实词为主，虚词为辅的特点，而且几乎不暴露明显的语言错误，词语在特定的语境中所表达的隐含信息大都无法光凭表面理解获知。这就大大加强了干扰项的迷惑性，从而提高了试题的难度值。因此，只有借助上下文乃至全文语境的启示或限定如某个话题的总结或再现，才能够准确做出判断。eg. On the whole, I think I am a better person for having gone to the school. I can read and write as well as anyone else my age, and I can think better. Thats probably a real big difference between the free school and regular school-the amount of _. (NMET2000, 春） A. reading B. gardening C. teaching D. thinking 该段落强调作者比同领人更会思考，且这一点是Free School 和正规学校的最大区别。结尾处是对上文的总结，属于话题同现的情况。Eg. Todd was working at his gas station at night when he heard over the radio that a bank in Long Island had been broken into by an armed man who had killed the night guard and got away with $150,000. “One hundred and fifty thousand,” Todd whistled. Heres a fellow who just walks into a bank and helps himself to so much money. Todd thought of the _ with which he managed to get the amount of money he needed to start his gas station. So many papers to sign, so much money to pay back. A. satisfaction B. difficulty C. disappointment D. spirit填此空时，应该充分利用上下文，对照上文的语气：武装分子抢钱如此轻巧！而自己赚钱却是如此麻烦，其中manage to 也有一定提示作用。完形填空题的解题过程首先是一个阅读的过程。做题时必须把握作者的思路，使自己的思维模式与作者的思维模式相吻合。在整个解题的过程中不断地从各个角度进行合乎逻辑的推理，进而验证推理的正确性，修正非正确性，以达到理解全文、解决问题的目的。正确分析推理是恰当解题的必要条件，而恰当解题又是对题目进行正确分析推理的必然结果。因此运用句与句之间的逻辑关系解题包括运用修饰，因果，结构再现，连词等技巧解题。即在上下文中寻找有关的提示或暗示，对文章的情节进行逻辑分析，抓住关键语言信息的词语，确定合理的答案至关重要。eg. No man can change the weather. Nobody can control the weather. But if we 1 correctly the signs around us we can 2 what the more changes in the weather will be. This way of telling what the weather will be like the following day or two is called weather forecasting.1. A. see B. look C. read D. watch2. A. tell B. speak C. talk D. point上面是一段文章的开头， 开篇第三句就用了but, 由此可以推断后面的内容和人类可以认识，掌握天气现象有关，这样就不难选出空缺的词了。下面的例子则是考查学生先判断转折关系再填过渡词了。eg. I had an auto repairman once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not 38 have scored more than 80. 39 , when anything went wrong with my car, I hurried to him and he always 40 it. (NMET 2002)38. A. always B. possibly C. certainly D. frequently39. A. Then B. Thus C. Therefore D. Yet40. A. fixed B. checked C. drove D. changedeg. The native people said they 38 (knew of ) this creature a