英语国家概况Unit3History1(UK)

Unit3TheHistoryofUK,Objectives,BefamiliarwiththehistorybeforetheNormanConquestUnderstandthefeudalsystemaftertheNormanConquestLearnaboutthehistoryoftheEnglishReformationandRenaissanceKnowtheEnglishCivilWaranditsconsequencesKnowthemajoradvancementsintheIndustrialRevolutionBefamiliarwiththeVictorianAgeBefamiliarwiththesituationofBritaininthetwoworldwars,AbrieftimelineofBritishhistory,Questions:1.TheearliestknownsettlersontheBritishIsleswere_.2.Themostfamous/biggestrelicleftbytheearliestsettlersonBritishIslesis_.,I.EarlyBritain(Before1066)Prehistorictimes,Iberian,Celt,Stonehenge,ThebestevidencethattheprimitivepeoplehadshowntheirowncivilizationistheStonehenge.(史前巨石柱),Questions:3.ChristianitywasfirstbroughttoBritainby_.4.TheRomansleftbehindonBritainthreethingsofvalue,theyare_,the_and_,especially_.,RomanBritain,55BC-410AD,WelshChristianity,romanroads,cities,Hadrianswall,RomanBaths,RomanBritain,RomanArmy,commandedbyJuliusCaesar,invadeEnglandin55BC.TheinvasionmarkedthebeginningoftheEnglishRecordedhistory.ThesuccessfulinvasionofEnglandbytheRomanArmy,headedbyEmperorClaudiuswasin43AD.Theybuilttwogreatwalls(theHadriansWallminediron,lead,tinandmanufacturedpottery.Broughtnewreligion-ChristianityTreatedtheBritonsasslavesandtherewasnointermarriage.,RomanBaths,Questions:5.ThethreeTeutonicgroupsbegantomigratefromtheregionofDenmarkandLowCountries(Holland,BelgiumandLuxemburg)andsettledinBritain.Thethreegroupsare_,_and_.Fromthe_conquerorscamethename“England”and“English”.,Anglo-SaxonBritainAnglo-SaxonConquest:Saxon:Essex（埃塞克斯）,Sussex（苏赛克斯）,Wessex（威赛克斯）;Angles:EastAnglia（东盎格利亚）,Northumbria（诺森布里亚）,Mercia（麦西亚）;NopossessionofScotland,WalesandIreland,stillbyCelts,ThelegendofKingArthur;,KingArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTablewereromanizedCeltstryingtoholdbacktheadvancesoftheAnglo-Saxons.,TheVikingBritain(793)AnotherwaveofGermanicinvasioncameintheeighthcentury.TheseinvaderswereknownasVikings,theNorsemenorDanes,whocamefromScandinavia.IntheninthcenturytheyconqueredandsettledtheextremenorthandwestofScotland,andalsosomecoastalregionsofIreland.TheirconquestofEnglandwashaltedwhentheyweredefeatedbyKingAlfredoftheSaxonkingdomofWessex.Thisresultedinanagreementin878whichdividedEnglandbetweenWessexinthesouthandwest,andthe“Danelaw”inthenorthandeast.,VikingInvasion,ThenameVikingcomesfrommylanguagewhichiscalledOldNorse.Itmeansapirateraid.,AlfredtheGreatAlfredtheGreat,FatherofBritishNavy;theDanelaw(easternpartofEnglandfortheDanes);establishedschoolsandbroughtchurchmentoteachLatin;hiswritingsandtranslations(beginningofproseliteratureinEngland);,However,fewerdifferencesexistedbetweenAnglo-SaxonsandDanes.Bytheendofthe10thcenturyEnglandwasonekingdomwithaGermanicculturethroughout.Mostofmodern-dayScotlandwasalsounitedbythistimeinaCeltickingdom.,TheNormanConquest,FactsTheBattleofHastingsin1066madeWilliam,theConquerorthefirstAnglo-NormankingofEngland.SignificanceItisthelastinvasionofEnglandbyforeignerswhileEnglishhistoryregardsitasahiddenblessing.,Questions:6.NormanConquest,by_,beginningfromtheyear_,established_inBritain.7.KingWilliammadearecordofeachmansproperty,whichwascalled“_”.8.TheGreatChartersignedin_wasmadeintheinterestofthe_,ithadaprogressivesignificance.9.Thefirstparliamentwascalledin1265undertheleadershipof_.,II.MedievalBritain(1066-1485),DoomsdayBookKingJohnandtheGreatCharterin1215andRobinHoodKingHenryIIIandthebeginningofparliamentSirDeMontfortandtheGreatCouncilandAllEstatesParliamentin1265EdwardIandthemodelparliamentin1295andWilliamWallace-,BritainundertheNormankingsWilliamtheConqueror,replacedtheEnglishbishopswithNormansandmadehimselfHeadoftheBishops;completedtheestablishmentofthefeudalsysteminEngland,SenthisclerkstocompileapropertyrecordknownasDomesdayBookin1085.(Thebookstatedtheextent,value,populationandownershipoftheLand).,FeudalSystem,Influence,IthasspeededupthedevelopmentofFeudalisminEngland.Feudalaristocracydevelopedandresultedintheappearanceofnobletitles.ThissophisticatedmedievalformofgovernmentwashandedovertotheNormansandgrewstronger.TheDoomsdayBook(末日审判书)exemplifiesthepracticalcodification.TowerofLondon(theWhiteTower)servedastheadministrationofjustice.WitanwasreplacedbytheGreatCouncilledbytheheadofbishops.TheNormanvs.Anglo-Saxonrelationbecamethatofthemastervs.servant.,EnglandwascivilizedbyNormanwayofliving,particularlyreflectedbythelanguage.Itisabi-linguisticperiodwithFrenchastheofficiallanguage,LatinasthechurchlanguagewhiletheMiddleEnglish,asthatofthelowerclass.HoweverEnglishregainedthepositionofdominantspeechbytheendof14thcentury.,KingHenryIIandhisreforms,HenryHouseofPlantagenet（金雀花王朝）,HenryIIreformedthecourtsandthelaws:introducedthejurysystem(陪审团制度)institutionalizedcommonlawGreatCouncil,Royalline,RichardI,RichardIsucceededHenryIIin1189.knownasRichardtheLion-heart（狮心王）evenbeforehisaccession,becauseofhisreputationasagreatmilitaryleaderandwarrior.WhilehespokeverylittleEnglishandspentverylittletimeinEngland(helivedinthesouthwestofFrance).HewasbusywiththeCrusade（十字军东征）inhislifetime.HeremainsoneoftheveryfewKingsofEnglandrememberedasanenduring,iconicfigureinEngland.,RobinHood,WhileKingRichardIwasfightinginthecrusades,EnglandwasgovernedbyhisbrotherJohn,whoimposedallthetaxes.RobinHoodlivedwithhisbandof“merrymen”inSherwoodForest,stealingfromtherichandgivingtothepoor.,DeclineofFeudalism,TheGreaterCharter(1215)BeginningofParliament（1265）TheHundredYearsWar(1337-1453)TheBlackDeath(1348-1349)TheWarsoftheRoses(1455-1485),KingJohnwasdemandingmorefeudaltaxesandarmyservice,andthenanarmyofangrylordsmarchedtoLondon.KingJohnwasforcedtosignthecharterthelordshadpreparedin1215.,TheGreatCharter(TheMagnaCarta)大宪章,Contents:notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovalofthecouncilnofreemanshouldbearrestedorimprisonedexceptbythelawofthelandIfthekingattemptedtofreehimselffromlaw,thevassals(封臣)hadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit.SignificanceTheGreatCharterwasmadeintheinterestofthefeudallords,greatandsmall.Ithadaprogresssignificance.Itgrantedtothetownspeoplefreedomoftradeandself-government.ThemerchantsandcraftsmeninEnglandappearedforthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforce.,BeginningofParliament,HenryIIIheavilytaxedthelordstopaytributestothePopetodefeatthelords.SimondeMontfort,defenderoftheGreatCharter,reformedtheGreatCouncilwithtwoknightseachcountyandtworepresentativeseachtown.ItlaterdevelopedintotheHouseofLords（上院）andtheHouseofCommons.（下院）TheEarliestEnglishParliament(AllEstatesParliament)wassummonedin1265inWestminsterafterthecaptureofHenryIII.,In1295,KingEdwardIsummonedthe“AllEstatesParliament”morethan400hundredmembersinall.Asthatparliamentwasfollowedasamodel,itbecameknowninhistoryasthe“ModelParliament”.EdwardIwasalsofamousforhisinvasionofScotlandfightingwithWilliamWallaceinthefirstwarofScottishIndependence.,TheHundredYearsWar(13371453)JoanofArc(1412-1431),theleaderoftheFrenchpeasantsagainsttheEnglish.shewaslatertriedforheresy（异端邪说）andsorcery（巫术）andwasburnedatthestakeinRouen.,Resultofthewar:Bythetimethewarwasconcluded,theEnglishhadlostalltheterritoriestheyhadgainedduringthewarexcepttheFrenchportofCalais.Consequenceofthewar:Thewaracceleratedthebreakdownoffeudalsocietyandputthemoneyclass,thenewbourgeoisieinamoreimportantpositioninBritain.,TheBlackDeath(1348-50):killednearlyhalfoftheEuropeanpopulation,ConsequenceoftheBlackDeathThelordswasinshortageofthelaborWagelabordemandedhigherwagesandgreaterfreedom.Theparadoxledtothehatredandconflictbetweenthetwoclasses.,WarsoftheRoses,TheWarsoftheRoses(14551485)wereaseriesofcivilwarsfoughtoverthethroneofEnglandbetweenadherentsoftheHouseofLancaster（兰开斯特）（(feudallandowner)andtheHouseofYork（约克）(commercial-minded).BothhouseswerebranchesofthePlantagenetroyalhouse,tracingdescentfromKingEdwardIII.ThenameWarsoftheRoseshasitsoriginsinthebadgesassociatedwiththetworoyalhouses,theRedRoseofLancasterandtheWhiteRoseofYork.,Questions:10.The_Monarchywasinatransitionalstagefromfeudalismtocapitalism.11.In1533,HenryVIIIrepudiatedpapalsupremacyoverEnglishChurchanddeclaredhimself_oftheChurchofEnglandbytheActofSupremacy.12.DuringtheRenaissanceperiod,thegreatestoftheEnglishhumanistwasSirThomasMore,withhisclassicalwork_.13.Thegreatestdramatist_livedintheageofElisabethI.14.The“GloriousRevolution”wassocalledbecauseitwas_.,TheTudorBritain(14851603),HenryVIIandtheTudorRose,HenryIIIandtheReformation,ElizabethIandtheRenaissanceandtheMaritimeWarandthefoundationoftheBritishEmpireTheStuart(1603)andtheCivilwar(16421646)andtheRestorationin1660andtheGloriousrevolutionin1688,III.TransitiontotheModernAge(1485-1688),Renaissance:,TheRenaissancebeganinItalyintheearly14thcentury,withLeonardoDaVinciasitsrepresentativefigure.InEngland,theRenaissancebeganwiththeaccessionoftheHouseofTudortothethronein1485.ThedatewasclosetothatoftheintroductionofprintingintoEnglandbyWilliamCaxton.,SelfportraitOfLeonardodaVinci,MonaLisa,Thelastsupper,ReformationandrenaissanceEnglandundertheTudors(1485-1603)HenryVIIgainedthethronewhenhewonovertheWaroftheRosesandcreatedtheTudorrose,containingboththeWhiteRoseofYorkandtheRedRoseofLancaster.ItsymbolizedtheendofastrugglebetweenYorkandLancasterEnglandbecameanationalstatewithanefficientcentralizedgovernment.Itwasinthetransitionalstagefromfeudalismtocapitalism.ItreformedchurchinEnglandandtoleratedenclosures.AmericawasdiscoveredandtheRenaissancespreadintoEngland.ItstimulatedEnglishcommercialandmaritimeenterprise.,HenryVIII(reigned1509-1547)Heisoneofthemostwell-knownmonarchsinEnglishhistory.Hehadsixwives.ItwasduringhisreignthattheReformationtookplace.,Henryhadsixwivesbecause.Hehadthefirstwifebecausehewasbetrothedtoherbyhisfather.Hehadthesecondwifebecausehefellinloveandalsoneededalegitimatemaleheir.Hehadthethirdwifebecausehestillneededamaleheir.Hehadthefourthwifebecauseofdiplomaticreasons.Hehadthefifthwifebecausehefellinloveagain.Hehadthesixthwifebecausehewasoldandsickandneededacompanionandnursewhowouldntgivehimtoomuchtrouble.HenrysSixWivesfatewasliketheorderofdivorce,beingbeheaded,death,divorce,beingbeheaded,survival.,TheGlobalReasonsfortheReformationinEngland,EncouragedbyMartinLuther,manyEnglishpeopledemandedreformofthechurch.Theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywereresentedbyma