英语论文分析学习第3节methodology

Thecontentsofaresearcharticleorthesis,2020/4/30,Warmingupquestion:whatkindofresearchmethodsdoyouuseinyourfield.?,2020/4/30,2020/4/30,definition,Qualitativeanon-numericaldatacollectionorexplanationbasedontheattributesofthegraphorsourceofdata,Quantitativethesystematicempiricalinvestigationofobservablephenomenaviastatistical,mathematicalorcomputationaltechniques.,2020/4/30,purpose,Tocategorizedataintopatterns(i.e.,patternorthematicanalyses)astheprimarybasisfororganizingandreportingresults。,todevelopandemploymathematicalmodels,theoriesand/orhypothesespertainingtophenomena.指的是采用统计、数学或计算技术等方法来对社会现象进行系统性的经验考察。这种研究的目标是发展及运用与社会现象有关的数学模型、理论或假设,2020/4/30,Theprocessofmeasurement:,定量研究中最重要的过程是测量的过程，因为这个过程根本上连结了现象的“经验观察”与“数学表示”。量化数据包括以统计或百分比等数字形式呈现的各种资料。,central,becauseitprovidesthefundamentalconnectionbetweenempiricalobservationandmathematicalexpressionofquantitativerelationships.,2020/4/30,Datacollection,Qualitativedata:includeinterviewsandgroupdiscussions,observationandreflectionfieldnotes,varioustexts,pictures,andothermaterials.,Quantitativedata:anydatathatisinnumericalformsuchasstatistics,percentages,etc.,2020/4/30,Difference:Forexample,ifyouareaskedtoexplaininqualitativetermsathermalimagedisplayedinmultiplecolours,thenyouwouldexplainthecolourdifferencesratherthantheheatsnumericalvalue.,2020/4/30,2020/4/30,Whatisthefunctionofamethodologychapterofaresearchpaper?,Themethodologyshouldcontainadetaileddescriptionofwhatyoudidand/orused.TheMethodologyshouldcontainsufficientdetailforreaderstoreplicatetheworkdoneandobtainsimilarresults.,Othernames,MaterialsandmethodsProcedureExperimentsExperimentalsimulationMethodologymodel,GeneralstructureofthemethodsSection,LookatthesamplesanddecidethegeneralstructureofitTypicalfeature:Section+subsection-Firstlevelheading-Secondlevelheading-Thirdlevelheading,APAformat,2020/4/30,GeneralstructureofthemethodsSection,2020/4/30,2020/4/30,2020/4/30,2020/4/30,2020/4/30,Buildingamodel,1.Writeashortdescriptionofwhatthewriterisdoingineachsentence.2.trytomakeyourmodelgeneral,sothatyouwillbeabletouseittogeneratemethodologysectioninyourfield.E.g.dontincludecontentwords,suchasgroundwater.Example:sentence4:thewriterprovidesdetailsaboutwhatwasdoneandused.,Modelanalysis-Sentence1,sentence1.Troductorysentence:Thewriteroffersageneralviewoftheentiresubsection,includingthepurposeoftheinvestigation.,Modelanalysis-Sentence1,Q:WhydoIneedtointroducetheMethodology?A:1.reader-friendlytostartwithsomeintroductorymaterial.2.tomaketheentrytoMethodologysmoothforthereader.,Modelanalysis-Sentence1,practice:readthe3examplesanddecidewhatarethewaystointroducetheMethodology?3ways,2020/4/30,Modelanalysis-Sentence1,Example1:offerageneralviewbyoutliningtheparametersofthework,e.g:-thenumberoftests,-theequipment/material/softwareused-thepurposeoftheinvestigationTohelpreaderstogetageneralideaofthissection,Modelanalysis-Sentence1,example2:Providebackgroundinformationaboutthematerialsoraboutthesourceofthematerials/equipmentRelatetothestructureofMethod,Modelanalysis-Sentence1,example3:Referbacktosomethingintheprevioussection(introduction),-restatetheaimoftheproject-ortheproblemyouarehopingtoaddress.,Modelanalysis-Sentence2,Sentence2.ThesiteswereselectedfromtheLondonBasinarea,whichislocatedinthesouth-eastofEnglandandhasbeenfrequentlyusedtointerpretgroundwaterevolution.2,3,4Thewriterprovidesbackgroundinformationandjustifiesthechoiceoflocationbyreferringtopreviousresearch,Modelanalysis-Sentence2,Q:WhydoIneedtojustifyorgivereasonsforwhatIdid?Isntitobvious?A:Tocommunicatewiththereader1.thisisexactlywhatIdid/used2.IhadgoodreasonsforthosedecisionsSothatreaderstrustthechoicesyoumade.,Modelanalysis-Sentence3,Sentence3.Atotalof18sampleswascollectedandthenanalyzedfortheisotopesmentionedearlier.Thewriterprovidesanoverviewoftheprocedure/methoditself,Modelanalysis-Sentence3,Q:IfIgavegeneraloverviewatthestartofthissubsection,whyshouldIalsogiveanoverviewoftheprocedureitself?A:Reasons:1.sentence3startsanewparagraph,signalinganewtopic2.toprovideageneralframeworktothereadersothatdetailscanbeeasilyslotted.,Modelanalysis-Sentence4,Sentence4.Samples1-9werecollectedinthoroughly-rinsed25mlbrownglassbottleswhichwerefilledtothetopandthensealedtightlytopreventcontamination.Thewriterprovidesdetailsaboutwhatwasdoneandusedandalsoshowsthatcarewastaken.,Modelanalysis-Sentence4,Q:HowmuchdetaildoIneedtoprovide?A:SlightlytoomuchinformationisbetterthantoolittleMakesurethatotherresearcherswillbeabletoreproduceyourworkandobtainsimilarresults,Modelanalysis-Sentence5,Sentence5.ThefilledbottleswereshippeddirectlytotwoseparatelaboratoriesatReadingUniversity,wheretheywereanalyzedusingstandardmethodssuitablyminiaturizedtohandlesmallquantitiesofwater.5Thewritercontinuestodescribewhatwasdoneindetail,usinglanguagewhichcommunicatesthatcarewastaken.,Modelanalysis-Sentence6,6.Samples10-18werepreparedinourlaboratoryusingarevisedversionoftheprecipitationmethodestablishedbytheISFInstituteinGermanyThewriterdescribeswhatwasdonebyreferringtoexistingmethodsintheliterature.,Modelanalysis-Sentence6,Q:WhyshouldIrefertootherresearch;whynotjustdescribethemethodIused?A:1.itisunlikelythatyoucreatedtheentiremethodyouusedallbyyourself.2.inmanycases,partofitwillbetakenfromamethodusedbysomeoneelse,whichmaybewellknown,soifyougivetheresearchreferenceyoudonotneedtogiveeverydetail.,Modelanalysis-Sentence7,7.ThismethodobtainsaprecipitatethroughtheadditionofBaCL22H2O;theresultingprecipitatecanbewashedandstoredeasily.Thewriterprovidesmoredetailedinformationaboutthemethodandshowsittohavebeenagoodchoice.,Modelanalysis-Sentence7,Justificationiscommonthroughoutthissection:Aims:answerpossiblecriticismsordoubtsaboutyourchoices,toassurethereaderthatyourchoicesweremadeonthebasisofgoodreasons.,Modelanalysis-Sentence8,Sentence8.ThesamplesweresubsequentlyshippedtoISFforanalysisbyacceleratormassspectrometry(AMS).Thewriterprovidesmoredetailsofthemethod,Modelanalysis-Sentence9,9.Alltubingusedwasstainlesssteel,andalthoughtwosampleswereatriskofCFCcontaminationasaresultofbriefcontactwithplastic,variationamongsampleswasnegligible.Thewritermentionsapossibledifficultyinthemethodology,Modelanalysis-Sentence9,Q:Dontthisdiscussaresultofwhatwasdone?A:No.itsactuallysayingthattheproblemsinthemethodologydidntaffecttheresults.,Modelanalysis-Sentence9,Q:HowcanItalkaboutproblemsinmyworkwithoutlikeafailure?A:usevocabularythatminimisestheproblem,minimisesyourresponsibility,maximisesthegoodaspectsandsuggestsasolution.,Themodel,1.Thewriteroffersageneraloverviewoftheentiresubsection,includingthepurposeoftheinvestigation.2.Thewriterprovidesbackgroundinformationandjustifiesthechoiceoflocationbyreferringtopreviousresearch.3.Thewriterprovidesanoverviewoftheprocedure/methoditself.,Themodel,4.Thewriterprovidesdetailsaboutwhatwasdoneandusedandalsoshowsthatcarewastaken.5.Thewritercontinuestodescribewhatwasdoneindetail,usinglanguagewhichcommunicatesthatcarewastaken.6.Thewriterdescribeswhatwasdonebyreferringtoexistingmethodsintheliterature.,2020/4/30,Themodel,7.Thewriterprovidesmoredetailedinformationaboutthemethodandshowsittohavebeenagoodchoice.8.Thewriterprovidesmoredetailsofthemethod.9.Thewriterprovidesapossibledifficultyinthemethodology.,2020/4/30,Wecanstreamlinethesesothatourmodelhasfourbasiccomponents.Thisisa“menu”fromwhichyouselectitemsappropriatetoyourresearchtopic.E.g.ifyouconstructedtheequipmentyourself,youwontneedtogivethesourceoftheequipmentusedincomponent1.Iftherewerenoproblems,youwontneedthefourthcomponentatall.,2020/4/30,VocabularyfortheMethodologysection,1.provideageneralintroductionandoverviewofthematerials/methodsandgivethesourceofmaterials/equipmentusedfoundinsentence1Thecurrentinvestigationinvolvedsamplingandanalyzingsixsitestomeasurechangesingroundwaterchemistry.,VocabularyfortheMethodologysection,2.SupplyessentialbackgroundinformationWordsorphrasesusedtodescribeinstruments,equipmentorlocations,FoundinSentence2ThesiteswereselectedfromtheLondonBasinarea,whichislocatedinthesouth-eastofEnglandandhasbeenfrequentlyusedtointerpretgroundwaterevolution.2,3,4,Sampleanalysis:Inwhichsentence(s)istheauthorprovidingthesourceofmaterialsandbackgroundinformation?1-3,2020/4/30,VocabularyfortheMethodologysection,3.providespecificandprecisedetailsaboutmaterialsandmethods(i.e.quantities,temperatures,duration,sequence,conditions,locations,sizes)Thisincludesverbswhichspecificallydescribewhatyoudid/used.Insteadofwritingonlywasdoneorwasused,therearemanyotherchoices.,Sentence4Samples1-9werecollectedinthoroughly-rinsed25mlbrownglassbottleswhichwerefilledtothetopandthensealedtightlytopreventcontamination.,5.ThefilledbottleswereshippeddirectlytotwoseparatelaboratoriesatReadingUniversity,wheretheywereanalyzedusingstandardmethodssuitablyminiaturizedtohandlesmallquantitiesofwater.5,VocabularyfortheMethodologysection,4.justifychoicesmadePhrasesthatintroducethereasonsforthechoicesyoumade,“inorderto”verbsthatspecifytheadvantagesofthechoicesyoumade,“enable,facilitate”Sentence2:ThesiteswereselectedfromtheLondonBasinarea,whichislocatedinthesouth-eastofEnglandandhasbeenfrequentlyusedtointerpretgroundwaterevolution.2,3,4,Sampleanalysis:Inwhichsentencesistheauthortryingtojustifythechoicemade12)Measurementsfromagivensubjectwerecollectedatleasttwoweeks,andinmanycasesseveralmonthsaparttopreventreplicationofexactlandmarkorcaliperplacement.,2020/4/30,Sampleanalysis:Inwhichsentencesistheauthortryingtojustifythechoicemade14)Theseprecautionsminimizedthepossibilityofmeasurementbiasfrommanuallyrecording(andthereforeknowing)themeasurementvaluesastheywerebeingcollected.,2020/4/30,VocabularyfortheMethodologysection,5.indicatethatappropriatecarewastakenThisincludesadjectives(careful)aswellasadverbs(carefully),Sentence4.Samples1-9werecollectedinthoroughly-rinsed25mlbrownglassbottleswhichwerefilledtothetopandthensealedtightlytopreventcontamination.,Sentence5ThefilledbottleswereshippeddirectlytotwoseparatelaboratoriesatReadingUniversity,wheretheywereanalyzedusingstandardmethodssuitablyminiaturizedtohandlesmallquantitiesofwater.5,VocabularyfortheMethodologysection,6.relatematerials/methodstootherstudiesThisprovidesyouwithwaystodistinguishbetweenprocedures/materials/testswhichwere1)exactlythesameas2)similarto3)significantlydifferentfromThoseusedbyotherresearchers.,sentence6.Samples10-18werepreparedinourlaboratoryusingarevisedversionoftheprecipitationmethodestablishedbytheISFInstituteinGermany.Revisedversion:similarto,Sampleanalysis:Inwhichsentencestheauthorisreferringtootherstudy/method?5-9,2020/4/30,VocabularyfortheMethodologysection,7.indicatewhereproblemsoccurredThisincludeswaysofminimisingtheproblem,minimisingyourresponsibility,maximisingthegoodaspectsandsuggestingasolutiontotheproblem.,VocabularyfortheMethodologysection,sentence9.Alltubingusedwasstainlesssteel,andalthoughtwosampleswereatriskofCFCcontaminationasaresultofbriefcontactwithplastic,variationamongsampleswasnegligible.,Sampleanalysis:Inwhichsentenceistheauthorindicatingaproblem?1111)Nomandibularmeasurementswerecollectedowingtoalackofosteometricdataforthesemeasurementsforthefivesubjectsselectedforthestudy.,2020/4/30,Sampleanalysis:Inwhichsentenceistheauthorindicatingaproblem?14)Theseprecautionsminimizedthepossibilityofmeasurementbiasfrommanuallyrecording(andthereforeknowing)themeasurementvaluesastheywerebeingcollected.,2020/4/30,Whatvoice/tenseshallIuseinMethodology?,1.voice:activeorpassive?CheckwiththeGuideforAuthorsinthetargetjournaltofindoutwhetherpassiveoractivevoiceisrequired.Inmostcases,passivevoiceisused,agentlesspassives.,Whatvoice/tenseshallIuseinMethodology?,Whendescribinganexperiment,thereareA)Standardprocedures:whatisnormallydoneorhowapieceofequipmentisnormallyconstructedB)whatyoudidyourselfWhenyouwritea